Capítulo 12
Aldeídos e Cetonas
Estruturas de Aldeídos e Cetonas
Vanillin—a flavoring agent in vanilla, cinnamaldehyde—a molecule responsible for the distinct smell of cinnamon, and acetone—a ...
Nomenclatura IUPAC de Aldeídos
Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic ...
Nomenclatura IUPAC de Cetonas
Like aldehydes, ketones are named using IUPAC rules; in this case, by replacing “e” in the name of the longest hydrocarbon chain with ...
Nomes Comuns de Aldeídos e Cetonas
Some common aldehydes and ketones are popularly known by their common names used historically and predate the IUPAC nomenclature.
Common ...
Espectroscopia IV e UV-Vis de Aldeídos e Cetonas
Infrared spectroscopy, also known as vibrational spectroscopy, is mainly used to determine the types of bonds and functional groups in molecules. In ...
Espectroscopia de RMN e Espectrometria de Massa de Aldeídos e Cetonas
In aldehydes, the hydrogen atom connected to the carbonyl carbon helps distinguish aldehydes from other carbonyl compounds using ¹H NMR spectroscopy. ...
Preparação de Aldeídos e Cetonas a partir de Álcoois, Alquenos e alquinos
Aldehydes and ketones are prepared from alcohols, alkenes, and alkynes via different reaction pathways. Alcohols are the most commonly used substrates for ...
Preparação de Aldeídos e Cetonas a partir de Nitrilas e Ácidos Carboxílicos
Although it is possible to reduce a carboxylic acid to an aldehyde, strong reducing agents, like lithium aluminum hydride (LAH), prohibit a controlled ...
Preparação de Aldeídos e Cetonas a partir de Derivados de Ácidos Carboxílicos
Aldehydes are more reactive than carboxylic acids and hence, can get over-reduced to alcohol in the presence of strong reducing agents. Therefore, ...
Adição Nucleofílica ao Grupo Carbonila: Mecanismo Geral
The carbonyl carbon in an aldehyde or ketone is the site of a nucleophilic attack due to its electron-deficient nature. Depending on the strength of the ...
Aldeídos e Cetonas com Água: Formação de Hidratos
An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also ...
Aldeídos e Cetonas com Álcoois: Formação de Hemiacetal
Similar to water, alcohols can add to the carbonyl carbon of the aldehydes and ketones. The addition of one molecule of alcohol to the carbonyl compound ...
Grupos Protetores para Aldeídos e Cetonas: Introdução
Protecting groups are compounds that can bind to a specific functional group in the presence of other functional groups to protect them from undesired ...
Acetais e Tioacetais como Grupos Protetores para Aldeídos e Cetonas
Acetals are formed by reacting two equivalents of alcohol with carbonyl compounds like aldehydes or ketones. Acetals are unaffected by bases, ...
Aldeídos e Cetonas com HCN: Visão Geral da Formação de Cianoidrina
Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the ...
Aldeídos e Cetonas com HCN: Mecanismo de Formação de Cianoidrina
Cyanohydrins are formed when cyanide nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones react. A strong base, the cyanide ion, catalyzes ...
Aldeídos e Cetonas para Alquenos: Visão Geral da Reação de Wittig
The Wittig reaction is the conversion of carbonyl compounds—aldehydes and ketones—to alkenes using phosphorus ylides, or the Wittig reagent. ...
Aldeídos e Cetonas a Alquenos: Mecanismo de Reação de Wittig
The Wittig reaction, which converts aldehydes or ketones to alkenes using phosphorus ylides, proceeds through a nucleophilic addition‒elimination ...
Aldeídos e Cetonas com Aminas: Visão Geral da Formação de Iminas e Enaminas
Primary amines react with carbonyl compounds—aldehydes and ketones—to generate imines. Imines consist of a C=N double bond and are named ...
Aldeídos e Cetonas com Aminas: Mecanismo de Formação de Imina
Imine formation involves the addition of carbonyl compounds to a primary amine. It begins with the generation of carbinolamine through a series of steps ...
Aldeídos e Cetonas com Aminas: Mecanismo de Formação de Enamina
Enamine formation involves the addition of carbonyl compounds to a secondary amine through a series of reactions. The mechanism begins with the generation ...
Aldeídos e Cetonas a Alcanos: Redução de Wolff-Kishner
Wolff–Kishner reduction involves converting aldehydes and ketones to alkanes using hydrazine and a base. The reaction converts a carbonyl group to a ...
Oxidações de Aldeídos e Cetonas a Ácidos Carboxílicos
Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily ...
Reações de Aldeídos e Cetonas: Oxidação de Baeyer-Villiger
Baeyer–Villiger oxidation converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids and ketones to esters. The reaction uses peroxy acids or peracids and is often ...
Tautomerismo Ceto-Enol: Mecanismo
The keto and enol forms are known as tautomers and they constantly interconvert (or tautomerize) between the two forms under acid or base catalyzed ...
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