Inducing Hairy Roots by <em>Agrobacterium rhizogenes</em>-Mediated Transformation in Tartary Buckwheat (<em>Fagopyrum tataricum</em>)

Tartary buckwheat (TB) [Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn] possesses various biological and pharmacological activities because it contains abundant ...

Guizhou Normal University

Tartary buckwheat seeds are rich in various nutrients, such as storage proteins, starch, and flavonoids. To get a good knowledge of the transcriptome dynamics and gene regulatory mechanism during the process of seed development and nutrients accumulation, we performed a comprehensive global transcriptome analysis using rice tartary buckwheat seeds at different development stages, namely pre-filling stage, filling stage, and mature stage. 24 819 expressed genes, including 108 specifically expressed genes, and 11 676 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. qRT-PCR analysis was performed on 34 DEGs to validate the transcriptome data, and a good consistence was obtained. Based on their expression patterns, the identified DEGs were classified to eight clusters, and the enriched GO items in each cluster were analyzed. In addition, 633 DEGs related to plant hormones were identified. Furthermore, genes in the biosynthesis pathway of nutrients accumulation were analyzed, including 10, 20, and 23 DEGs corresponding to the biosynthesis of seed storage proteins, flavonoids, and starch, respectively. This is the first transcriptome analysis during seed development of tartary buckwheat. It would provide us a comprehensive understanding of the complex transcriptome dynamics during seed development and gene regulatory mechanism of nutrients accumulation.

Global transcriptome analysis and identification of genes involved in nutrients accumulation during seed development of rice tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum Tararicum).

Seed development is an essential and complex process, which is involved in seed size change and various nutrients accumulation, and determines crop yield and quality. Common buckwheat ( Moench) is a widely cultivated minor crop with excellent economic and nutritional value in temperate zones. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of seed development in common buckwheat (). In this study, we performed RNA-Seq to investigate the transcriptional dynamics and identify the key genes involved in common buckwheat seed development at three different developmental stages. A total of 4619 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Based on the results of Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG analysis of DEGs, many key genes involved in the seed development, including the Ca signal transduction pathway, the hormone signal transduction pathways, transcription factors (TFs), and starch biosynthesis-related genes, were identified. More importantly, 18 DEGs were identified as the key candidate genes for seed size through homologous query using the known seed size-related genes from different seed plants. Furthermore, 15 DEGs from these identified as the key genes of seed development were selected to confirm the validity of the data by using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and the results show high consistency with the RNA-Seq results. Taken together, our results revealed the underlying molecular mechanisms of common buckwheat seed development and could provide valuable information for further studies, especially for common buckwheat seed improvement.

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Key Seed-Development Genes in Common Buckwheat ().

Tartary buckwheat () seeds are rich in flavonoids. However, the detailed flavonoid compositions and the molecular basis of flavonoid biosynthesis in tartary buckwheat seeds remain largely unclear. Here, we performed a combined metabolite profiling and transcriptome analysis to identify flavonoid compositions and characterize genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in the developing tartary buckwheat seeds. In total, 234 flavonoids, including 10 isoflavones, were identified. Of these, 80 flavonoids were significantly differential accumulation during seed development. Transcriptome analysis indicated that most structural genes and some potential regulatory genes of flavonoid biosynthesis were significantly differentially expressed in the course of seed development. Correlation analysis between transcriptome and metabolite profiling shown that the expression patterns of some differentially expressed structural genes and regulatory genes were more consistent with the changes in flavonoids profiles during seed development and promoted one SG7 subgroup R2R3-MYB transcription factors () was identified as the key regulatory gene of flavonoid biosynthesis. These findings provide valuable information for understanding the mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis in tartary buckwheat seeds and the further development of tartary buckwheat health products.

Metabolite Profiling and Transcriptome Analyses Provide Insights into the Flavonoid Biosynthesis in the Developing Seed of Tartary Buckwheat ().

With people's increasing needs for health concern, rutin and emodin in tartary buckwheat have attracted much attention for their antioxidant, anti-diabetic and reducing weight function. However, the biosynthesis of rutin and emodin in tartary buckwheat is still unclear; especially their later glycosylation contributing to make them more stable and soluble is uncovered. Based on tartary buckwheat' genome, the gene structures of 106 UGTs were analyzed; 21 candidate FtUGTs were selected to enzymatic test by comparing their transcript patterns. Among them, FtUGT73BE5 and other 4 FtUGTs were identified to glucosylate flavonol or emodin in vitro; especially rFtUGT73BE5 could catalyze the glucosylation of all tested flavonoids and emodin. Furthermore, the identical in vivo functions of FtUGT73BE5 were demonstrated in tartary buckwheat hairy roots. The transcript profile of FtUGT73BE5 was consistent with the accumulation trend of rutin in plant; this gene may relate to anti-adversity for its transcripts were up-regulated by MeJA, and repressed by ABA.

Qingfu Chen

Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology

Guizhou Normal University

Inducing Hairy Roots by Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation in Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum)

Qingfu Chen

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Guizhou Normal University

Inducing Hairy Roots by Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation in Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum)

Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology