1. Graphene revestimento de NiTi <ol><li> As amostras de grafeno utilizados neste estudo foram cultivadas em cobre (Cu) substratos que utilizam a técnica de deposição química de vapor, e, posteriormente, transferidos para 4,5 mm 2 substratos de NiTi. </li><li> Cu folhas (1 cm x 1 cm) foram colocadas num forno de tubo de 1 polegada de quartzo e aquecidos a 1000 ° C, na presença de 50 sccm de H 2 e 450 sccm de Ar. </li><li> Metano, seguinte (1 e 4 sccm) foi introduzido na fornalha a taxas de fluxo diferentes para 20-30 min. As amostras foram finalmente arrefecida até à temperatura ambiente sob fluxo de H 2, Ar e CH 4. </li><li> Em seguida, as lâminas foram spin-Cu revestido com PMMA (diluído com anisol a 4%) a 4000 rpm, seguido por um tratamento pelo calor durante 5 minutos a 150 ° C. Graphene anexado a camada de PMMA foi obtida por decapagem da folha de Cu utilizando Transene Inc., CE-100 ácido, e subsequente lavagem com HCl a 10% e água desionizada durante 10 min. </li><li> A splos foram transferidas para substratos de NiTi (4,5 mm 2) e recozida a 450 ° C em Ar (300 sccm) e H 2 (700 sccm) durante 2 horas para remover o PMMA. Por fim, os substratos foram lavados com acetona, para dissolver o PMMA residual para obter a amostra de Gr-NiTi. A Dilor XY monocromador grating triplo foi usado para a caracterização de micro-Raman (utilizando objectivo 100X) de todos os NiTisamples Gr-excitação com a 514,5 nm de um laser de iões de Ar +. </li></ol> 2. Toxicidade In Vitro de Gr-NiTi As células endoteliais da aorta de rato (Cell aplicação Inc.,) foram cultivadas em um revestimento de gelatina de slides câmaras 8. Para testar o crescimento celular, como novo e Gr-NiTisubstrates foram colocadas em poços sem qualquer revestimento de gelatina. As imagens de microscopia electrónica de digitalização foram obtidos utilizando um Hitachi S-4800 SEM. Além disso, o rato células musculares lisas da aorta foram também cultivadas em Cellbind placas de 96 poços, como um grupo de controlo (Corning) em DuModified lbecco de Eagle Médium (ATCC). <ol><li> Para testar a viabilidade das células, as células (células do músculo liso e endoteliais ambos) foram semeadas a 10 5 células / poço em poços contendo NiTi pristine, 1 sccm ou 4 sccm Gr-NiTi substratos, onde a sccm indicado corresponde ao fluxo de metano usada no DCV crescimento de grafeno. As células foram cultivadas durante o período de tempo desejado em uma incubadora a 37 ° C e 5% de CO 2, a troca de meio todos os outros dias. </li><li> No ponto de tempo final, o meio foi removido e meio fresco contendo 0,5 mg / ml de brometo de tetrazólio de azul de tiazolilo (MTT, ou obtidos a partir de Sigma) foram adicionados a cada poço. As células foram então incubadas durante mais 3 horas adicionais. Para o ensaio de MTS, o meio foi removido no ponto de tempo final, e substituído por 120 ul de solução de trabalho MTS (Cell aquoso 96 Tier, Promega) e incubado durante 3 h. </li><li> Em seguida, o meio foi suavemente removido e 100 ml de dimetilsulf óxido (Sigma) foi adicionado a cada poço. Após alloasa 10 min para os cristais de MTT para dissolver, a solução foi transferida para outro prato de poço. Para o ensaio de MTS, não dimetilsulfóxido foi adicionada aos poços. Conteúdo do poço foram transferidas para uma nova placa. </li><li> A absorvância foi lida a 490 nm e a viabilidade percentual foi determinada através da normalização da absorvância a absorvância média da amostra de NiTi intocada. Pelo menos, cinco repetições foram feitas para cada tipo de amostra. </li></ol> 3. Estudos de microscopia confocal da morfologia das células <ol><li> Para imagem confocal de ratos células do músculo liso da aorta, os substratos foram colocados em uma corrediça 8-câmara (Thermo Scientific). As células foram semeadas a 25000 células / câmara e incubou-se durante 3 dias a 37 ° C e 5% CO 2. </li><li> As células foram fixadas no substrato com formaldeído a 4% em solução salina tamponada com fosfato durante 20 minutos. </li><li> Permeabilizadas com 0,1% de Triton-X, durante 1 min. </li><li> Actina foi corado com Alexa Fluor 488 faloidina (LIFTecnologias e). 100 ul de alexafluor faloidina 488 a 200 unidades / ml de metanol foi adicionado a 1,9 ml de solução salina tamponada com fosfato. As células foram coradas com 250 ul de alexafluor faloidina 488 durante 45 minutos e depois lavadas duas vezes com solução salina tamponada com fosfato. </li><li> Os núcleos foram montados com Vectashield meio fluorescente de montagem contendo DAPI (Vector Laboratories). Imagens confocal foram coletados com uma Nikon Confocal TI. Uma câmara com células, sem qualquer substrato foi utilizado como controlo. </li></ol> 4. A adsorção da proteína Estudos <ol><li> Dimensões de substratos foram medidos com compassos antes de iniciar os experimentos de adsorção de proteínas. Foram feitas três medições para cada um dos lados das amostras de aproximadamente quadradas, com uma média para obter o comprimento e largura. </li><li> Cada uma das amostras, como novo NiTi, e 1sccm 4sccm Gr-NiTiwere incubadas com 1 mg / ml de albumina em tampão fosfato salino (PBS) ou 1 mg / ml em PBS de fibrinogénio no quarto temperatura durante 3 hr. </li><li> Iguais amostras foram combinados num tubo de microcentrífuga com 200 jil de tampão de amostra de redução e fervida durante 5 min. </li><li> As amostras foram então diluídas em tampão Tris / glicina / SDS (Bio-Rad) e executado através de um gel de 4-15% de poliacrilamida de electroforese Tris (Bio-Rad) a 90 V durante 100 min. </li><li> Os géis foram corados com Vermelho Sypro. Diluir Sypro Red solução stock (Life Technologies) a 1:5.000 em ácido 7,5% v / v ácido acético. Stain géis durante 60 minutos. </li><li> Géis de imagem utilizando uma Flourchem SP (Alpha Innotech). Intensidade de fluorescência foi quantificada utilizando o software ImageJ. A intensidade de fluorescência de cada amostra foi normalizada pela área total do substrato e do fibrinogénio adsorvido em comparação com a adsorção de albumina. </li></ol> 5. Western Blotting para Protein Expression <ol><li> Western blot foi realizada para analisar a actina total em ratos células do músculo liso da aorta. As células foram semeadas a 10000 células / substrato em um 96-wplaca ell. </li><li> As células foram cultivadas por três dias antes de retirar mídia. A proteína total foi extraída com tampão RIPA e um padrão de ensaio BCA (Lamda) foi realizada para quantificar a proteína total. </li><li> As amostras foram diluídas para a mesma concentração em RIPA e então fervidos em tampão de amostra de uma redução de 5 min. </li><li> As proteínas foram separadas por um gel de poliacrilamida a 4-15% Tris por electroforese a 90 V durante 100 min. Um caleidoscópio de proteína padrão (Bio-Rad) foi utilizada para avaliar o peso molecular da proteína. </li><li> As proteínas foram transferidas para uma membrana de PVDF e bloqueada com uma solução de 1% de matéria seca não gorda de leite (Bio-Rad). </li><li> Actina total foi marcado com um anticorpo de coelho anti-actina de rato (Sigma). A BM kit de quimioluminescência (Roche) foi utilizado para detectar o anticorpo primário. As membranas foram fotografadas usando FlourChem SP equipamento de imagiologia e intensidade de fluorescência foi medida utilizando o software ImageJ. A intensidade de fluorescência foi normalizado por comparação com o pristine NiTisample. </li></ol>

<ol>
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Biocompatibilidade e citotoxicidade: A deposição de vapor químico (CVD) método rendeu amostras policristalinas grafeno que imitavam grãos de cristal de Cu, como mostrado na Figura 1A. Nós empregamos espectroscopia Raman para confirmar a presença de monocamada de grafeno (camadas poucos) em 1 sccm (4 sccm) amostras (ver Figura 1b). Claramente, uma SCCM (4 sccm) amostras exibem faixa indicativa de monocamada intensa (relativamente mais fraca) G &#39;(camada poucos) grafeno...

As últimas três décadas têm testemunhado a descoberta de novos materiais baseados em terapias e dispositivos para tratamento de doenças e diagnósticos. Novos materiais de liga, tais como o nitinol (NiTi) e aço inoxidável são frequentemente utilizadas na fabricação de implantes biomédicos, devido às suas propriedades mecânicas superiores. 1-3 No entanto, vários desafios permanecem devido à citotoxicidade de material exógeno, bio e hemo-compatibilidade. A natureza metálica destes resultados ligas pobres em bio-hemocompatibilidade e devido à lixiviação de metais pesados, à falta de adesão celular, proliferação e trombose quando entra em contacto com o sangue que flui (por exemplo, cateteres, enxertos de vasos sanguíneos, stents vasculares, válvulas cardíacas artificiais etc.). 1, 4, 5 A interacção de proteínas ou células vivas com a superfície do implante pode conduzir a uma forte resposta imunológica e a consequente cascata de reacções bioquímicas podem afectar negativamente a funcionalidade do dispositivo. Portanto, é pertinent para conseguir o controle sobre as interações entre os implantes biomédicos e seu ambiente circundante biológica. A modificação da superfície é frequentemente utilizado para reduzir ou evitar a resposta fisiológica adversa de origem a partir do material de implante. Uma superfície de revestimento ideal deverá ter a força de aderência elevada, inércia química, suavidade elevada e bom hemo-e biocompatibilidade. Anteriormente, vários materiais, incluindo carbono tipo diamante (DLC), SiC, TiN, TiO 2 e muitos materiais poliméricos têm sido testados como bio-compatíveis revestimentos de superfície do implante. 1, 6-23 No entanto, estes materiais ainda são incapazes de atender a todos os critérios funcionais para um revestimento adequado do implante de superfície. A descoberta do átomo espessa camada de carbono sp 2, conhecido como o grafeno, abriu as portas para o desenvolvimento de novos materiais multifuncionais. Grafeno é esperado para ser um candidato ideal para o revestimento de superfície do implante, uma vez queé quimicamente inerte, atomicamente suave e altamente durável. Nesta Carta, vamos investigar a viabilidade de grafeno como um revestimento de superfície para implantes biomédicos. Os nossos estudos mostram que o nitinol grafeno revestido (Gr-NiTi) cumpre todos os critérios funcionais, e também suporta o músculo liso e excelente crescimento celular endotelial que conduz à proliferação celular melhor. Nós também achamos que a adsorção de albumina de soro na Gr-NiTi é maior do que fibrinogênio. É importante notar que (i) as nossas medições espectroscópicas detalhados confirmou a falta de transferência de carga entre o grafeno e fibrinogénio sugere que o revestimento grafeno inibe a activação de plaquetas por meio de implantes, (ii) revestimento de grafeno não exibem qualquer toxicidade significativa em testes in vitro sobre linhas endoteliais e musculares lisas celulares confirmando sua biocompatibilidade, e (iii) os revestimentos grafeno são quimicamente inerte, resistente e impermeável no fluxo sanguíneo ambiente. Estes hemo-e propriedades biocompatíveis, juntamente com st elevadorength inércia química e durabilidade, tornam revestimentos grafeno como um revestimento de superfície ideal.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> Reagente </td></tr><tr><td> Modified Eagle Médium da Dulbecco </td><td> ATCC </td><td> 30-2002 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Azul de tiazolilo tetrazólio </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> M2128 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> CellTiter 96 Aqueous One solução ensaio de proliferação celular (MTS) </td><td> Promega </td><td> G3582 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dimetilsulfóxido </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> D8418 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 36,5% de formaldeído </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> F8775 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Triton X-100 </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> T8787 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Alexafluor 488 faloidina </td><td> Life Technologies </td><td> A12379 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vectashield meio de montagem com DAPEu </td><td> Vector Laboratories </td><td> H-1200 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Albumina de soro humano </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> A9511 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> O fibrinogénio humano </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tris / glicina / SDS </td><td> Bio-Rad </td><td> 161-0732 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Pronto Gel Gel de Tris-HCl </td><td> Bio-Rad </td><td> 161-1158 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Ácido acético </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> 45726 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Sypro Vermelho </td><td> Life Technologies </td><td> S-6653 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Proteína ensaio BCA baixo </td><td> Lamda Biotech </td><td> G1003 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Precision Plus Padrão Caleidoscópio Proteína </td><td> Bio-Rad </td><td> 161-0375 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Immun-Blot membrana PVDF </td><td> Bio-Rad </td><td> 162-0177 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Blotting grau bloqueador de leite seco não gordo </td><td> Bio-Rad </td><td> 170-6404XTU </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Anti-actina de anticorpos produzidos em coelho </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> A2066 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Quimioluminescência BM kit Western Blot (rato / coelho) </td><td> Roche Applied Science </td><td> 11520709001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tampão RIPA </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> R0278 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> NiTi (51% Ni, Ti 49%) </td><td> Alfa-Aesar </td><td> 44953 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> Equipamento </td></tr><tr><td> Horiba JobinYvon </td><td> Raman espectrômetro </td><td> Dilor XY 98 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Nikon </td><td> Microscópio confocal </td><td> Eclipse microscópio TI </td><td></td></tr&gt; <tr><td> Thermoscientific </td><td> Leitor de placa </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Bio-Rad </td><td> Fonte de alimentação </td><td> 164-5050 </td><td> PowerPac alimentação básica </td></tr><tr><td> Bio-Rad </td><td> Célula de eletroforese </td><td> 165-8004 </td><td> Mini-PROTEAN célula tetra </td></tr><tr><td> Bio-Rad </td><td> Cassete titular gel </td><td> 170-3931 </td><td> Mini cassete titular gel </td></tr></tbody></table>

graphene coatings for biomedical implants

Grafeno atomicamente lisa como um revestimento de superfície tem um potencial para melhorar as propriedades dos implantes. Isto demonstra um método para revestimento de ligas de nitinol com camadas espessas de grafeno nanômetros para aplicações como material de stent. Graphene foi cultivada em substratos de cobre através da deposição química de vapor e, em seguida, transferido para o nitinol substratos. A fim de compreender como o revestimento de grafeno poderia alterar a resposta biológica, a viabilidade celular das células endoteliais da aorta de rato e aorta de rato nas células musculares lisas foi investigada. Além disso, o efeito de grafeno-revestimentos sobre a adesão celular e morfologia foi analisada por microscopia confocal com fluorescente. As células foram coradas para a actina e núcleos, e houve diferenças perceptíveis entre amostras puras de nitinol em comparação com grafeno amostras revestidas. Expressão da actina total a partir de ratos células do músculo liso da aorta foi encontrada utilizando Western blot. Características adsorção de proteínas, um indicador para trombogenicidade potencial, were determinado para o fibrinogénio e com albumina de soro de electroforese em gel. Além disso, a transferência de carga a partir de fibrinogénio ao substrato foi deduzida utilizando espectroscopia de Raman. Verificou-se que o revestimento de substratos de grafeno em nitinol preencheram os requisitos funcionais de um material de stent e melhorar a resposta biológica em comparação com o nitinol não revestido. Assim, o grafeno revestido nitinol é um candidato viável para um material do stent.

<img src="/files/ftp_upload/50276/50276fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1"/> . Figura 1 a) DCV grafeno policristalino cultivadas em folhas de Cu imita os grãos de metal de cristal (barra de escala: 10 mm). b) espectro Raman de 1 sccm (4 sccm) grafeno mostra monocamada intensa (relativamente mais fraca) G &#39;banda indicando (camada poucos) a natureza de como preparado grafeno. c) imagem de AFM grafeno transferidos para NiTi mostra uma rugosidade de aproximadamente 5 nm....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Graphene Coatings for Biomedical Implants at JoVE.com

Graphene Coatings for Biomedical Implants

Graphene oferece um potencial como um material de revestimento para implantes biomédicos. Neste estudo, demonstrar um método para ligas de revestimento de nitinol com camadas de grafeno nanômetro de espessura e determinar como o grafeno pode influenciar a resposta do implante.

Revestimentos de grafeno para implantes biomédicos

Atomically smooth graphene as a surface coating has potential to improve implant properties. This demonstrates a method for coating nitinol alloys with ...

graphene-coatings-for-biomedical-implants

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

21.2K visualizações.  Clemson University. Graphene oferece um potencial como um material de revestimento para implantes biomédicos. Neste estudo, demonstrar um método para ligas de revestimento de nitinol com camadas de grafeno nanômetro de espessura e determinar como o grafeno pode influenciar a resposta do implante.

Vídeo: Graphene Coatings for Biomedical Implants

Simultaneous Synthesis of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene in a Magnetically-enhanced Arc Plasma

Carbon nanostructures such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and graphene attract a deluge of interest of scholars nowadays due to their very promising application for molecular sensors, field effect transistor and super thin and flexible electronic devices1-4. Anodic arc discharge supported by the erosion of the anode material is one of the most practical and efficient methods, which can provide specific non-equilibrium processes and a high influx of carbon material to the developing structures at relatively higher temperature, and consequently the as-synthesized products have few structural defects and better crystallinity.
 To further improve the controllability and flexibility of the synthesis of carbon nanostructures in arc discharge, magnetic fields can be applied during the synthesis process according to the strong magnetic responses of arc plasmas. It was demonstrated that the magnetically-enhanced arc discharge can increase the average length of SWCNT 5, narrow the diameter distribution of metallic catalyst particles and carbon nanotubes 6, and change the ratio of metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotubes 7, as well as lead to graphene synthesis 8. 
 Furthermore, it is worthwhile to remark that when we introduce a non-uniform magnetic field with the component normal to the current in arc, the Lorentz force along the J&times;B direction can generate the plasmas jet and make effective delivery of carbon ion particles and heat flux to samples. As a result, large-scale graphene flakes and high-purity single-walled carbon nanotubes were simultaneously generated by such new magnetically-enhanced anodic arc method. Arc imaging, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy were employed to analyze the characterization of carbon nanostructures. These findings indicate a wide spectrum of opportunities to manipulate with the properties of nanostructures produced in plasmas by means of controlling the arc conditions.

Anodic arc discharge is one of the most practical and efficient methods to synthesize various carbon nanostructures. To increase the arc controllability and flexibility, a non-uniform magnetic field was introduced to process the one-step synthesis of large-scale graphene flakes and high-purity single-walled carbon nanotubes.

Síntese simultânea de nanotubos de carbono de parede única e de grafeno em um Plasma Arc magnética avançada

Carbon nanostructures such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and graphene attract a deluge of interest of scholars nowadays due to their very ...

Bioengenharia

Designing Silk-silk Protein Alloy Materials for Biomedical Applications

Fibrous proteins display different sequences and structures that have been used for various applications in biomedical fields such as biosensors, nanomedicine, tissue regeneration, and drug delivery. Designing materials based on the molecular-scale interactions between these proteins will help generate new multifunctional protein alloy biomaterials with tunable properties. Such alloy material systems also provide advantages in comparison to traditional synthetic polymers due to the materials biodegradability, biocompatibility, and tenability in the body. This article used the protein blends of wild tussah silk (Antheraea pernyi) and domestic mulberry silk (Bombyx mori) as an example to provide useful protocols regarding these topics, including how to predict protein-protein interactions by computational methods, how to produce protein alloy solutions, how to verify alloy systems by thermal analysis, and how to fabricate variable alloy materials including optical materials with diffraction gratings, electric materials with circuits coatings, and pharmaceutical materials for drug release and delivery. These methods can provide important information for designing the next generation multifunctional biomaterials based on different protein alloys.

Blending is an efficient approach to generate biomaterials with a broad range of properties and combined features. By predicting the molecular interactions between different natural silk proteins, new silk-silk protein alloy platforms with tunable mechanical resiliency, electrical response, optical transparency, chemical processability, biodegradability, or thermal stability can be designed.

Projetando proteína de seda-seda liga Materiais para aplicações biomédicas

Fibrous proteins display different sequences and structures that have been used for various applications in biomedical fields such as biosensors, ...

Fabricating Superhydrophobic Polymeric Materials for Biomedical Applications

Superhydrophobic materials, with surfaces possessing permanent or metastable non-wetted states, are of interest for a number of biomedical and industrial applications. Here we describe how electrospinning or electrospraying a polymer mixture containing a biodegradable, biocompatible aliphatic polyester (e.g., polycaprolactone and poly(lactide-co-glycolide)), as the major component, doped with a hydrophobic copolymer composed of the polyester and a stearate-modified poly(glycerol carbonate) affords a superhydrophobic biomaterial. The fabrication techniques of electrospinning or electrospraying provide the enhanced surface roughness and porosity on and within the fibers or the particles, respectively. The use of a low surface energy copolymer dopant that blends with the polyester and can be stably electrospun or electrosprayed affords these superhydrophobic materials. Important parameters such as fiber size, copolymer dopant composition and/or concentration, and their effects on wettability are discussed. This combination of polymer chemistry and process engineering affords a versatile approach to develop application-specific materials using scalable techniques, which are likely generalizable to a wider class of polymers for a variety of applications.

Two- and three-dimensional superhydrophobic polymeric materials are prepared by electrospinning or electrospraying biodegradable polymers blended with a lower surface energy polymer of similar composition.

Fabricação de super-hidrofóbicas Materiais Poliméricos para aplicações biomédicas

Superhydrophobic materials, with surfaces possessing permanent or metastable non-wetted states, are of interest for a number of biomedical and industrial ...

Fabrication of Mechanically Tunable and Bioactive Metal Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications

Biometal systems have been widely used for biomedical applications, in particular, as load-bearing materials. However, major challenges are high stiffness and low bioactivity of metals. In this study, we have developed a new method towards fabricating a new type of bioactive and mechanically reliable porous metal scaffolds-densified porous Ti scaffolds. The method consists of two fabrication processes, 1) the fabrication of porous Ti scaffolds by dynamic freeze casting, and 2) coating and densification of the porous scaffolds. The dynamic freeze casting method to fabricate porous Ti scaffolds allowed the densification of porous scaffolds by minimizing the chemical contamination and structural defects. The densification process is distinctive for three reasons. First, the densification process is simple, because it requires a control of only one parameter (degree of densification). Second, it is effective, as it achieves mechanical enhancement and sustainable release of biomolecules from porous scaffolds. Third, it has broad applications, as it is also applicable to the fabrication of functionally graded porous scaffolds by spatially varied strain during densification.

Bioactive and mechanically reliable metal scaffolds have been fabricated through a method which consists of two processes, dynamic freeze casting for the fabrication of porous Ti, and coating and densification of the Ti scaffolds. The densification process is simple, effective and applicable to the fabrication of functionally graded scaffolds.

Fabricação de Mecanicamente Tunable e Bioativos metal andaimes para aplicações biomédicas

Biometal systems have been widely used for biomedical applications, in particular, as load-bearing materials. However, major challenges are high stiffness ...

Synthesis of Keratin-based Nanofiber for Biomedical Engineering

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of these porous nanofibers is of great interest due to their unique physiochemical properties. Here we elaborate on the fabrication of keratin containing poly (&#949;-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibers (i.e., PCL/keratin composite fiber). Water soluble keratin was first extracted from human hair and mixed with PCL in different ratios. The blended solution of PCL/keratin was transformed into nanofibrous membranes using a laboratory designed electrospinning set up. Fiber morphology and mechanical properties of the obtained nanofiber were observed and measured using scanning electron microscopy and tensile tester. Furthermore, degradability and chemical properties of the nanofiber were studied by FTIR. SEM images showed uniform surface morphology for PCL/keratin fibers of different compositions. These PCL/keratin fibers also showed excellent mechanical properties such as Young&#39;s modulus and failure point. Fibroblast cells were able to attach and proliferate thus proving good cell viability. Based on the characteristics discussed above, we can strongly argue that the blended nanofibers of natural and synthetic polymers can represent an excellent development of composite materials that can be used for different biomedical applications.

Electrospun nanofibers have a high surface area to weight ratio, excellent mechanical integrity, and support cell growth and proliferation. These nanofibers have a wide range of biomedical applications. Here we fabricate keratin/ PCL nanofibers, using the electrospinning technique, and characterize the fibers for possible applications in tissue engineering.

Síntese de nanofibras baseado em queratina de Engenharia Biomédica

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of ...

Rapid Mix Preparation of Bioinspired Nanoscale Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been widely used as a medical ceramic due to its good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. Recently there has been interest regarding the use of bioinspired nanoscale hydroxyapatite (nHA). However, biological apatite is known to be calcium-deficient and carbonate-substituted with a nanoscale platelet-like morphology. Bioinspired nHA has the potential to stimulate optimal bone tissue regeneration due to its similarity to bone and tooth enamel mineral. Many of the methods currently used to fabricate nHA both in the laboratory and commercially, involve lengthy processes and complex equipment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a rapid and reliable method to prepare high quality bioinspired nHA. The rapid mixing method developed was based upon an acid-base reaction involving calcium hydroxide and phosphoric acid. Briefly, a phosphoric acid solution was poured into a calcium hydroxide solution followed by stirring, washing and drying stages. Part of the batch was sintered at 1,000 &#176;C for 2 h in order to investigate the products&#39; high temperature stability. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the successful formation of HA, which showed thermal decomposition to &#946;-tricalcium phosphate after high temperature processing, which is typical for calcium-deficient HA. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the presence of carbonate groups in the precipitated product. The nHA particles had a low aspect ratio with approximate dimensions of 50 x 30 nm, close to the dimensions of biological apatite. The material was also calcium deficient with a Ca:P molar ratio of 1.63, which like biological apatite is lower than the stoichiometric HA ratio of 1.67. This new method is therefore a reliable and far more convenient process for the manufacture of bioinspired nHA, overcoming the need for lengthy titrations and complex equipment. The resulting bioinspired HA product is suitable for use in a wide variety of medical and consumer health applications.

This paper describes a novel method for the rapid manufacture of high quality bioinspired nanoscale hydroxyapatite. This biomaterial is of great significance in the manufacture of a wide range of innovative medical devices for clinical applications in orthopedics, craniofacial surgery and dentistry.

Rápido Mix Preparação de Bioinspirada Nanoscale hidroxiapatita para aplicações biomédicas

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been widely used as a medical ceramic due to its good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. Recently there has been interest ...

Microhoneycomb Monoliths Prepared by the Unidirectional Freeze-drying of Cellulose Nanofiber Based Sols: Method and Extensions

Monolithic honeycomb structures have been attractive to multidisciplinary fields due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. Particularly, microhoneycomb monoliths (MHMs) with micrometer-scale channels are expected as efficient platforms for reactions and separations because of their large surface areas. Up to now, MHMs have been prepared by a unidirectional freeze-drying (UDF) method only from very limited precursors. Herein, we report a protocol from which a series of MHMs consisting of different components can be obtained. Recently, we found that cellulose nanofibers function as a distinct structure-directing agent towards the formation of MHMs through the UDF process. By mixing the cellulose nanofibers with water soluble substances which do not yield MHMs, a variety of composite MHMs can be prepared. This significantly enriches the chemical constitution of MHMs towards versatile applications.

Here, we present a general protocol to prepare a variety of microhoneycomb monoliths (MHMs) in which fluid can pass through with an extremely low pressure drop. MHMs obtained are expected to be used as filters, catalyst supports, flow-type electrodes, sensors and scaffolds for biomaterials.

Monólitos de Microhoneycomb preparados pela liofilização unidirecional de nanofibras de celulose com base Sols: método e extensões

Monolithic honeycomb structures have been attractive to multidisciplinary fields due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. Particularly, microhoneycomb ...

Manufacturing of a Nafion-coated, Reduced Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Chemiresistive Sensor to Monitor pH in Real-time During Microbial Fermentation

Here, we report the engineering of a solid-state micro pH sensor based on polyaniline-functionalized, electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO-PA). Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide acts as the conducting layer and polyaniline acts as a pH-sensitive layer. The pH-dependent conductivity of polyaniline occurs by doping of holes during protonation and by the dedoping of holes during deprotonation. We found that an ERGO-PA solid-state electrode was not functional as such in fermentation processes. The electrochemically active species that the bacteria produce during the fermentation process interfere with the electrode response. We successfully applied Nafion as a proton-conducting layer over ERGO-PA. The Nafion-coated electrodes (ERGO-PA-NA) show a good sensitivity of 1.71 &#937;/pH (pH 4 - 9) for chemiresistive sensor measurements. We tested the ERGO-PA-NA electrode in real-time in the fermentation of Lactococcus lactis. During the growth of L. lactis, the pH of the medium changed from pH 7.2 to pH 4.8 and the resistance of the ERGO-PA-NA solid-state electrode changed from 294.5 &#937; to 288.6 &#937; (5.9 &#937; per 2.4 pH unit). The pH response of the ERGO-PA-NA electrode compared with the response of a conventional glass-based pH electrode shows that reference-less solid-state microsensor arrays operate successfully in a microbiological fermentation.

Here, we report the protocol for the fabrication of a Nafion-coated, polyaniline-functionalized, electrochemically reduced graphene oxide chemiresistive micro pH sensor. This chemiresistor-based, solid-state micro pH sensor can detect pH changes in real-time during a Lactococcus lactis fermentation process.

Fabricação de um Nafion-revestido, reduzido grafeno óxido/polianilina Chemiresistive Sensor de pH de Monitor em tempo real durante a fermentação microbiana

Here, we report the engineering of a solid-state micro pH sensor based on polyaniline-functionalized, electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO-PA). ...

Environmental Dynamic Mechanical Analysis to Predict the Softening Behavior of Neural Implants

When using dynamically softening substrates for neural implants, it is important to have a reliable in vitro method to characterize the softening behavior of these materials. In the past, it has not been possible to satisfactorily measure the softening of thin films under conditions mimicking body environment without substantial effort. This publication presents a new and simple method that allows dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of polymers in solutions, such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS), at relevant temperatures. The use of environmental DMA allows measurement of the softening effects of polymers due to plasticization in various media and temperatures, which therefore allows a prediction of the materials behavior under in vivo conditions.

To allow reliable predictions of the softening of polymeric substrates for neural implants in an in vivo environment, it is important to have a reliable in vitro method. Here, the use of dynamic mechanical analysis in phosphate buffered saline at body temperature is presented.

Análise mecânica dinâmica ambiental para prever o comportamento de amaciamento de implantes neurais

When using dynamically softening substrates for neural implants, it is important to have a reliable in vitro method to characterize the softening behavior ...

Establishing an Octopus Ecosystem for Biomedical and Bioengineering Research

Many developments in biomedical research have been inspired by discovering anatomical and cellular mechanisms that support specific functions in different species. The octopus is one of these exceptional animals that has given scientists new insights into the fields of neuroscience, robotics, regenerative medicine, and prosthetics. Research with this species of cephalopods requires the set-up of complex facilities and intensive care for both the octopus and its ecosystem that is critical for the project&#39;s success. This system requires multiple mechanical and biological filtering systems to provide a safe and clean environment for the animal. Along with the control system, specialized routine maintenance and cleaning are required to effectively keep the facility operating long term. It is advised to provide an enriched environment to these intelligent animals by changing the tank&#39;s landscape, incorporating a variety of prey, and introducing challenging tasks for them to work through. Our results include MRI and a whole-body autofluorescence imaging as well as behavioral studies to better understand their nervous system. Octopuses possess unique physiology that can impact many areas of biomedical research. Providing them with a sustainable ecosystem is the first crucial step in uncovering their distinct capabilities.

Understanding the unique physiological and anatomical structures of octopuses can greatly impact biomedical research. This guide demonstrates how to set-up and maintain a marine environment to accommodate this species and includes state-of-the-art imaging and analytical approaches to visualize octopus' nervous system anatomy and function.

Estabelecendo um ecossistema de polvo para pesquisa biomédica e bioengenharia

Many developments in biomedical research have been inspired by discovering anatomical and cellular mechanisms that support specific functions in different ...