<h2 class="jove_title"><a href="https://www.jove.com/video/52338">Preparation, Imaging, and Quantification of Bacterial Surface Motility Assays</a></h2>Nydia Morales-Soto1,2, Morgen E. Anyan1, Anne E. Mattingly1, Chinedu S. Madukoma1, Cameron W. Harvey3, Alber Mark3, Eric D&#233;ziel4, Daniel B. Kearns5, Joshua D. Shrout1,2,61Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 2Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, 3Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, 4INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 5Department of Biology, Indiana University, 6Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre DameSwarming motility is influenced by physical and environmental factors. We describe a two-phase protocol and guidelines to circumvent the challenges commonly associated with swarm assay preparation and data collection. A macroscopic imaging technique is employed to obtain detailed information on swarm behavior that is not provided by current analysis techniques. <h2 class="jove_title"><a href="https://www.jove.com/video/52529">
The Modified Hole Board &#8211; Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats</a></h2>Maaike Labots1,2, Hein A. Van Lith1,2, Frauke Ohl1,2, Saskia S. Arndt1,21Department of Animals in Science and Society, Utrecht University, 2Brain Center Rudolf MagnusThis protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities. <h2 class="jove_title"><a href="https://www.jove.com/video/52777">Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion</a></h2>Bote G. Bruinsma*1, James H. Avruch*2, Pepijn D. Weeder1, Gautham V. Sridharan1, Basak E. Uygun1, Negin G. Karimian1, Robert J. Porte3, James F. Markmann2, Heidi G. Yeh2, Korkut Uygun11Center for Engineering in Medicine, Dept. of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 2Transplant Center, Dept. of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenWe describe a method of ex vivo machine perfusion of human liver grafts at subnormothermic temperature (21&#176;C).<h2 class="jove_title"><a href="https://www.jove.com/video/52681">An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans</a></h2>Andrew G. Davies1,2, GinaMari G. Blackwell1,2, Richard C. Raabe1, Jill C. Bettinger1,21Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 2VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityC. elegans is a useful model for studying the effects of ethanol on behavior. We present a behavioral assay that quantifies the effects of ethanol on the locomotion speed of crawling worms; both initial sensitivity and the development of acute functional tolerance to ethanol can be measured with this assay.

april 2015: this month in jove - studying locomotion in drunken worms, preserving human liver for transplantation, and visualizing bacterial swarms

Here's a look at what's coming up in the <a href="http://www.jove.com/archive/97">April 2015 issue</a> of <a href="http://www.jove.com/">JoVE: The Journal of Visualized Experiments</a>.
In <a href="http://www.jove.com/neuro">JoVE Neuroscience</a>, it is clear that alcohol has profound effects on the brain. But why do different individuals respond so differently to alcohol, and why are some more prone to abuse? Some of the answers lie in our genes. In the nematode worm C. elegans, genes are easy to manipulate, and the neurobiology is simple. So it's an excellent model to study the effects of alcohol on behavior. <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/52681">Davies et al.</a> use copper rings to corral worms with different genotypes on agar plates containing alcohol. They take videos of the worms at set time points and measure the locomotion of each genotype using object recognition software With this procedure, C. elegans can help unravel the molecular basis of alcohol sensitivity and tolerance, as well as the risk of abuse.
In <a href="http://www.jove.com/ctm">JoVE Medicine</a>, alcohol doesn't just affect the brain; it also affects the liver, and for many patients with alcoholic liver disease, liver transplantation is the only hope. But there is a severe shortage of livers available for transplants. Therefore, <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/52777">Bruinsma et al.</a> present an alternative way to preserve donor livers, which are traditionally stored statically on ice. In this new method, the donor liver is kept alive by a perfusion machine and perfused at 21&deg;C-warmer than ice, but lower than normal body temperatures, which allows the liver to be assessed for function and transplantability. This technique may greatly expand the pool of donor livers available to patients in need of transplants.
In <a href="http://www.jove.com/biology">JoVE Biology</a>, one of the most commonly studied modes of bacterial motility is called swarming. However, the reproducibility of swarm plate assays can be difficult to achieve, so <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/52338">Morales-Soto et al.</a> present a method that standardizes parameters (such as moisture content of plates) that affect swarming motility. By using bacterial strains expressing different fluorescent proteins, they can observe swarming competition dynamics between different species in a fluorescent time-lapsed video. This method can help elucidate various aspects of bacterial growth, such as how bacteria colonize different types of surfaces.
In <a href="http://www.jove.com/behavior">JoVE Behavior</a>, <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/52529">Labots et al.</a> demonstrate the modified hole board. This behavioral testing apparatus consists of a protected box and a board containing small cylinders. In one type of experiment, the board can be baited with tasty food rewards. In some cylinders, the treat is locked under a grid, and in differently colored cylinders, the treat is accessible. Small laboratory mammals (such as rats) are conditioned to the food reward and tested for behaviors such as object recognition or food intake inhibition. This test can help measure unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals and analyze their cognitive abilities.
You've just had a sneak peek of the <a href="http://www.jove.com/archive/97">April 2015 issue</a> of JoVE. Visit the website to see the full-length articles, plus many more, in <a href="http://www.jove.com/">JoVE: The Journal of Visualized Experiments</a>.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about April 2015: This Month in JoVE - Studying Locomotion in Drunken Worms, Preserving Human Liver for Transplantation, and Visualizing Bacterial Swarms at JoVE.co

April 2015: This Month in JoVE - Studying Locomotion in Drunken Worms, Preserving Human Liver for Transplantation, and Visualizing Bacterial Swarms

Here's a look at what's coming up in the April 2015 issue of JoVE: The Journal of Visualized Experiments.
In JoVE Neuroscience, it is clear that alcohol ...

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1.7K Views.  Massachusetts Eye and Ear. April 2015: This Month in JoVE - Studying Locomotion in Drunken Worms, Preserving Human Liver for Transplantation, and Visualizing Bacterial Swarms

Video: April 2015: This Month in JoVE - Studying Locomotion in Drunken Worms, Preserving Human Liver for Transplantation, and Visualizing Bacterial Swarms

2012: A Year In Review

Here's a look at some of the milestones and highlights of the year 2012 in Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE).
At the start of 2012, JoVE reached a major milestone by publishing our 1500th article. In this publication, in JoVE Bioengineering, Yu et al. described a method for analyzing the free radical composition of cigarette smoke. This method simulated cigarette puffing with a single-port smoking device, and combined it with electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy to measure the degree to which antioxidant compounds can scavenge free radicals in cigarette smoke. A possible outcome of this research is the creation of less harmful cigarettes.
JoVE Bioengineering also contained the most-viewed article of 2012. Owczarczak et al. described a method for hacking a standard inkjet printer, loading ink cartridges with a cell-suspension "bioink," and printing lines of live cells onto glass slides. The thermal inkjet printing process creates temporary pores in the cell membrane, visualized by the incorporation of fluorescently labeled actin monomers. This concept, called "bioprinting," has many potential applications in cell and tissue engineering.
Also in 2012, JoVE Bioengineering featured a protocol by Hsia et al. for isolating and purifying spider silk protein, spinning it into fibers, and assessing the fiber strength. This protocol for laboratory-scale production of spider silk, which is stronger than tensile steel, can potentially be extended to large-scale manufacturing.
In JoVE Clinical and Translational Medicine, we featured a number of articles related to stroke, one of which. In one article, M&ouml;bius-Winkler et al. demonstrated placement of the WATCHMAN left atrial appendage occlusion device from Boston Scientific. This device is designed to prevent strokes by trapping clots within the left atrial appendage of the heart before they exit. Our authors demonstrated how to insert the guide wire through the femoral artery into the heart, advance the device into the left atrium, and deploy the device in the left atrial appendage.
Another article focused on stroke, Hamel et al. described the use of a driving simulator to study how patients compensate for visual field defects following stroke. By analyzing the compensatory gaze behavior of patients as they navigated through virtual driving courses with varying degrees of complexity, our authors see great potential for the use of driving simulators in stroke rehabilitation.
In JoVE Immunology and Infection, we published an article by Keyel et al. describing the real-time kinetics of immune cell responses to bacterial toxins using live cell microscopy. Combined with high-speed 3D confocal microscopy, this technique can also visualize the cellular repair response.
Also in JoVE Immunology and Infection, we featured an article by Yap et al. describing methods for diagnosing helminth infections in children. Helminths are parasitic worms that can infect the intestinal tract of humans and animals, and may be distinguished based on their morphology. The same article demonstrated how to measure the impact of helminth infections on physical fitness in children, which is a measure of overall health.
In JoVE Neuroscience, we featured a method by Hoffmann et al., who used tiny headphones to alter the auditory feedback in songbirds, and analyzed the computational and neurophysiological basis of vocal learning in birds when they adjust their singing in response to altered acoustic signals.
Also in JoVE Neuroscience, we moved from birds to bees with a method that assesses associative and non-associative tactile learning in honeybees. This method, by Mujagi&#263; et al., allowed bees to scan different metal surfaces with their antennae, then conditioned them to expect sugar water when their antennae touched particular surfaces, and analyzed the corresponding changes in antennal movement.
In 2012, we launched a brand-new section: JoVE Applied Physics, which features articles on subjects ranging from plasma physics to material science. The Applied Physics section also contained JoVE's 2000th video article, filmed in a synchrotron radiation facility, where Borisenko et al. showed how to determine the electronic structure of complex materials using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.
In the JoVE General section, we published an article by Artioli et al. demonstrating the use of a portable gas analyzer to measure oxygen consumption during complex exercise - such as judo. By analyzing oxygen consumption and collecting blood for measuring plasma lactate concentration, this method can determine the relative contributions of different energy systems to specific aspects of complex exercise.
Finally, JoVE followed Dolhi et al. to a permanently ice-covered saline lake in Antarctica. There, scientists drilled through the ice to study single-celled microorganisms called protists that live in the harsh conditions of Antarctica.
This Year in Review was just a brief glimpse of a few of over 600 video articles that JoVE offered in 2012. Browse the JoVE archives to see thousands of other videos, and stay tuned for what's coming up this year in JoVE: The Journal of Visualized Experiments.

Here's a look at some of the milestones and highlights of the year 2012 in Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE).

 
 
Here's a look at some of the milestones and highlights of the year 2012 in Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE).
At the start of 2012, JoVE ...