Rapid and Efficient Zebrafish Genotyping Using PCR with High-resolution Melt Analysis

Podsumowanie

PCR combined with high-resolution melt analysis (HRMA) is demonstrated as a rapid and efficient method to genotype zebrafish.

Streszczenie

Zebrafish is a powerful vertebrate model system for studying development, modeling disease, and performing drug screening. Recently a variety of genetic tools have been introduced, including multiple strategies for inducing mutations and generating transgenic lines. However, large-scale screening is limited by traditional genotyping methods, which are time-consuming and labor-intensive. Here we describe a technique to analyze zebrafish genotypes by PCR combined with high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA). This approach is rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive, with lower risk of contamination artifacts. Genotyping by PCR with HRMA can be used for embryos or adult fish, including in high-throughput screening protocols.

Wprowadzenie

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a vertebrate model system widely used for studies of development and disease modeling. Recently, numerous transgenic and mutation technologies have been developed for zebrafish. Rapid transgenesis techniques, usually based on a Tol2 transposon system¹, have been combined with improved cloning options for multiple DNA fragment assembly². Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) have been used to target loci in both somatic and germline cells in zebrafish^3,4. These techniques can efficiently generate genetically modified animals, with high-frequency mutation creation and germ-line transmission^3,4.

Despite these advances, traditional genotyping techniques in zebrafish limit the full power of the mutagenesis and transgenesis tools. PCR followed by gel electrophoresis, sometimes combined with restriction enzyme digestion, is widely used to detect genome modification, but is time-consuming and less sensitive to identify small insertions or deletions. TaqMan probe assays have high initial costs and require careful optimization. Sequencing of PCR products can take several days and is not practical for large-scale screening. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis can only discriminate SNPs affecting a limited range of restriction enzyme recognition sites.

High-resolution melting analysis (HRMA), a closed-tube post-PCR analysis method, is a recently developed method that is rapid, sensitive, inexpensive, and amenable to screening large numbers of samples. HRMA can be used to detect SNPs, mutations, and transgenes^5-7. HRMA is based on thermal denaturation of double-stranded DNAs, and each PCR amplicon has a unique dissociation (melt) characteristic⁵. Samples can be discriminated due to their different nucleotide composition, GC content, or length, typically in combination with a fluorescent dye that only binds double-stranded DNA⁸. Thus, HRMA can distinguish different genotypes based on the different melt-curve characteristics. Because HRMA uses low-cost reagents and is a single-step post-PCR process, it can be used for high-throughput strategies. HRMA is nondestructive, so following analysis the PCR amplicons can be used for other applications. HRMA has been applied in many organisms and systems, including cell lines, mice, and humans^9-11. Its use has recently been described in zebrafish to detect mutations induced by zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and TALENs^6,12,13.

In this paper, we describe how to perform PCR-based HRMA in embryonic and adult zebrafish (Figure 1). This protocol is suitable for detecting SNPs, transgenes, and mutations, including single base-pair changes, insertions, or deletions.

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Protokół

1. DNA Preparation

1. Prepare DNA lysis buffer: 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3, 0.3% Tween 20, 0.3% NP40. Add fresh Proteinase K to a final concentration of 1 mg/ml on the day of use¹².
2. Tissue collection:
   1. For adult fish fin clip:
      1. Anesthetize fish: Place the fish in 0.004% MS-222 (tricaine) solution. Wait until gill movement slows.
      2. Put fish on a stack of 5-10 Kimwipes and cut a small piece of the tail fin, about 2-3 mm, with a sterile razor blade.
      3. Quickly place the fish in a labeled tank with fresh water for recovery; carefully label both the tank and corresponding tube that will contain the fin clip. Change the water and feed the fish every other day.
      4. Pick up the fin clip with a sterile pipette tip and transfer it into a tube filled with 100 μl DNA lysis buffer.
      5. Discard the pipette tip, and discard the razor blade into a sharps container.
   2. For embryo tail clip:
      1. Place embryos into 0.004% MS-222 (tricaine) solution. Wait 2 min.
      2. Cut a piece of tail with forceps under a dissecting microscope.
      3. Put the tail into a labeled tube filled with 30 μl DNA lysis buffer.
      4. Quickly put the embryo into a tube containing 100 μl 4% paraformaldehyde.
      5. Label tubes with embryos and their corresponding tail tubes.
      6. Store the tubes with embryos at 4 °C overnight for fixation.
      7. Clean the forceps using Milli-Q water and Kimwipes between each embryo to minimize contamination.
   3. For whole embryos:
      1. Place embryos into 0.004% MS-222 (tricaine) solution. Wait 2 min.
      2. Put 1-5 embryos in a tube filled with 100 μl DNA lysis buffer. Dechorionation is not necessary.
3. DNA digestion
   Incubate tubes with tissue (fin or tail clips or embryos) at 55 °C for 4 hr up to overnight¹².
4. Inactivate the Proteinase K
   Heat tubes to 95 °C for 15 min¹². DNA should be used for PCR immediately, or stored at -20 °C for up to 3 months.

2. PCR

1. Design Primers either manually or by primer design software (e.g. Lightscanner Primer Design Software- Biofire). PCR products for HRMA are usually 50-200 bp; PCR products for SNP detection should be smaller, typically 50-80 bp.
2. PCR
   1. Perform PCR reaction in a 96-well or 384-well plate.
   2. Use 10 μl total volume: 4 μl LightScanner master mix (0.1 U hot-start Taq-AB polymerase, buffer, 0.2 mM dNTPs, 2 mM magnesium chloride, and 1x fluorescent double-stranded DNA-binding dye); 5 pmol each primer, and 1 μl genomic DNA template extracted from adult tail fin or 3 μl genomic DNA from embryonic tail¹³.
   3. Cover samples with 30 μl mineral oil.
   4. Cover the plate with an optically-transparent adhesive seal.
   5. Optimize PCR cycling conditions- typical conditions are 95 °C for 5 min and 30 cycles of 10 sec at 95 °C, 25 sec at 60 °C, 30 sec at 72 °C, ending with 95 °C for 30 sec and cooled to 15 °C.
   6. Store PCR plates at 4 °C or continue directly to HRMA.
   7. Confirm our PCR product by analysis of its size using agarose gel electrophoresis during initial optimization of PCR; and if indicated, by sequencing of the PCR product.

3. HRMA

1. Heat plates
   1. Place plate in a melt analysis system.
   2. Open the software (LightScanner Software Call-IT 2.0).
   3. Heat plates from 60-95 °C.
   4. Create a new data storage file.
2. Analyze HRMA data (Figure 2).
   Multiple steps of analysis are possible. We show the most commonly used set of data manipulations.
   1. Subset setting
      Click Subset tab. Select the wells with samples.
   2. Normalization
      1. Select the Normalize tab in the left panel. To eliminate fluorescence variance, manually position the parallel double-line in pre- (initial) and post (final) -melt regions as illustrated (Figure 2C, arrowheads) and normalize premelt and post-melt fluorescence signals of all samples to 1 and 0, respectively¹⁴.
      2. Adjust the positioning of the lines so that the melt region is in the region between the pre- and post-melt lines, but not selected. In general, the Lower Min and Lower Max (and Upper Min and Upper Max) temperature lines should be placed approximately 1 °C apart.
      3. Choose temperature positions for normalization such that all samples have maximum or full (100%) fluorescence for the premelt region and minimum or no (0%) fluorescence for the post-melt region (as best as possible). Normalization should result in a near-horizontal line at the maximum fluorescence of 1 that extends until the melt point and then a near-horizontal line from the melt point at the minimum fluorescence of 0; there should not be fluorescence levels above 1 or below 0. For example, in Figure 2C, normalize the premelting curves using temperature ranges of 79-80 °C.
   3. Grouping/Clustering
      Distinguish genotypes based on their melting temperature (Figure 2C, green box). Select Grouping.
      1. Select Autogroup from the Standards selection list under the Grouping section.
      2. Select Normal or High for melting profiles with single transitions or multiple transitions respectively from the Sensitivity selection list under the Grouping section.
      3. Select Compute Groups under the Grouping section.
      4. Go to the File menu and click Save to save the results.

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Wyniki

The protocol can be performed during a single day or separated in steps over several days (flow diagram of work is shown in Figure 1). DNA extraction is followed by the melt and analysis of PCR amplicons. The temperatures for the melt of the amplicon depend on the size and GC-content, but generally start and end temperatures of 50 ˚C and 95 ˚C are appropriate (Figures 2A and 2B). Once the melt is performed, analysis of the fluorescence melt curves typ...

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Dyskusje

PCR combined with HRMA is a powerful technology for zebrafish genotyping. The advantages of this approach are its speed, robustness, and sensitivity to detect even point mutations. The entire protocol, from fin-clip to melt-curve analysis, can be performed in less than eight hours by a single individual. In addition, the technique is amenable for high-throughput screening; does not require the use of ethidium bromide; and is sealed for all PCR and analysis steps which helps minimize contamination issues.

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Materiały

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
100 Reaction LightScanner Master Mix	BioFire	HRLS-ASY-0002	www.biofiredx.com
Hard-Shell PCR 96-well BLK/WHT Plates	Bio-Rad Laboratories	HSP9665	www.bio-rad.com
Microseal 'B' Adhesive Seals	Bio-Rad Laboratories	MSB1001	www.bio-rad.com
96-well LightScanner Instrument	BioFire	LSCN-ASY-0040	www.biofiredx.com
LightScanner Software with Call-IT 2.0	BioFire		www.biofiredx.com
High-resolution Melting Analysis 2.0	BioFire		www.biofiredx.com
LightScanner Primer Design Software	BioFire		www.biofiredx.com
Vector NTI Software	Invitrogen		www.invitrogen.com
Tricaine
Paraformaldehyde