ZG is supported by grants from the I-CORE Program of The Israel Science Foundation (Grant No. 41/11), the Abisch-Frenkel Foundation, the Rosetrees Trust, the Israel Cancer Research Foundation (ICRF - Research Career Development Award) and the CONCERN foundation. ZGF is supported by grants from the Israel Cancer Research Foundation (ICRF - Research Career Development Award), Chief Scientist of the Israel Ministry of Health and the Israel Lung Association.

<ol>
	<li>Tangye, S. G., Brink, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+helping+hand+from+neutrophils+in+T+cell-independent+antibody+responses.">A helping hand from neutrophils in T cell-independent antibody responses.</a> Nat Immunol. 13, 111-113 (2012).</li><li>Mantovani, A., Cassatella, M. A., Costantini, C., Jaillon, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophils+in+the+activation+and+regulation+of+innate+and+adaptive+immunity.">Neutrophils in the activation and regulation of innate and adaptive immunity.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 11, 519-531 (2011).</li><li>Pruijt, J. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophils+are+indispensable+for+hematopoietic+stem+cell+mobilization+induced+by+interleukin-8+in+mice.">Neutrophils are indispensable for hematopoietic stem cell mobilization induced by interleukin-8 in mice.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 99, 6228-6233 (2002).</li><li>Tecchio, C., Cassatella, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil-derived+cytokines+involved+in+physiological+and+pathological+angiogenesis.">Neutrophil-derived cytokines involved in physiological and pathological angiogenesis.</a> Chem Immunol Allergy. 99, 123-137 (2014).</li><li>Liu, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formylpeptide+receptors+mediate+rapid+neutrophil+mobilization+to+accelerate+wound+healing.">Formylpeptide receptors mediate rapid neutrophil mobilization to accelerate wound healing.</a> PloS one. 9, e90613 (2014).</li><li>Granot, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+entrained+neutrophils+inhibit+seeding+in+the+premetastatic+lung.">Tumor entrained neutrophils inhibit seeding in the premetastatic lung.</a> Cancer Cell. 20, 300-314 (2011).</li><li>Sionov, R. V., Fridlender, Z. G., Granot, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Multifaceted+Roles+Neutrophils+Play+in+the+Tumor+Microenvironment.">The Multifaceted Roles Neutrophils Play in the Tumor Microenvironment.</a> Cancer Microenviron. , (2014).</li><li>Borregaard, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophils,+from+marrow+to+microbes.">Neutrophils, from marrow to microbes.</a> Immunity. 33, 657-670 (2010).</li><li>Yamashiro, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypic+and+functional+change+of+cytokine-activated+neutrophils:+inflammatory+neutrophils+are+heterogeneous+and+enhance+adaptive+immune+responses.">Phenotypic and functional change of cytokine-activated neutrophils: inflammatory neutrophils are heterogeneous and enhance adaptive immune responses.</a> J Leukoc Biol. 69, 698-704 (2001).</li><li>Futosi, K., Fodor, S., Mocsai, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+cell+surface+receptors+and+their+intracellular+signal+transduction+pathways.">Neutrophil cell surface receptors and their intracellular signal transduction pathways.</a> Int Immunopharmacol. 17, 638-650 (2013).</li><li>Scapini, P., Cassatella, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+networking+of+human+neutrophils+within+the+immune+system.">Social networking of human neutrophils within the immune system.</a> Blood. 124, 710-719 (2014).</li><li>Fridlender, Z. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptomic+analysis+comparing+tumor-associated+neutrophils+with+granulocytic+myeloid-derived+suppressor+cells+and+normal+neutrophils.">Transcriptomic analysis comparing tumor-associated neutrophils with granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells and normal neutrophils.</a> PloS one. 7, e31524 (2012).</li><li>Fridlender, Z. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polarization+of+tumor-associated+neutrophil+phenotype+by+TGF-beta:+'N1'+versus+'N2.">Polarization of tumor-associated neutrophil phenotype by TGF-beta: 'N1' versus 'N2.</a> TAN. Cancer Cell. 16, 183-194 (2009).</li><li>Talmadge, J. E., Gabrilovich, D. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=History+of+myeloid-derived+suppressor+cells.">History of myeloid-derived suppressor cells.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 13, 739-752 (2013).</li><li>Youn, J. I., Nagaraj, S., Collazo, M., Gabrilovich, D. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subsets+of+myeloid-derived+suppressor+cells+in+tumor-bearing+mice.">Subsets of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumor-bearing mice.</a> J Immunol. 181, 5791-5802 (2008).</li><li>Choi, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD15+/CD16low+human+granulocytes+from+terminal+cancer+patients:+granulocytic+myeloid-derived+suppressor+cells+that+have+suppressive+function.">CD15+/CD16low human granulocytes from terminal cancer patients: granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells that have suppressive function.</a> Tumour Biol. 33, 121-129 (2012).</li><li>Brandau, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myeloid-derived+suppressor+cells+in+the+peripheral+blood+of+cancer+patients+contain+a+subset+of+immature+neutrophils+with+impaired+migratory+properties.">Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the peripheral blood of cancer patients contain a subset of immature neutrophils with impaired migratory properties.</a> J Leukoc Biol. 89, 311-317 (2011).</li><li>Pillay, J., Tak, T., Kamp, V. M., Koenderman, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+suppression+by+neutrophils+and+granulocytic+myeloid-derived+suppressor+cells:+similarities+and+differences.">Immune suppression by neutrophils and granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells: similarities and differences.</a> Cell Mol Life Sci. 70, 3813-3827 (2013).</li><li>Lopez-Lago, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+chemokines+secreted+by+tumor+cells+mount+a+lung+antimetastatic+response+during+renal+cell+carcinoma+progression.">Neutrophil chemokines secreted by tumor cells mount a lung antimetastatic response during renal cell carcinoma progression.</a> Oncogene. 32, 1752-1760 (2013).</li><li>Boxio, R., Bossenmeyer-Pourie, C., Steinckwich, N., Dournon, C., Nusse, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+bone+marrow+contains+large+numbers+of+functionally+competent+neutrophils.">Mouse bone marrow contains large numbers of functionally competent neutrophils.</a> J Leukoc Biol. 75, 604-611 (2004).</li><li>Sagiv, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypic+Diversity+and+Plasticity+in+Circulating+Neutrophil+Subpopulations+in+Cancer.">Phenotypic Diversity and Plasticity in Circulating Neutrophil Subpopulations in Cancer.</a> Cell Reports. , (2015).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Neutrophils are the most abundant of all white blood cells and are the first responders in cases of infection and inflammation. As such, they are highly sensitive to external cues and are easily activated. In addition, neutrophils have a very short half-life and a rapid turnover. Together, these characteristics raise several difficulties in working with neutrophils, such that unique experimental strategies are required. For example, there are several neutrophil purification strategies, each with its own pros and cons.</p...

Neutrophils were initially characterized as the innate immune cells which serve as first line defense against invading microorganisms. Today it is known that neutrophils have more far-reaching functions, being involved in mounting adaptive immune responses against foreign antigens1,2, regulating hematopoiesis3, angiogenesis4 and wound healing5. In addition, neutrophils may affect tumor growth and metastatic progression by virtue of their pro- and anti-tumor activities6,7. Neutrophils are characterized by a polymorphic segmented nucleus (hence termed polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes) and contain at least three distinct subclasses of granules as well as secretory vesicles8 (Figure 1A-C).
Neutrophils possess high phagocytic capacity and high NADPH oxidase activity critical for microbial elimination, and secrete a wide range of chemokines important for attraction of additional neutrophils and other immune cells to the site of inflammation8,9. Neutrophils are characterized by the expression of a large amount of surface receptors including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type Lectin Receptors (CLRs), complement receptor 3 (CD11b/CD18) and other adhesion molecules (e.g., L-selectin, LFA-1, VLA-4 and carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 3 (CEACAM3/CD66b)), chemokine receptors (e.g., CXCR1, CXCR2, CCR1, CCR2), chemoattractant receptors (e.g., PAFR, LTB4R and C5aR), cytokine receptors (e.g., G-CSFR, IL-1R, IL-4R, IL-12R, IL-18R, TNFR), formyl-peptide receptors (e.g., FPR1-3), and Fc receptors (e.g., CD16 (Fc&#947;RIII), CD32 (Fc&#947;RII), and CD64 (Fc&#947;RI)10. In mice, neutrophils are usually identified as CD11b+Ly6G+, whereas human neutrophils are identified using the CD11b, CD15, CD16 and CD66b leukocyte markers. It is also generally accepted to stain for the granule proteins myeloperoxidase (MPO) and neutrophil elastase (NE) for detection of neutrophils in tissues.
It is still unclear whether the diverse functions of neutrophils are mediated by the same cell or by distinct cell sub-populations. Accumulating data suggest for the presence of a heterogenic neutrophil population that exhibits a high degree of plasticity affected by pro-inflammatory stimuli and the microenvironment11,12. Fridlender et al.13 have grossly divided the neutrophils in cancer into two major sub-populations termed N1 with anti-tumor properties and N2 with pro-tumor properties. In cancer, as well as in chronic inflammation, there is an additional sub-population composed of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSCs) that suppress T cell responses14. G-MDSCs are considered to be immature myeloid cells characterized by a CD11b+Ly6ClowLy6Ghi phenotype in mice15, while having a CD15+/CD16low phenotype in human16. G-MDSCs express higher levels of arginase and myeloperoxidase, while lower levels of cytokines and chemokines than normal circulating neutrophils. They are less phagocytic and migratory, but produce higher levels of ROS15,17,18. In the present paper we will describe some basic methodologies for isolation and characterization of neutrophils with anti-tumor properties.
While neutrophils constitute the largest population of all white blood cells in the human circulation (45 - 70%; 1,800 - 6,000/&#956;l), in mice, under normal conditions, they are rather sparse (10 - 15%; 300 - 500/&#956;l). The neutrophil count increases steadily upon inflammation and occasionally in cancer, which represents a state of chronic inflammation7. Neutrophils develop from multipotent common myeloid precursor (CMP) cells in the bone marrow, through a differentiation process passing the stages of myeloblasts (MB), promyelocytes (PM), myelocytes (MC), metamyelocytes (MM) and band cells (BC)8. The mature, post-mitotic neutrophils may remain within the bone marrow for 4 - 7 days before they are released to the circulation8. Neutrophil turnover in the blood is usually rapid with an average half-life of 6 - 12 hrs, which may be prolonged under inflammatory conditions. Unstimulated neutrophils have limited anti-tumorigenic activity, a feature that can be acquired by exposing the na&#239;ve neutrophils to the chemokines IL-8 (CXCL2), CCL2, CCL5 and CXCL56,19 or artificially, by exposing them to the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)6.
The short half-life of blood neutrophils together with the low number of neutrophils (~ 3 - 5 x 105) achieved from 1 ml blood of a na&#239;ve 6 - 8 week old mouse, have made it difficult to explore the function of circulating mouse neutrophil in vitro. To overcome this difficulty, other sources have been used. For instance, large numbers of neutrophils may be obtained from the bone marrow20 or the peritoneum following the induction of sterile inflammation (e.g., after intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate broth or Zymosan A). It should be noted that neutrophils obtained from the peritoneal cavity do not exert any anti-tumorigenic activity (unpublished observation).
Granot et al.6 observed that BALB/c mice inoculated orthotopically with the mouse 4T1 breast carcinoma cell line develop neutrophilia which aggravates with tumor progression6 (Figure 2A), such that 20 - 40 million blood neutrophils can be easily isolated from 1 ml blood 3 - 4 weeks post-tumor inoculation. These neutrophils have acquired anti-tumor activities, and have accordingly been coined tumor-entrained neutrophils (TEN), in order to distinguish them from na&#239;ve neutrophils6 (Figure 2B). While high-density neutrophils (HDN, Figure 1A) are highly anti-tumorigenic, low-density neutrophils (LDN, Figure 1B) generated in the context of cancer are not21. Also, high-density neutrophils from the bone marrow and spleen of tumor-bearing mice have anti-tumor activity (unpublished data). It should be noted that with tumor progression the spleen becomes gradually enlarged (splenomegaly), with increasing amounts of neutrophils.
It should be noted that TEN are also generated in other models of cancer including both spontaneous (MMTV-PyMT and MMTV-Wnt1 mammary tumors and k-Ras driven lung tumors) and injected (AT-3 (MMTV-PyMT) and E0771 breast carcinoma cells, LLC Lewis lung carcinoma cells and B16-F10 melanoma cells). However, the extent of neutrophil mobilization in these tumor models is far less than of 4T1-inoculated mice, reaching 5 - 10 x 106 neutrophils in 1 ml blood after 3 weeks.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>CELL LINES</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse 4T1 breast carcinoma cells</td>
			<td>ADCC</td>
			<td>CRL-2539</td>
			<td>Growth medium: DMEM + 10 % heat-inactivated FBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PLASTIC WARES AND EQUIPMENTS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well Tissue Culture Plate&#160;</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353047</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 mm Tissue Culture Plate&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430167</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 cm2 Tissue Culture Flask</td>
			<td>Nunc</td>
			<td>156340</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>90 mm Bacterial Grade Culture Dish&#160;</td>
			<td>Miniplast, Ein Shemer, Israel</td>
			<td>20090-01-017</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml Sterile Conical Centrifuge Tube&#160;</td>
			<td>Miniplast, Ein Shemer, Israel</td>
			<td>835015-40-111</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml Sterile Conical Centrifuge Tube&#160;</td>
			<td>Miniplast, Ein Shemer, Israel</td>
			<td>835050-21-111</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 12x75 mm Round-Bottom Polystyrene Tube&#160;</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>352058</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millicell 24 Migration Plate with a pore size of 5&#956;m&#160;</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>PSMT010R1</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White 96-Flat-Bottom Well Plate&#160;</td>
			<td>Costar</td>
			<td>3917</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Strainer (40 mm)&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20G 1.5&#34; Needle</td>
			<td>BD Microlance 3&#160;</td>
			<td>301300</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>23G 1&#34; Needle&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Microlance 4</td>
			<td>300800</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25Gx5/8&#34; Needle&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Microlance 5</td>
			<td>300600</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.3 ml Syringe with a 30Gx8mm Needle</td>
			<td>BD Micro-Fine Plus Demi</td>
			<td>320829</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9 mm Clips&#160;</td>
			<td>BD, AutoClip&#160;</td>
			<td>427631</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EasySep Magnet&#160;</td>
			<td>STEMCELL Technologies</td>
			<td>18000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACS LS Separation Column&#160;</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td>130-042-201</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MidiMACS Separator Magnet</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td>130-042-302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACS MultiStand</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td>130-042-303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Glass Slide&#160;</td>
			<td>Menzel-Gl&#228;ser Superfrost&#160; Plus Thermo</td>
			<td>J1800AMNZ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orbital Shaker&#160;</td>
			<td>Sky line, ELMI</td>
			<td>S-3.02.10L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate Reader&#160;</td>
			<td>TECAN</td>
			<td>InfiniteF200Pro</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>POWDER</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA), fraction V</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>550891</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CFSE (5-(and 6-)-Carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester)</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>C1157</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dextran T500</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>31392</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin sodium salt from porcine intestinal mucosa&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H3149</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium azide (NaN3)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S8032</td>
			<td>Highly toxic, handle with care</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thioglycollate powder&#160;</td>
			<td>Difco</td>
			<td>225650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zymosan A</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Z4250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEDIA AND SUPPLEMENTS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D5796</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opti-MEM&#174; I reduced serum medium&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>31985062</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)-1640 medium</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R8758</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foetal bovine serum (FBS), heat-inactivated</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F9665</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Biological Industries, Beth HaEmek, Israel</td>
			<td>03-020-1A</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td>Biological Industries, Beth HaEmek, Israel</td>
			<td>03-042-1B</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin Streptomycin x1000 solution</td>
			<td>Biological Industries, Beth HaEmek, Israel</td>
			<td>03-031-5</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) without Mg2+ and Ca2+&#160;</td>
			<td>Biological Industries, Beth HaEmek, Israel</td>
			<td>02-023-1</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBSx10 without Ca2+ and Mg2+&#160;</td>
			<td>Biological Industries, Beth HaEmek, Israel</td>
			<td>02-023-5A</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HPLC grade water&#160;</td>
			<td>J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>4218-03</td>
			<td>Autoclave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SOLUTIONS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ACK &#8211; Ammonium-Chloride-Potassium</td>
			<td>Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td>A10492-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) solution (10 mg/ml) in PBS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dissolve 10 mg of BrdU in 1 ml PBS and sterile filter.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CFSE, 5 mM in DMSO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dissolve 2.8 mg of CFSE in 1 ml DMSO. Divide into 10 ml aliquots in sterile 200 ml tubes and store in the dark at -20oC.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin Y solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>HT110-2-32</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hanks&#39; balanced salt solution</td>
			<td>Biological Industries, Beth HaEmek, Israel</td>
			<td>02-016-1A</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin, 20 mg/ml in PBS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dissolve 100 mg Heparin in 5 ml sterile PBS, and sterile filter through a 0.2 mm filter.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Histopaque-1119&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>11191</td>
			<td>Sterile filter through a 0.2 mm filter.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Histopaque-1077&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>10771</td>
			<td>Sterile filter through a 0.2 mm filter.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Luciferase cell culture lysis buffer x5</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>E153A</td>
			<td>Dilute 1:5 in sterile water just before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luciferase assay solution</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>E1501</td>
			<td>Contains luciferase assay substrate powder (E151A) and luciferase assay buffer (E152A)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mayer&#39;s Hematoxylin solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>MHS-32</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS+0.5% BSA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dissolve 2.5g BSA in 500 ml PBS, and sterile filter through a 0.2 mm filter.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS+1% BSA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dissolve 1g BSA in 100 ml PBS, and sterile filter through a 0.2 mm filter.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5x PBS with 2.5% BSA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Dissolve 12.5g BSA in a mixture of 250 ml sterile HPLC-grade water&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; and 250 ml PBSx10, and sterile filter through a 0.2 mm filter.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS containing 0.5% BSA and 2 mM EDTA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Dissolve 250 mg BSA in 50 ml sterile PBS&#160; and add 200 ml of 0.5M EDTA pH 8.0, sterile filter through a 0.2 mm filter.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS buffer (PBS containing 0.5% BSA, 2 mM EDTA and 0.02% NaN3)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Dissolve 250 mg BSA in 50 ml sterile PBS&#160; and add 200 ml of 0.5M EDTA pH 8.0 and 500 ml of 2% NaN3, sterile filter through a 0.2 mm filter.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saline (0.9% NaCl)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dissolve 9 g NaCl in 1000 ml ddw, autoclave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2% NaCl solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dissolve 2 g NaCl in 1000 ml ddw, autoclave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.6% NaCl solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dissolve 16 g NaCl in 1000 ml ddw, autoclave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 % Sodium azide</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dissolve 1g sodium azide in 50 ml sterile ddw, keep at 4oC. Highly toxic.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3% Thioglycollate solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Dissolve 3 g of thioglycollate powder in 100 ml ddw.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Boil until solution becomes yellow and autoclave.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan blue solution (0.4%)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T8154</td>
			<td>Dilute 1:10 in PBS to get a 0.04% solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin solution B&#160;</td>
			<td>Biological Industries, Beth HaEmek, Israel</td>
			<td>03-046-1</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mg/ml Zymosan A</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Resuspend 1 mg Zymosan A&#160; in 1 ml sterile PBS in an Eppendorf tube.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Vortex vigorously and incubate the tube at 37 oC for 30 min. Do not autoclave.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Prepare the solution freshly before use.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KITS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EasySep PE selection kit</td>
			<td>STEMCELL Technologies</td>
			<td>18557</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EasySep PE selection cocktail&#160;</td>
			<td>STEMCELL Technologies</td>
			<td>18151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the EasySep magnetic nanoparticles&#160;</td>
			<td>STEMCELL Technologies</td>
			<td>18150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Ly6G mouse MicroBead Kit</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-092-332</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EasySep Mouse Neutrophil Enrichment Kit</td>
			<td>STEMCELL Technologies</td>
			<td>19762</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EasySep Human Neutrophil Enrichment Kit</td>
			<td>STEMCELL Technologies</td>
			<td>19257</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC BrdU flow kit</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen&#160;</td>
			<td>559619</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACS Neutrophil isolation kit</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-097-658</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phagocytosis Assay Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Cayman Chemical Company&#160;</td>
			<td>500290</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ANTIBODIES</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FcR blocking antibody&#160;</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>101302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Purified rat anti-Ly6G antibody&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen&#160;</td>
			<td>551459</td>
			<td>Clone 1A8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE-conjugated rat anti-mouse Ly6G antibody&#160;</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>127608</td>
			<td>Clone 1A8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC-conjugated rat anti-mouse Ly6G</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen&#160;</td>
			<td>551460</td>
			<td>Clone 1A8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PerCP-Cy5.5 rat anti-mouse Ly6G&#160;</td>
			<td>TONBO Biosciences</td>
			<td>65-1276</td>
			<td>Clone 1A8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>violetFluor 450-conjugated rat anti-mouse Ly6G&#160;</td>
			<td>TONBO Biosciences</td>
			<td>75-1276</td>
			<td>Clone 1A8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC-conjugated rat anti-mouse CD11b</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen&#160;</td>
			<td>553310</td>
			<td>Clone M1/70</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC-conjugated rat anti-mouse Ly-6G and Ly-6C (GR-1)</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen&#160;</td>
			<td>553127</td>
			<td>Clone RB6-8C5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE-conjugated rat anti-mouse CD45</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen&#160;</td>
			<td>553081</td>
			<td>Clone 30-F11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC-conjugated rat anti-mouse F4/80&#160;</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab60343</td>
			<td>Clone BM8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC-conjugated mouse anti-human CD66b&#160;</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>305103</td>
			<td>Clone G10F5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Purified rat isotype control antibody (IgG2a, k)&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen&#160;</td>
			<td>553927</td>
			<td>Clone R35-95</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LEAF purified Armenian hamster anti-mouse CD3e antibody</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>100314</td>
			<td>Clone 145-2C11</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and characterization of neutrophils with anti-tumor properties

Neutrophils, the most abundant of all white blood cells in the human circulation, play an important role in the host defense against invading microorganisms. In addition, neutrophils play a central role in the immune surveillance of tumor cells. They have the ability to recognize tumor cells and induce tumor cell death either through a cell contact-dependent mechanism involving hydrogen peroxide or through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Neutrophils with anti-tumor activity can be isolated from peripheral blood of cancer patients and of tumor-bearing mice. These neutrophils are termed tumor-entrained neutrophils (TEN) to distinguish them from neutrophils of healthy subjects or na&#239;ve mice that show no significant tumor cytotoxic activity. Compared with other white blood cells, neutrophils show different buoyancy making it feasible to obtain a &#62; 98% pure neutrophil population when subjected to a density gradient. However, in addition to the normal high-density neutrophil population (HDN), in cancer patients, in tumor-bearing mice, as well as under chronic inflammatory conditions, distinct low-density neutrophil populations (LDN) appear in the circulation. LDN co-purify with the mononuclear fraction and can be separated from mononuclear cells using either positive or negative selection strategies. Once the purity of the isolated neutrophils is determined by flow cytometry, they can be used for in vitro and in vivo functional assays. We describe techniques for monitoring the anti-tumor activity of neutrophils, their ability to migrate and to produce reactive oxygen species, as well as monitoring their phagocytic capacity ex vivo. We further describe techniques to label the neutrophils for in vivo tracking, and to determine their anti-metastatic capacity in vivo. All these techniques are essential for understanding how to obtain and characterize neutrophils with anti-tumor function.

In a recent study we identified an anti-metastatic function for neutrophils6. Neutrophils from tumor-bearing mice acquire a cytotoxic phenotype and have the capacity to kill tumor cells6. This is in contrast to neutrophils from na&#239;ve mice that have no significant anti-tumor effect6. Several of the techniques described in the Protocol Section have been used for studying anti-tumor neutrophil function in vitro and in vivo6.
Tumor...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Characterization of Neutrophils with Anti-Tumor Properties at JoVE.com

Isolation and Characterization of Neutrophils with Anti-Tumor Properties

Neutrophils play an important role not only in host defense against invading microorganisms, but are also involved in the immune surveillance of tumor cells. Here, we describe techniques related to the isolation of neutrophils with anti-tumor properties and methods for monitoring anti-tumor neutrophil function in vitro and in vivo.

Neutrophils, the most abundant of all white blood cells in the human circulation, play an important role in the host defense against invading ...

isolation-characterization-neutrophils-with-anti-tumor

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

24.6K Views.  Hebrew University Medical School. Neutrophils play an important role not only in host defense against invading microorganisms, but are also involved in the immune surveillance of tumor cells. Here, we describe techniques related to the isolation of neutrophils with anti-tumor properties and methods for monitoring anti-tumor neutrophil function in vitro and in vivo. 