The concept of static, stagnation, dynamic, and total pressure is fundamental in fluid dynamics, often explained using Bernoulli's equation:
Here, p is static pressure,1/2⍴V2 is dynamic pressure, γz is hydrostatic pressure or potential energy pressure, and pT is total pressure, constant along a streamline for incompressible flows.
1. Static Pressure (p): This is the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest or as if flowing fluid is brought to rest in the direction of motion. It is measured using a probe inserted into the flow or by a piezometer tube.
2. Dynamic Pressure (1/2⍴V2): It represents the pressure rise due to the fluid's velocity. It can be interpreted as the kinetic energy per unit volume of the fluid.
3. Stagnation Pressure (ps): It is the sum of static and dynamic pressures at a stagnation point, where the velocity of the fluid becomes zero:
4. Total Pressure (pT): This is the sum of static, dynamic, and hydrostatic pressures. Along a streamline:
A Pitot-static tube measures stagnation pressure (ps) and static pressure (p). By calculating the difference, the velocity of the fluid can be determined:
In applications, such as measuring airspeed in aviation, ensuring accurate alignment and placement of the Pitot-static tube is critical. Misalignment or blockage can lead to erroneous readings, impacting operational safety.
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