Agradecemos Sylvie Lesage e todos os membros do laboratório para a leitura crítica do protocolo. Este trabalho foi financiado por uma subvenção (MOP-77545) do Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). Nathalie Labrecque é apoiado por uma bolsa de estudos FRSQ Sênior e Mélissa Mathieu recebeu um NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Bolsa de Pós-Graduação.

1. Preparação antes da cirurgia Os ratos foram tratados de acordo com o Conselho Canadense sobre as orientações de cuidados com animais. <ol><li> Ratinhos anestesiar por injecção de cetamina / xilazina (150/300 mg / kg, ip) ou por inalação de isoflurano (2%, oxigénio 1L). Se estiver disponível, isoflurano deve ser utilizado, pois permite um melhor controlo da anestesia tempo e profundidade. Além disso, o oxigénio é administrado ao mesmo tempo que suporta as funções fisiológicas do animal. Além disso, isoflurano está directamente eliminado pelos pulmões e, assim, não necessita de metabolização hepática ou renal. </li><li> Injectar a buprenorfina (0,05 - 0,1 mg / kg, sc) ou outro analgésico. </li><li> Aplicar pomada para os olhos do mouse antes da cirurgia para evitar ressecamento do olho (se o isoflurano é usado). </li><li> Verifique se o mouse está dormindo por beliscar a sua pata e rolar sua cauda. Se o mouse não reagir, avançar com a cirurgia. </li></ol> 2. A Cirurgia <pclasse = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; É possível remover 4 dos gânglios linfáticos (LN superficiais) por cirurgia: a inguinais 2 eo braquial 2. O isolamento de LN é mais fácil em jovens ratos magros (6-8 semanas) desde a presença de tecido adiposo em camundongos mais velhos podem interferir com isolamento LN. No entanto, esta limitação é superada com a prática repetida. Para o conforto camundongos, colhemos um máximo de 2 linfonodos em um tempo e quando realizamos o curso de experimentos, colhemos LNs cada segundo dia. Além disso, para prevenir a infecção, antibióticos podem ser dadas para o mouse, mas não o fazemos e as feridas estão cicatrizando bem. Um precisa de estar ciente de que, dependendo do desenho experimental, a utilização de um antibiótico pode influenciar o resultado observado (por exemplo, se uma resposta a uma bactéria é medido). Note-se que todos os instrumentos são esterilizados após cada utilização e condições assépticas são mantidas ao longo dos procedimentos. <ol><li> Coloque o mouse de lado. </li><li> Localize a região onde você vai realizar uma incisioN, dependendo do LN deseja colher. (Figura 1). </li><li> Aplicar clorexidina, ou outro desinfectante, a essa região. </li><li> Fazer uma pequena incisão, com uma tesoura afiada (cerca de 5 mm), quer na parte de trás da perna dianteira ou acima da pata posterior perto do abdómen (Figura 1). </li><li> Retire os pêlos soltos tenha sido cortada com a pinça. Se preferir, você pode raspar o mouse antes de fazer a incisão. No entanto, ela aumenta o procedimento e descobrimos que não é necessário uma vez que, como mostrado aqui, ela não melhorar a cicatrização ou diminuição da infecção, que são ambos muito raro. </li><li> Estique a incisão com pinça de 2 a fim de ver o LN. A incisão pode chegar a 10 mm. A LN aparece acinzentada ou escura do que a gordura ao redor. </li><li> Comprima a fáscia (a fina membrana que cobre a gordura e de tecido) em cima da LN com um fórceps e puxar levemente sem quebrar o tecido circundante. </li><li> Coloque a pinça segundo, tanto quanto possível underneath o LN. Com as pinças primeiro, quebrar a fáscia e remover o LN. Se você tiver êxito colheu o LN, uma mancha de sangue deve aparecer no local onde o LN foi previamente localizado. Note-se que os dissipadores de LN em solução isotónica. Este teste simples permite validar que você tenha extraído um LN e tecido não gordura. </li><li> Verificar que nenhum pêlos são na ferida. </li><li> Feche o incisão furando as 2 partes de pele em conjunto (o interior da pele) e por grampeamento-los com um clip. Utilizamos alguns Clipe Michel com a pinça aplicando. Instalar um ou dois clipes, dependendo do tamanho da incisão. Na maioria das vezes, os clipes de cair quando o tecido cicatriza. </li></ol> 3. Cuidados Pós-Operatórios <ol><li> Adicionar algum alimento molhado para o fundo da gaiola de modo que os ratinhos pode alimentar facilmente após a cirurgia. </li><li> Cerca de 6 a 8 horas após a cirurgia, os ratos verificar para garantir que eles não experimentam dor. Observar atentamente o seu comportamento (postura, marcha, eminteracção com congéneres ea aparência da pele). Se a aparência geral dos ratinhos é pobre, administrar uma segunda dose de buprenorfina. No dia seguinte, os ratos devem recuperar a sua comportamento normal de outro modo continuar a administração de buprenorfina. Os ratos nunca deve atingir os parâmetros previamente estabelecidos e aceites pelo seu Conselho Animal Care. Você pode querer procurar aconselhamento e ajuda de seu técnico de biotério de animais cuidados. </li></ol> 4. Manuseio de Linfonodo <ol><li> No laboratório, para obter uma suspensão de célula única, dissociar o LN como por sua procedimento habitual. Nós pressionamos LN contra lâminas foscas e rotineiramente obter 1-2 x 10 6 células por LN. Alternativamente, podemos preparar o LN para a extração de RNA. </li><li> Corar as células de acordo com o protocolo usual. Você deve obter esperados LN perfis de citometria de fluxo. </li></ol> 5. Os resultados representativos Um exemplo de p dispersão frontal e laterallote é mostrado para LNs colhidas a partir de um rato anestesiado por cirurgia ou a partir de um rato sacrificado (Figura 2). O perfil e as percentagens de células na porta vivo de linfócitos são os mesmos que demonstra que a cirurgia LN é uma técnica apropriada para as células de colheita. <img alt="A Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3444/3444fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. Inguinal e localização LN braquial no mouse. A. A LN inguinal está localizado logo acima da pata traseira, um pouco em direção à barriga. B. A LN braquial está localizado atrás da pata dianteira. <img alt="A Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/3444/3444fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2. Perfil de citometria de fluxo de linfócitos obtidos após a cirurgia LN. Perfis de dispersão frontal e lateral são mostrados para linfonodos colhidos a partir de um Anesthrato etized por cirurgia (A) ou de um rato sacrificados (B). LNs foram colhidas, dissociados e analisadas num citómetro de fluxo. As percentagens de células na porta vivo de linfócitos são mostrados.

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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complete+but+curtailed+T-cell+response+to+very+low-affinity+antigen.">Complete but curtailed T-cell response to very low-affinity antigen.</a> Nature. 458, 211-214 (2009).</li><li>Vezys, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Memory+CD8+T-cell+compartment+grows+in+size+with+immunological+experience.">Memory CD8 T-cell compartment grows in size with immunological experience.</a> Nature. 457, 196-199 (2009).</li><li>Zhou, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+and+persistence+of+memory+CD8(+)+T+cells+depend+on+T+cell+factor+1.">Differentiation and persistence of memory CD8(+) T cells depend on T cell factor 1.</a> Immunity. 33, 229-240 (2010).</li><li>Wirth, T. 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Não há conflitos de interesse declarados.

Nós descrevemos um protocolo de cirurgia LN que pode ser aplicado a muitos sistemas experimentais. Embora muito útil para acompanhar as respostas imunes ou homeostase de células imunes, esta técnica tem algumas limitações. Em primeiro lugar, apenas quatro LNS pode ser colhido. Em segundo lugar, a resposta imune deve ser estudada sistémica ou ocorrer nas inguinais superficiais ou braquial (pele de drenagem) LNS. Finalmente, o número de células colhidas é influenciada pela qualidade da remoção LN, uma limitaç...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nome do reagente </td><td> Companhia </td><td> Número de Catálogo </td><td> Comentários </td></tr><tr><td> Pinça Graefe premium Belas Padrão </td><td> Harvard Apparatus </td><td> 52-2144 </td><td> Fortemente curvada, 10 cm (4 polegadas), 0,8 milímetros de ponta </td></tr><tr><td> Clipe Michel aplicação e remoção de Pinças </td><td> Harvard Apparatus </td><td> 52-3779 </td><td> 12,5 cm (5 cm) </td></tr><tr><td> Michel clip 100 </td><td> Harvard Apparatus </td><td> 52-3746 </td><td> 7,5-1,75 milímetros </td></tr><tr><td> Temgesic (cloridrato de buprenorfina) </td><td> Schering-Plough </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vetalar (cloridrato de ketamina) </td><td> Boniche animal Healthcare </td><td></td><td> DIN: 01989529 </td></tr><tr><td> Rompun (Xylazina) </td><td> Bayer </td> &lt;td&gt; </td><td> DIN: 02169592 </td></tr><tr><td> Isoflurano </td><td> ABBOTT </td><td></td><td> DIN: 02032384 </td></tr><tr><td> Hypotears pomada </td><td> Novartis Ophtalmics </td><td></td><td> DIN: 02133288 </td></tr><tr><td> Baxedin (clorexidina gluconato 2% em álcool isopropílico a 70%) </td><td> Ómega </td><td> L0000017 </td><td> DIN: 02251477 </td></tr></tbody></table>

murine superficial lymph node surgery

No campo da imunologia, para compreender a progressão de uma resposta imunitária contra uma vacina, uma infecção ou um tumor, a resposta é muitas vezes seguida ao longo do tempo. Do mesmo modo, o estudo da homeostase de linfócitos, requer a realização do curso de tempo. Realização destes estudos, dentro do mesmo rato é ideal para reduzir a variabilidade experimental, bem como o número de ratinhos utilizados. Retirada de sangue permite realização de experimentos do curso de tempo, mas ele só dá informações sobre linfócitos circulantes e fornece um número limitado de células 1-4. Uma vez que os linfócitos circulam pelo corpo e que residem nos gânglios linfáticos têm propriedades diferentes, é importante examinar ambos os locais. A remoção sequencial de nódulos linfáticos por cirurgia proporciona uma oportunidade única para seguir uma resposta imune ou expansão de células imunes no mesmo rato ao longo do tempo. Além disso, esta técnica produz entre 1-2x10 células por 6 nó de linfa que é suficiente para perform caracterização fenotípica e / ou ensaios funcionais. Cirurgia nó de linfa ou seqüencial linfadenectomia foi usada com sucesso por nós e outros 5-11. Aqui, nós descrevemos como os nódulos linfáticos inguinais braquial e pode ser removido através de uma pequena incisão na pele de um rato anestesiado. Desde a cirurgia é superficial e feito rapidamente, o mouse se recupera muito rapidamente, é que cura bem e não sentir dor excessiva. Cada segundo dia, é possível colher um ou dois nódulos linfáticos, permitindo para experiências de curso de tempo. Esta técnica é portanto adequado para estudar as características de nódulo linfático que residem linfócitos ao longo do tempo. Este método é adequado para vários projetos experimentais e acreditamos que muitos laboratórios se beneficiariam de realização de cirurgias seqüenciais nó de linfa.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Superficial Lymph Node Surgery at JoVE.com

Murine Superficial Lymph Node Surgery

Para seguir a progressão de uma resposta imune ao longo do tempo dentro do mesmo rato, gânglios linfáticos pode ser sequencialmente removido por cirurgia. Aqui, nós descrevemos como esta técnica pode ser realizada.

Cirurgia Nó murino superficial linfático

In the field of immunology, to understand the progression of an immune response against a vaccine, an infection or a tumour, the response is often ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

42.0K visualizações.  Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center. Para seguir a progressão de uma resposta imune ao longo do tempo dentro do mesmo rato, gânglios linfáticos pode ser sequencialmente removido por cirurgia. Aqui, nós descrevemos como esta técnica pode ser realizada.

Vídeo: Murine Superficial Lymph Node Surgery

Intravital Microscopy of the Inguinal Lymph Node

Lymph nodes (LN's), located throughout the body, are an integral component of the immune system. They serve as a site for induction of adaptive immune response and therefore, the development of effector cells. As such, LNs are key to fighting invading pathogens and maintaining health. The choice of LN to study is dictated by accessibility and the desired model; the inguinal lymph node is well situated and easily supports studies of biologically relevant models of skin and genital mucosal infection.
The inguinal LN, like all LNs, has an extensive microvascular network supplying it with blood. In general, this microvascular network includes the main feed arteriole of the LN that subsequently branches and feeds high endothelial venules (HEVs). HEVs are specialized for facilitating the trafficking of immune cells into the LN during both homeostasis and infection. How HEVs regulate trafficking into the LN under both of these circumstances is an area of intense exploration. The LN feed arteriole, has direct upstream influence on the HEVs and is the main supply of nutrients and cell rich blood into the LN. Furthermore, changes in the feed arteriole are implicated in facilitating induction of adaptive immune response. The LN microvasculature has obvious importance in maintaining an optimal blood supply to the LN and regulating immune cell influx into the LN, which are crucial elements in proper LN function and subsequently immune response. 
The ability to study the LN microvasculature in vivo is key to elucidating how the immune system and the microvasculature interact and influence one another within the LN. Here, we present a method for in vivo imaging of the inguinal lymph node. We focus on imaging of the microvasculature of the LN, paying particular attention to methods that ensure the study of healthy vessels, the ability to maintain imaging of viable vessels over a number of hours, and quantification of vessel magnitude. Methods for perfusion of the microvasculature with vasoactive drugs as well as the potential to trace and quantify cellular traffic are also presented. 
Intravital microscopy of the inguinal LN allows direct evaluation of microvascular functionality and real-time interface of the direct interface between immune cells, the LN, and the microcirculation. This technique potential to be combined with many immunological techniques and fluorescent cell labelling as well as manipulated to study vasculature of other LNs.

A technique for performing intravital microscopy of the inguinal lymph node (LN) is outlined. Such technique allows for real-time, in vivo study of the lymph node microvasculature and structure both during homeostasis and infection. This technique can be adapted to cell trafficking studies and to other lymph node sites.

Microscopia intravital do linfonodo inguinal

Lymph nodes (LN's), located throughout the body, are an integral component of the immune system. They serve as a site for induction of adaptive immune ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Ex vivo Imaging of T Cells in Murine Lymph Node Slices with Widefield and Confocal Microscopes

Na&iuml;ve T cells continuously traffic to secondary lymphoid organs, including peripheral lymph nodes, to detect rare expressed antigens. The migration of T cells into lymph nodes is a complex process which involves both cellular and chemical factors including chemokines. Recently, the use of two-photon microscopy has permitted to track T cells in intact lymph nodes and to derive some quantitative information on their behavior and their interactions with other cells. While there are obvious advantages to an in vivo system, this approach requires a complex and expensive instrumentation and provides limited access to the tissue. To analyze the behavior of T cells within murine lymph nodes, we have developed a slice assay 
1, originally set up by neurobiologists and transposed recently to murine thymus 2. In this technique, fluorescently labeled T cells are plated on top of an acutely prepared lymph node slice. In this video-article, the localization and migration of T cells into the tissue are analyzed in real-time with a widefield and a confocal microscope. The technique which complements in vivo two-photon microscopy offers an effective approach to image T cells in their natural environment and to elucidate mechanisms underlying T cell migration.

Ex vivo Imaging of T Cells in Murine Lymph Node Slices with Widefield and Confocal Microscopes

This protocol describes a method to image fluorescent T cells introduced into lymph node slices. The technique permits real-time analyses of T cell migration with traditional widefield fluorescence or confocal microscopes.

Ex vivo de imagens de células T em fatias Node murino linfáticos com Widefield e microscópios confocal

Na&iuml;ve T cells continuously traffic to secondary lymphoid organs, including peripheral lymph nodes, to detect rare expressed antigens. The migration ...

Intravital Imaging of the Mouse Popliteal Lymph Node

Lymph nodes (LNs) are secondary lymphoid organs, which are strategically located throughout the body to allow for trapping and presentation of foreign antigens from peripheral tissues to prime the adaptive immune response. Juxtaposed between innate and adaptive immune responses, the LN is an ideal site to study immune cell interactions1,2. Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells and NK cells), dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages comprise the bulk of bone marrow-derived cellular elements of the LN. These cells are strategically positioned in the LN to allow efficient surveillance of self antigens and potential foreign antigens3-5. The process by which lymphocytes successfully encounter cognate antigens is a subject of intense investigation in recent years, and involves an integration of molecular contacts including antigen receptors, adhesion molecules, chemokines, and stromal structures such as the fibro-reticular network2,6-12. 
Prior to the development of high-resolution real-time fluorescent in vivo imaging, investigators relied on static imaging, which only offers answers regarding morphology, position, and architecture. While these questions are fundamental in our understanding of immune cell behavior, the limitations intrinsic with this technique does not permit analysis to decipher lymphocyte trafficking and environmental clues that affect dynamic cell behavior. Recently, the development of intravital two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2P-LSM) has allowed investigators to view the dynamic movements and interactions of individual cells within live LNs in situ12-16. In particular, we and others have applied this technique to image cellular behavior and interactions within the popliteal LN, where its compact, dense nature offers the advantage of multiplex data acquisition over a large tissue area with diverse tissue sub-structures11,17-18. It is important to note that this technique offers added benefits over explanted tissue imaging techniques, which require disruption of blood, lymph flow, and ultimately the cellular dynamics of the system. Additionally, explanted tissues have a very limited window of time in which the tissue remains viable for imaging after explant. With proper hydration and monitoring of the animal's environmental conditions, the imaging time can be significantly extended with this intravital technique. Here, we present a detailed method of preparing mouse popliteal LN for the purpose of performing intravital imaging.

Recent advances in 2-photon microscopy have enabled real-time in situ imaging of live tissues in animal models, thereby enhancing our ability to investigate cellular behavior in both physiologic and pathologic conditions. Here, we outline the preparations required to perform intravital imaging of the mouse popliteal lymph node.

Imagem intravital do Linfonodo Popliteal Rato

Lymph nodes (LNs) are secondary lymphoid organs, which are strategically located throughout the body to allow for trapping and presentation of foreign ...

Generation of Lymph Node-fat Pad Chimeras for the Study of Lymph Node Stromal Cell Origin

The stroma is a key component of the lymph node structure and function. However, little is known about its origin, exact cellular composition and the mechanisms governing its formation. Lymph nodes are always encapsulated in adipose tissue and we recently demonstrated the importance of this relation for the formation of lymph node stroma. Adipocyte precursor cells migrate into the lymph node during its development and upon engagement of the Lymphotoxin-b receptor switch off adipogenesis and differentiate into lymphoid stromal cells (B&#233;n&#233;zech&#160;et al.14). Based on the lymphoid stroma potential of adipose tissue, we present a method using a lymph node/fat pad chimera that allows the lineage tracing of lymph node stromal cell precursors. We show how to isolate newborn lymph nodes and EYFP+ embryonic adipose tissue and make a LN/ EYFP+ fat pad chimera. After transfer under the kidney capsule of a host mouse, the lymph node incorporates local adipose tissue precursor cells and finishes its formation. Progeny analysis of EYFP+ fat pad cells in the resulting lymph nodes can be performed by flow-cytometric analysis of enzymatically digested lymph nodes or by immunofluorescence analysis of lymph nodes cryosections. By using fat pads from different knockout mouse models, this method will provide an efficient way of analyzing the origin of the different lymph node stromal cell populations.

Generation of lymph node/fat pad chimeras for the study of lymph node stromal cell origin is described. The method involves the isolation of lymph nodes from newborn mice and embryonic fat pads, the generation of chimeric lymph node-fat pads, and their transfer under the kidney capsule of a host mouse.

The stroma is a key component of the lymph node structure and function. However, little is known about its origin, exact cellular composition and the ...

Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and differentiation of lymphocytes. Various stromal cell subsets have been identified by the expression of the adhesion molecule CD31 and glycoprotein podoplanin (gp38), T zone reticular cells or fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, blood endothelial cells and FRC-like pericytes within the double negative cell population. For all populations different functions are described including, separation and lining of different compartments, attraction of and interaction with different cell types, filtration of the draining fluidics and contraction of the lymphatic vessels. In the last years, different groups have described an additional role of stromal cells in orchestrating and regulating cytotoxic T cell responses potentially dangerous for the host. 
Lymph nodes are complex structures with many different cell types and therefore require a appropriate procedure for isolation of the desired cell populations. Currently, protocols for the isolation of lymph node stromal cells rely on enzymatic digestion with varying incubation times; however, stromal cells and their surface molecules are sensitive to these enzymes, which results in loss of surface marker expression and cell death. Here a short enzymatic digestion protocol combined with automated mechanical disruption to obtain viable single cells suspension of lymph node stromal cells maintaining their surface molecule expression is proposed.

Isolation of lymph node stromal cells is a multistep procedure including enzymatic digestion and mechanical disaggregation to obtain fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic and blood endothelial cells. In the described procedure, a short digestion is combined with automated mechanical disaggregation to minimize surface marker degradation of viable lymph node stromal cells.

Isolamento de Murino Linfonodo células estromais

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and ...

Myeloid Cell Isolation from Mouse Skin and Draining Lymph Node Following Intradermal Immunization with Live Attenuated Plasmodium Sporozoites

Malaria infection begins when the sporozoite stage of Plasmodium is inoculated into the skin of a mammalian host through a mosquito bite. The highly motile parasite not only reaches the liver to invade hepatocytes and transform into erythrocyte-infective form. It also migrates into the skin and to the proximal lymph node draining the injection site, where it can be recognized and degraded by resident and/or recruited myeloid cells. Intravital imaging reported the early recruitment of brightly fluorescent Lys-GFP positive leukocytes in the skin and the interactions between sporozoites and CD11c+ cells in the draining lymph node. We present here an efficient procedure to recover, identify and enumerate the myeloid cell subsets that are recruited to the mouse skin and draining lymph node following intradermal injection of immunizing doses of sporozoites in a murine model. Phenotypic characterization using multi-parametric flow cytometry provides a reliable assay to assess early dynamic cellular changes during inflammatory response to Plasmodium infection.

Myeloid Cell Isolation from Mouse Skin and Draining Lymph Node Following Intradermal Immunization with Live Attenuated Plasmodium Sporozoites

We describe here a protocol for isolating myeloid cells from mouse skin and draining lymph node following intradermal injection of Plasmodium sporozoites. Flow cytometry of collected cells provides a reliable assay to characterize the skin and draining lymph node inflammatory response to the parasite.

Isolamento de células mielóides de rato Pele e Drenagem Linfonodo Seguindo intradérmica imunização com vivos atenuados<em&gt; Plasmodium</em&gt; Esporozoítos

Malaria infection begins when the sporozoite stage of Plasmodium is inoculated into the skin of a mammalian host through a mosquito bite. The highly ...

Murine Full-thickness Skin Transplantation

Murine full-thickness skin transplantation is a well-established in vivo model to study alloimmune response and graft rejection. Despite its limited application to humans, skin transplantation in mice has been widely employed for transplantation research. The procedure is easy to learn and perform, and it does not require delicate microsurgical techniques nor extensive training. Moreover, graft rejection in this model occurs in a very reproducible immunological reaction and is easily monitored by direct inspection and palpation. In addition, secondary skin transplantation with donor-matched or third-party skin grafts can be performed on more complex transplant models as an alternative and uncomplicated method to assess donor-specific tolerance. The complications are low and are in general limited to anesthesia overdose or respiratory distress after the procedure. Graft failure, on the other hand, occurs commonly as a result of poor preparation of the graft, incorrect positioning in the graft bed, or inappropriate placement of the bandage. In this article, we present a protocol for full-thickness skin transplantation in mice and describe the important steps necessary for a successful procedure.

Murine full-thickness skin transplantation is a well-established model to study rejection in an alloimmune setting. Here, we provide a tutorial of each step involved in performing a BALB/c--&#62;C57BL/6 full-thickness skin transplant.

Murino Transplante de pele de espessura total

Murine full-thickness skin transplantation is a well-established in vivo model to study alloimmune response and graft rejection. Despite its limited ...

Intracellular Staining and Flow Cytometry to Identify Lymphocyte Subsets within Murine Aorta, Kidney and Lymph Nodes in a Model of Hypertension

It is now well known that T lymphocytes play a critical role in the development of several cardiovascular diseases1,2,3,4,5. For example, studies from our group have shown that hypertension is associated with an excessive accumulation of T cells in the vessels and kidney during the development of experimental hypertension6. Once in these tissues, T cells produce several cytokines that affect both vascular and renal function leading to vasoconstriction and sodium and water retention1,2. To fully understand how T cells cause cardiovascular and renal diseases, it is important to be able to identify and quantify the specific T cell subsets present in these tissues. T cell subsets are defined by a combination of surface markers, the cytokines they secrete, and the transcription factors they express. The complexity of the T cell population makes flow cytometry and intracellular staining an invaluable technique to dissect the phenotypes of the lymphocytes present in tissues. Here, we provide a detailed protocol to identify the surface and intracellular markers (cytokines and transcription factors) in T cells isolated from murine kidney, aorta and aortic draining lymph nodes in a model of angiotensin II induced hypertension. The following steps are described in detail: isolation of the tissues, generation of the single cell suspensions, ex vivo stimulation, fixation, permeabilization and staining. In addition, several fundamental principles of flow cytometric analyses including choosing the proper controls and appropriate gating strategies are discussed.

This article provides detailed methodology to identify and quantify functional T lymphocyte subsets present within murine kidney, aorta and lymph nodes by intracellular staining and flow cytometry. The model of angiotensin II induced hypertension was chosen to explain, step-by-step, the procedures and fundamental principles of flow cytometry and intracellular staining.

Intracelular Coloração e Citometria de Fluxo para identificar linfócitos subconjuntos dentro Murino Aorta, rim e linfonodos em um modelo de hipertensão

It is now well known that T lymphocytes play a critical role in the development of several cardiovascular diseases1,2,3,4,5. For example, studies from our ...

Collection and Processing of Lymph Nodes from Large Animals for RNA Analysis: Preparing for Lymph Node Transcriptomic Studies of Large Animal Species

Large animals (both livestock and wildlife) serve as important reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, including Brucella, Mycobacterium bovis, Salmonella, and E. coli, and are useful for the study of pathogenesis and/or spread of the bacteria in natural hosts. With the key function of lymph nodes in the host immune response, lymph node tissues serve as a potential source of RNA for downstream transcriptomic analyses, in order to assess the temporal changes in gene expression in cells over the course of an infection. This article presents an overview of the process of lymph node collection, tissue sampling, and downstream RNA processing in livestock, using cattle (Bos taurus) as a model, with additional examples provided from the American bison (Bison bison). The protocol includes information about the location, identification, and removal of lymph nodes from multiple key sites in the body. Additionally, a biopsy sampling methodology is presented that allows for a consistency of sampling across multiple animals. Several considerations for sample preservation are discussed, including the generation of RNA suitable for downstream methodologies like RNA-sequencing and RT-PCR. Due to the long delays inherent in large animal vs. mouse time course studies, representative results from bison and bovine lymph node tissues are presented to describe the time course of the degradation in this tissue type, in the context of a review of previous methodological work on RNA degradation in other tissues. Overall, this protocol will be useful to both veterinary researchers beginning transcriptome projects on large animal samples and to molecular biologists interested in learning techniques for in vivo tissue sampling and in vitro processing.

This protocol provides an overview of procedures for the isolation of RNA for the transcriptomic profiling of lymph node tissues from large animals, including steps in the identification and excision of lymph nodes from livestock and wildlife, sampling approaches to provide consistency across multiple animals, and considerations plus representative results for the post-collection preservation and processing for RNA analysis.

Coleta e processamento de linfonodos de animais de grandes porte para a análise do RNA: preparando-se para estudos de linfonodo Transcriptomic de espécies de animais grandes

Large animals (both livestock and wildlife) serve as important reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, including Brucella, Mycobacterium bovis, Salmonella, and ...

Determination of Regulatory T Cell Subsets in Murine Thymus, Pancreatic Draining Lymph Node and Spleen Using Flow Cytometry

Our immune system consists of a number and variety of immune cells including regulatory T cells (Treg) cells. Treg cells can be divided into two subsets, thymic derived Treg (tTreg) cells and peripherally induced Treg (pTreg) cells. They are present in different organs of our body and can be distinguished by specific markers, such as Helios and Neuropilin 1. It has been reported that tTreg cells are functionally more suppressive than pTreg cells. Therefore, it is important to determine the proportion of both tTreg and pTreg cells when investigating heterogeneous cell populations. Herein, we collected thymic glands, pancreatic draining lymph nodes and spleens from normoglycemic non-obese diabetic mice to distinguish tTreg cells from pTreg cells using flow cytometry. We manually prepared single cell suspensions from these organs. Fluorochrome conjugated surface CD4, CD8, CD25, and Neuropilin 1 antibodies were used to stain the cells. They were kept in the fridge overnight. On the next day, the cells were stained with fluorochrome conjugated intracellular Foxp3 and Helios antibodies. These markers were used to characterize the two subsets of Treg cells. This protocol demonstrates a simple but practical way to prepare single cells from murine thymus, pancreatic draining lymph node and spleen and use them for subsequent flow cytometric analysis.

Herein, we present a protocol to prepare single cells from murine thymus, pancreatic draining lymph node and spleen to further study these cells using flow cytometry. In addition, this protocol was used for determining the subsets of regulatory T cells using flow cytometry.

Determinação de subconjuntos de regulação de células T no timo murino, pancreático drenagem do linfonodo e baço usando citometria de fluxo

Our immune system consists of a number and variety of immune cells including regulatory T cells (Treg) cells. Treg cells can be divided into two subsets, ...