The authors have received funding for research, writing, and publication of this paper from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 82074573 and 82274675) and the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (No. 7232278).

The Committee on Animal Protection and Use of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM-4-2022082605-3043) approved all procedures used in this study.
1. Animals and study design
<ol>
	<li>Obtain 49 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats of 8-week-old, weighing 200 &#177; 10 g.</li>
	<li>Using a random number table method, divide the rats into a sham operation group (n = 7), a model group (n = 7), and immediately after tuina group (n = 7), 6 h after tuina group (n = 7), 12 h after tuina group (n = 7), 18 h after tuina group (n = 7), and 24 h after tuina group (n = 7).</li>
</ol>
2. Establishment of a rat model of minor CCI (Figure 1)
NOTE: The method of modeling the minor CCI was as described in previous studies22,23,24.
<ol>
	<li>Allow adaptive feeding of SD rat for 7 days. Let the rat fast for 2-3 h before modeling.</li>
	<li>Place the rat in a box filled with 3-5% isoflurane for anesthesia by an anesthesia machine. After anesthesia, apply an ophthalmic ointment to both eyes to prevent drying.</li>
	<li>Fix the rat in a prone position on a table, shave the fur of the right hip joint area, and disinfect the area with iodine (Figure 1B).</li>
	<li>Confirm the surgical plane of anesthesia by a toe pinch. Make a skin incision of approximately 0.5-1 cm along the walking direction of the sciatic nerve, bluntly separate the muscle layer, and fully expose the lower edge of the piriformis muscle (Figure 1C).</li>
	<li>Loosely tie an absorbable chrome intestinal suture (4-0 type) around the nerve without interrupting the blood circulation of extraneural vessels. Expose the sciatic nerve of sham group rats for 3 min without ligation (Figure 1A,D,E).</li>
	<li>Use a syringe without a needle to apply 1 drop of 0.9% sodium chloride solution to the sciatic nerve to help reset it. Suture layer by layer, give an appropriate amount of anti-inflammatory drug such as Amoxicillin powder, suture the muscle layer with 1 stitch, and suture the skin with 2 stitches (Figure 1F). 
	NOTE: From step 2.3 to step 2.6, keep 2%-3% isoflurane flowing into the mouths and noses of the rats to maintain anesthesia.</li>
	<li>Keep the rat warm and wait for it to wake up. Return the rats to the breeding room.</li>
</ol>
3. Intelligent tuina manipulation simulator intervention (Figure 2)
NOTE: The treatment began on the 7th day after the model was established.
<ol>
	<li>Adjust the instrument parameters to a stimulation force of 4 N, a stimulation frequency of 60 times/min, and a temperature of 36 &#176;C on the computer operation interface. Place the rat in the rat fixator and expose the location of the hind limb acupoints (Figure 2A, self-developed machine, patent No. ZL 2023 20511277.5)25.</li>
	<li>Activate the instrument to perform the point-pressing, plucking, and kneading methods (Table 1). Click on the Point-Pressing, Plucking, and Kneading displayed on the computer screen in the sequence on the Yinmen (BL37), Chengshan (BL57), and Yanglingquan (GB34) points (Table 2) on the model side of the rat of the tuina group (Figure 2B, C)26.
	<ol>
		<li>For the tuina group, perform one intervention once a day for 1 day, with a force of 4 N, a frequency of 60 times/min, and a total of 9 min per point per method.</li>
		<li>Restrain the sham and model groups for 9 min, with the same number of times as the tuina group.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Behavioral measurement
NOTE: After the intervention, the threshold cold sensitivity threshold (CST), mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT), and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) were tested in the 5 tuina subgroups, model group, and sham operation group, respectively. The testing time for the model and sham groups is the same as that for the tuina group (i.e., 24 h).
<ol>
	<li>Cold sensitivity threshold (CST)
	<ol>
		<li>Place the rat on an intelligent cold and hot plate pain detector with a surface temperature of 4 &#177; 1 &#176;C (Click on START &#62; SET), and cover it with a transparent plastic cage.</li>
		<li>Observe the rats&#39; exploratory activities for 5 min until they have been acclimated to the transparent plastic cage.</li>
		<li>Observe and record the number of foot lifts in the operative side of the hind limb within the next 5 min. 
		NOTE: The number of foot lifts caused by changes in the rat&#39;s activity or posture is not included.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT)
	<ol>
		<li>Place the rat on the bottom surface as a grid (0.5 cm &#215; 0.5 cm) in a test box for 15-30 min before testing.</li>
		<li>Move the probe of the pain (EVF 5 type) to the center of the right posterior plantar region of the rat, linearly increase the pressure by hand, and record the threshold displayed on the instrument screen when the rat lifts and licks its feet. Measure continuously 5 times, with a measurement interval of 10 min each.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Thermal withdrawal latency (TWL)
	<ol>
		<li>Place the rat in a test box with a glass bottom surface and allow it to adapt for 15 min before starting the test. 
		NOTE: The latent period of thermal contraction foot reflex was detected using a thermal stimulation pain instrument (PL200 type).</li>
		<li>Set parameters: the maximum test time is 30 s, and the intensity is 50%. Click on the START and direction buttons.</li>
		<li>Move the infrared probe to the center of the right posterior plantar region of the rat and start the detection.</li>
		<li>Record the latency of the foot retraction reflex when the rat lifts and licks its feet. Measure the latency continuously 5 times, with an interval of 10 min between each measurement.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
5. ELISA
<ol>
	<li>Anesthetize the rat with a dose of 35 mL/100 g of 4% chlorine hydrate for intraperitoneal injection anesthesia after behavioral testing. Cut the skin and muscles longitudinally along the middle of the rat&#39;s abdomen to expose its internal organs.</li>
	<li>Use a ballast and needle holder for pure separation, identify the abdominal aorta, take fresh blood, and keep a sample for testing. Use a separation tube to separate the serum. Take the serum sample for immediate detection, or pack it separately and store it in a refrigerator at -80 &#176; C. 
	NOTE: Before separating, allow the blood sample to agglutinate for 30 min.</li>
	<li>Prepare the serum of rats for the testing process and store them at room temperature (RT) for at least 30 min.</li>
	<li>Set up blank wells and standard sample wells for the sample to be tested. Add a total of 50 &#181;L of the standard samples to the enzyme-linked plate. Add 40 &#181;L of diluent first and then add 10 &#181;L of sample to the sample well to be tested. 
	NOTE: When adding samples, it is necessary to add them to the bottom of the enzyme-labeled well, ensuring that they do not touch the wall of the well as much as possible, and gently shake and mix well. The blank well does not contain samples or enzyme-labeled reagents, and the other steps are the same. The final dilution of the sample is 5 times.</li>
	<li>After sealing the plate with a sealing film, place it in a 37 &#176;C incubator for 30 min.</li>
	<li>Dilute 30 times the concentrated washing solution with distilled water and set it aside.</li>
	<li>Remove the sealing film, pour the liquid out from the well, and shake it dry. Fill each well with washing liquid, let it stand for 30 s, and then pour it out. Repeat this step 5 times, and finally, shake it dry.</li>
	<li>Add horseradish peroxidase-labeled avidin (100 &#181;L per well).</li>
	<li>Add 50 &#181;L of color developer A to each well, then add 50 &#181;L of color developer B. Gently shake and mix, and place it in a 37 &#176;C environment for 10 min in the dark.</li>
	<li>Add 50 &#181;L of the stop solution per well to terminate the reaction. 
	NOTE: At this point, the blue color will turn yellow.</li>
	<li>Zero the blank wells and measure the optical density (OD value) of each well in sequence at a wavelength of 450 nm.</li>
</ol>

Assessing Tuina Therapy's Pain Relief in Chronic Constriction Rats

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No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors.

The study used the minor CCI model to simulate pNP caused by clinical sciatic nerve injury. The minor CCI model involves the continuous, chronic compression and restraint of the nerve trunk through ligation, accompanied by the gradual swelling of the ligature, resulting in edema within the sciatic nerve and forming stable chronic pain in 3-5 days27,28. In the preliminary study, the research group found that the minor CCI model group was more stable than the class...

Peripheral neuropathic pain (pNP) refers to pain caused by a lesion or disease of the peripheral somatosensory nervous system, manifested as a series of symptoms and signs, with hyperalgesia as one of the main symptoms1,2. Hyperalgesia is a heightened experience of pain caused by a noxious stimulus, including pinprick, cold, and heat3. Large epidemiological studies have been conducted, which show pNP is the most common, with a prevalence rate of 6.9%-10% in neuropathic pain4. pNP can be caused by multiple diseases, including injury of the nerve, postherpetic neuralgia, painful diabetic polyneuropathy, multiple sclerosis, stroke, cancer, etc.5. Nowadays, the main method for treating pNP is medication, but the effect is not ideal; and the side effects are significant, which is the main reason for the high economic burden on individuals and society6.
Tuina is a green, economical, safe, and effective external treatment method of traditional Chinese medicine7. Many clinical studies have proven the analgesic effect of tuina on pNP, and basic studies have verified the immediate and cumulative analgesic effects of tuina8,9. The main cumulative analgesic mechanism of tuina is to reduce the levels of inflammatory factors and inhibit the activation of glial cells10,11. The previous research confirmed the cumulative analgesic effect of tuina and found differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal dorsal horn (SDH) of rats with sciatic nerve injury after 20 times of tuina treatment, mainly related to protein binding, pressure response, and neuronal projection12. In recent studies, it has been confirmed that tuina has an immediate analgesic effect and that 1-time tuina intervention could alleviate the hyperalgesia of minor CCI rats and especially ease thermal hyperalgesia more effectively13. However, the optimal time point for the analgesic effect of tuina may vary depending on the injury sensation (cold, heat, mechanical), affecting the exploration of the initiation mechanism of tuina analgesia.
Inflammatory mediators can sensitize and activate pain receptors, leading to decreased discharge thresholds and ectopic discharges, thereby contributing to peripheral sensitization14,15. After peripheral nerve injury, TNF-&#945; is an initiator of the inflammatory response, which can promote the synthesis of inflammatory factors such as IL-10 and IL-1&#946;, causing direct tissue inflammatory injury, stimulating local nerve endings, and causing pain16,17,18. Tuina can achieve analgesic effects by reducing the expression of inflammatory factors such as TNF-&#945;, IL-10, IL-6, and IL-1&#946;19,20,21. The study selected minor CCI model rats to simulate clinical pNP and selected different time points for behavioral testing of cold, thermal, and mechanical stimulation pain after a 1-time tuina intervention by cold sensitivity threshold (CST), mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT), thermal withdrawal latency (TWL), and choose IL-10 and TNF-&#945; in the serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in order to select the time point at which the analgesic effect of tuina is significant, providing a basis for the study of the initiation mechanism of tuina analgesia in the later stage.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthesia machine</td>
			<td>Ruiwode Life Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China</td>
			<td>R500</td>
			<td>Animal respiratory anesthesia related equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chromic intestinal suture</td>
			<td>Shandong Boda Medical Products Co., Ltd., China</td>
			<td>BD210903</td>
			<td>An absorbable surgical suture mainly made from collagen protein processed from the intestines of healthy young goats</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electronic Von Frey instrument</td>
			<td>Bioseb, USA</td>
			<td>BIO-EVF5</td>
			<td>An instrument for detecting mechanical withdrawal threshold</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intelligent cold and hot plate pain detector</td>
			<td>Anhui Zhenghua Biological Instrument Equipment Co., Ltd,China.</td>
			<td>ZH-6C</td>
			<td>An instrument for detecting cold sensitivity threshold</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Ruiwode Life Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China</td>
			<td>R510-22-10</td>
			<td>An anesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-function full-wavelength microplate reader</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>SpectraMax M2</td>
			<td>An instrument for detecting optical density (OD)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermal analgesia device</td>
			<td>Chengdu Techman Software Co., Ltd., China</td>
			<td>PL-200</td>
			<td>An instrument for detecting thermal withdrawal latency</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

characteristics of pain changes in rats with nerve injury within 24 hours after one-time tuina intervention

Tuina, as an external treatment method of traditional Chinese medicine, has been proven to have an analgesic effect on peripheral neuropathic pain (pNP) in clinical and basic research. However, the optimal time point for the analgesic effect of tuina may vary according to different injury sensations, affecting the exploration of the initiation mechanism of tuina analgesia. 
The research used minor chronic constriction injury (minor CCI) model rats to simulate pNP and used the intelligent tuina manipulation simulator to simulate the three methods (point-pressing, plucking, and kneading) and three acupoints (Yinmen BL37, Chengshan BL57, and Yanglingquan GB34) for performing tuina therapy. The study evaluated the changes in pain within 24 h and the optimal time point for the efficacy of tuina analgesia in rats with minor CCI models by testing cold sensitivity threshold (CST), mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT), and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL). Furthermore, the study evaluated IL-10 and TNF-&#945; expression changes through Elisa detection. The results show that tuina has both immediate and sustained analgesic effects. For the three different injury sensitivity thresholds of CST, MWT, TWL, and two cytokines of IL-10 and TNF-&#945;, the analgesic efficacy of tuina within 24 h after intervention is significantly different at different time points.

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Initiation Mechanism of 'Three-Method and Three-Acupoint' Tuina Analgesia in Rats with Nerve Injury

Characteristics of Pain Changes in Rats with Nerve Injury Within 24 hours After One-Time Tuina Intervention

CST: Compared with the model group, the number of foot lifts in the group 6 h after tuina was significantly reduced, and the difference was statistically significant (P &#60; 0.05). Compared with the sham group, the number of foot lifts in the model group was significantly increased, and the difference was statistically significant (P &#60; 0.05) (Table 3, Figure 3). 
MWT: Compar...

Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Author Spotlight: Exploring the Initiation Mechanism of 'Three-Method and Three-Acupoint' Tuina Analgesia in Rats with Nerve Injury at JoVE.com

We present a protocol using the tuina manipulation simulator to perform the "Three-Manipulation and Three-Acupoint" tuina therapy for minor chronic constriction injury rats and evaluate the effective analgesic time points of tuina within 24 h by testing pain changes through behavioral analysis and changes in inflammatory factor expression using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Tuina, as an external treatment method of traditional Chinese medicine, has been proven to have an analgesic effect on peripheral neuropathic pain (pNP) ...

characteristics-pain-changes-rats-with-nerve-injury-within-24-hours

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

338 Views.  Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. We present a protocol using the tuina manipulation simulator to perform the "Three-Manipulation and Three-Acupoint" tuina therapy for minor chronic constriction injury rats and evaluate the effective analgesic time points of tuina within 24 h by testing pain changes through behavioral analysis and changes in inflammatory factor expression using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.