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A novel recovery piglet heart model with combined pressure and volume overload on the right ventricle is described for the study of tricuspid valve function.
Heart conditions in which the tricuspid valve (TV) faces either increased volume or pressure stressors are associated with premature valve failure. Mechanistic studies to improve our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology responsible for the development of premature TV failure are lacking. Due to the inability to conduct these studies in humans, an animal model is required. In this manuscript, we describe the protocols for a novel chronic recovery infant piglet heart model for the study of changes in the TV when placed under combined volume and pressure stress. In this model, volume loading of the right ventricle and the TV is achieved through the disruption of the pulmonary valve. Then pressure loading is accomplished through the placement of a pulmonary artery band. The success of this model is assessed at four weeks post intervention surgery through echocardiography, intracardiac pressure measurement, and pathologic examination of the heart specimens.
The normal TV functions in a low volume and pressure stress environment. However, there are pediatric and adult heart conditions where the TV is either congenitally malformed or the cardiac physiology is such that the right ventricle and TV are challenged by increased volume (preload) and/or pressure (afterload) stress, such as Tetralogy of Fallot, Ebstein’s anomaly, congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries, patients with transposition of the great arteries following an atrial switch procedure, idiopathic pulmonary hypertension and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. In these cardiac conditions, the TV is prone to premature valve failure, which increases morbidity and mortality1,2,3,4,5. Although one may hypothesize that premature TV failure in these cardiac lesions may be related to the TV being subjected to increased volume and/or pressure stressors, the exact etiology is unknown. Research over the past decade has demonstrated that the mitral valve, the other atrioventricular valve, is capable of eliciting structural changes in response to stressors6,7,8. However, the current literature lacks mechanistic studies that assess TV adaptation to stressors. This aspect may be in part due to a lack of an adequate animal heart model that will allow for such studies.
In the literature, there are models that individually volume or pressure loaded the right ventricle. However, the combination of chronic pressure and volume loading of the right ventricle has been more challenging to achieve. There are animal models in the literature that use placement of a pulmonary artery band to pressure-load the right ventricle as well as creating an atrial septal defect to volume-load the right ventricle9. This technique was not able achieve the goal of chronic simultaneous pressure and volume loading of the right ventricle as the presence of a tight pulmonary artery band may result in a right to left shunt across the atrial septal defect. This results in the atrial septal defect no longer providing a volume load to the right ventricle. An atrial septal right to left shunt will result in a cyanotic animal10. To overcome this complication, the model requires the exclusion of animals with naturally existing atrial septal defects.
Other models have utilized the hybrid stage I palliation surgery for hypoplastic left heart syndrome in piglets11. This is a recovery model that allows for combined pressure and volume loading of the right ventricle. However, the procedure requires expensive balloon-expandable stents that can be financially prohibitive. Studies by Zeltser et al.12 and Lambert et al.13 involve cutting through the right ventricular outflow tract and pulmonary valve and then sewing a polytetrafluorethylene patch over top, mimicking the transannular patch Tetralogy of Fallot repair technique, to volume load the right ventricle. Then pressure loading of the right ventricle is achieved through placement of a pulmonary artery band. This model can be technically challenging and is disadvantaged by leaving a ventriculotomy scar on the right ventricular outflow tract, which may influence RV function and hence TV function.
This study describes an innovative chronic recovery piglet heart model that elicits combined increased pressure and volume stress on the right ventricle without a ventriculotomy. This model will enable mechanistic studies of TV adaptive changes to simultaneous chronic increase in pressure and volume stressors.
The protocol and procedures in this manuscript were developed under the supervision of a veterinarian and performed in compliance with the guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care and the guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. The protocol was approved by the institutional animal care committee at the University of Alberta. All individuals involved in the manuscript procedures received appropriate biosafety training.
1. Pre-procedure preparation, anesthesia and access
2. Bioptome disruption of pulmonary valve cusps
3. Placement of pulmonary artery band
4. Echocardiographic assessment
For model validation, ten piglets (5 male and 5 female) that underwent left thoracotomy with pulmonary valve disruption and placement of pulmonary artery band (intervention group, IP) were compared with ten age and gender-match control piglets that underwent left thoracotomy (control group, CP). At baseline, prior to intervention, all the piglets had either none or trivial pulmonary regurgitation with normal right ventricular geometry and function. There was one piglet in the control group with mild tricuspid regurgitati...
During the development of this novel heart model, several considerations have impacted the final model design.
Piglet age and surgical exposure
Prior to formulation of the current piglet model, the team has worked on piglet cadavers ranging from one to six weeks of age with the goal to determine the age range where procedural instrumentation and exposure is adequate. As the surgical procedure required direct echocardiographic guidance, the piglet had to be of the appropr...
The authors have no disclosures.
This research work was supported through generous grant funding provided by the Stollery Children’s Hospital Foundation through the Women and Children’s Hospital Research Institute.
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
Drugs | |||
1% lidocaine spray | WDDC | 103365 | Lidodan 30 mL |
atropine sodium injection | WDDC/Rafter 8 Products | 0.5 mg/mL | |
bupivacaine | WDDC/Sterimax | 5 mg/mL | |
buprenorphine HCl slow release injection | Chiron Compounding Pharmacy | 1 mg/mL | |
buprenorphine regular | WDDC/Champion Alstoe | 121378 | Vetergesic 0.3 mg/mL |
cefazolin | WDDC/Fresenius Kabi | 102016 | 1 g/vial |
cephalexin capsule | WDDC/Novopharm | Novo-Lexin 250 mg/capsule | |
epinephrine | WDDC | Adrenalin (1:1000) 1 mg/mL | |
furosemide tablet | WDDC/Novopharm | 10 mg tablet | |
Iodine Scrub/Spray | Cardinal Health | KF22422 | Betadine brand |
ketamine hydrochloride injection | WDDC/Vetoquinol | 131771 | Narketan 100 mg/mL |
midazolam | WDDC/Sandoz | 101100 | 5 mg/mL |
norepinephrine | WDDC | 1 mg/mL | |
pentobarbital sodium | WDDC/Bimeda-MTC | 127189 | Euthanyl 240 mg/mL |
ranitidine injection | WDDC | 25 mg/mL | |
ranitidine tablet | Sanis | 300 mg tablet | |
Surgical Scrub Sponge | Stevens | 333-377479 | 4% CHG Surgical Soap scrub brush |
Equipment | |||
24G peripehral IV catheter | BD | Insyte-N | |
5Fr double lumen central venous catheter | Arrow | CS-14502 | 20cm |
5Fr single lumen umbilical vessel catheters | Covidien/Kendall | 8888160333 | Argyle 15 inches |
6" Chest retractor | RRSMRI | ||
6Fr triple lumen central venous catheter | Arrow | JR-42063-HPHNM | 20cm |
7Fr catheter sheath with flange | Dr. Coe custom designed | ||
Adson forceps | RRSMRI | ||
Aestiva/5 Ventilator | GE Datex Ohmeda | ||
Atraumatic forceps | Teleflex | 351865 | |
bioptome | Dr. Coe lab | Mansfield Biopsy Forceps | |
Curved hemostat | RRSMRI | ||
Curved mosquito hemostat | RRSMRI | ||
Debakey Forceps (Long) | Teleflex | 351804 | |
Debakey Forceps (Narrow) | Teleflex | 351802 | |
Debakey Forceps (Rg) | Teleflex | 351800 | |
Echo probe cover | Civco | ||
Endotracheotube | Stevens | 180-112082055 | Rusch Murphy Eye Low Press. Cuff |
Iris Spring scissors | Fisher Scientific | NC0127560 | |
iSTAT 1 blood gas analyzer | Abbott Laboratories | MN:300-G | |
iSTAT CG4+ cartridges | Abbott Laboratories | 03P85-50 | |
Kelly Hemostat | Fine Science Tools | 1301914 | |
Kocher forceps | RRSMRI | ||
Large Army/Navy Retractor | RRSMRI | ||
Laryngoscope | MACO CE Miller#4 Blade | LA6226-4 | Macolaryngoscope.com |
Liga-clip applicator L | Ethicon | LC430 | |
Liga-clip applicator M | Ethicon | LX210 | |
Liga-clip applicator S | Ethicon | LX110 | |
Metal suction tip | RRSMRI | ||
Metzenbaum Scissors (Lg) | RRSMRI | ||
Metzenbaum Scissors (Md) | RRSMRI | ||
Mixter - long/mid wide | RRSMRI | ||
Mixter - long/narrow | RRSMRI | ||
Mixter - long/wide | RRSMRI | ||
Mixter - short/narrow | RRSMRI | ||
Needle Driver 10" | RRSMRI | ||
Needle Driver 6" | RRSMRI | ||
Needle Driver 7" | RRSMRI | ||
Philips iE33 Echocardiography machine | Philips | X7 and S12 probes | |
pressure line tubing and 3-way stopcock | Dr. Freed lab | ||
Rat tooth forcep | RRSMRI | ||
silastic reinforced sheeting | Bioplexus | SH-21001-040 | 6" x 8" x .040" Gloss |
Small Army/Navy Retractor | RRSMRI | ||
Straight hemostat | RRSMRI | ||
Straight mosquito hemostat | RRSMRI | ||
Sutures: 4-0 and 5-0 synthetic, non-absorbable suture, 2-0 silk | Dr. Freed lab | ||
Towel clamp | RRSMRI | ||
vascular tourniquet | Dr. Freed lab | ||
Weitlaner retractor (Md) | RRSMRI | ||
Weitlaner retractor (Sm) | RRSMRI | ||
Zoll R Series Monitor Defibrillator | Zoll technologies |
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