Os autores Obrigado Pieter Schiphorst por seu papel na concepção da instalação e por fornecer os gráficos das figuras 1 e 3 e Marnix Naber para discussão útil e sua contribuição para a Figura 6. Os autores reconhecem também pesquisadores e editores para reutilização Figura 1 e 6 de um artigo publicado1.

este protocolo foi aprovado pelo institucional Review Boards da Michigan State University.
 1. construção do sistema <ol><li>lógica <ol><li>preparar a instalação do espelho, uma variante do clássico Wheatstone estereoscópio 28 ilustrado em Figura 1 , consistindo de dois espelhos posicionados em um ângulo de 45° em relação ao participante &#39; linha média s. Os espelhos refletem os estímulos de duas telas que são posicionados em lados opostos de uma mesa, de frente para o outro.</li>
		<li>Assento um participante na frente de espelhos e mandar ver uma tela diferente, refletida através de um espelho diferente, com cada olho. Para melhores resultados, use um descanso para estabilizar o participante &#39; cabeça de s.</li>
		<li>Posicionar um tracker do olho de baseado em vídeo infravermelho-sensíveis, incluindo uma câmera e um iluminador, na frente do participante, mas por trás dos espelhos. O tracker do olho é representado por uma caixa na Figura 1. 
		Nota: Um desafio ao tentar rastrear os olhos em configurações normais deste tipo, é que os olhos são bloqueados por espelhos.</li>
		<li>Use dois espelhos de frente-superfície, frequentemente anunciados como &#34; frios espelhos &#34; (ângulo incidente: 45°), que dispõem de reflectância quase completa de comprimentos de onda visíveis e transmissão quase completa de comprimentos de onda do infravermelho próximo (ver tabela 1 para obter detalhadas informações sobre os espelhos). 
		Nota: Esses espelhos podem ser obtidos através de empresas que fornecem equipamentos ópticos para fins científicos e industriais, que normalmente lista componentes como estes como &#39; frios espelhos &#39; ou como um tipo de &#39; espelhos dicroicos &#39; (veja mais detalhes em materiais / Tabela de equipamentos).
		<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td>1 de instalação</td> <td>Setup 2</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="3"> espelhos</td> <td>dimensões</td> <td>10.10 × 12.70 cm</td> <td>10,10 x 12,70 cm</td></tr> <tr><td>reflectância</td> <td>400 ~ 690 nm</td> <td>425 ~ 650 nm</td></tr> <tr><td>transmissão</td> <td>750 ~ 1200 nm</td> <td>800 ~ 1200 nm</td></tr> < tr > <td rowspan="2"> eye Tracker</td> <td>marca</td> <td>pesquisa-final Eye Tracker</td> <td>Tracker do olho do cliente-grau</td></tr> <tr><td>transmissão</td> <td>890 ~ 940 nm</td> <td>cerca de 850 nm</td></tr></tbody></table>
		 Tabela 1. Detalhes das duas versões da instalação com os quais trabalhamos. 
		O tracker do olho &#39; faixa de comprimento de onda de transmissão de s é coberta por espelhos &#39; faixa de transmissão em um ângulo de incidência de 45°, mas fora de sua escala de reflectância.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Estrutura da instalação do <ol><li>construir a instalação em cima de uma mesa. Além dos espelhos e tracker do olho, consiste apenas de três elementos personalizados feitos de papelão (ver Figura 2 para um guia de montagem) e lojas da fonte dois monitores de tela plana no monitor-armas disponíveis do escritório normal.</li>
		<li>Elementos do painel de fibras <ol><li>construir a estrutura da instalação de três componentes do painel de fibras: um componente central e referência de duas placas em cada lado (ver Figura 1 para posicionamento geral, tabela 2 para dimensões detalhadas e a Figura 2 para um guia de montagem de cada componente). Pintura de todas estas peças em preto fosco para reduzir a dispersão de luz. 
			Nota: O componente central (ver Figura 2B e 2D) detém a espelhos e tracker do olho. Ambos estão no mesmo planalto, mantendo assim o tracker do olho em participantes &#39; nível dos olhos.</li>
			<li>Colocar o elemento superior deste componente tal que deixa 8 cm de profundidade na parte da frente da mesa. Tal arranjo permite espaço suficiente para o participante &#39; rosto s quando estabilizado no apoio de cabeça e evita a condensação sobre os espelhos durante a expiração, enquanto minimiza a distância entre o participante &#39; s olhos e os espelhos para maximizar o possível uso do participante &#39; campo visual de s.</li>
			<li>Posicionar as duas placas de referência em linha reta abaixo os monitores (ver Figura 1 para o posicionamento e a Figura 2 painéis A e C para um guia de montagem) de fácil calibração manual das telas. Observe que o deslocamento aparente na Figura 1, entre a tela e a placa é devido à profundidade limitada sugestões da imagem; as placas estão em linha reta abaixo os monitores em ambos os lados.</li>
			<li>Alinhar exactamente os tempo horizontais com as bordas da mesa, enquanto as verticais longas deixar 4 cm além da frente da mesa para facilitar a estabilização de uma placa de calibração (veja abaixo) para estas placas. As duas pequenas verticais garantirá a ficar tempo vertical vertical como referência para os monitores.</li>
			<li>, Opcionalmente, usar um pedaço de papelão como uma tábua de calibração (ver Figura 3). Neste caso, depois de obter uma posição ideal de um monitor, posicione a placa de calibração contra a placa de referência e indicam as posições de ambos o quadro de referência e o monitor na placa de calibração, enquanto ele está no lugar (no exemplo de < forte classe = "xfig" > Figura 3, ripas de madeira fornecem estas indicações).</li>
			<li>Sempre que este desejado a posição do monitor é perdida (acidentalmente ou porque outras experiências exigem uma posição diferente), recuperar esta posição usando as marcas na placa de calibração para colocar a placa de calibração volta no mesmo local relativo ao quadro de referência que tem uma posição fixa sobre a mesa. Mover o monitor novamente a linha com as marcas apropriadas (consulte a etapa 2.1.1. para obter detalhes).
			<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"> <tbody><tr><td>componente</td> <td>dimensões (cm)</td> <td>número</td> <td>Observação</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4"> componente Central < / TD > <td>80 × 25 × 2</td> <td>1</td> <td>topo Horizontal</td></tr> <tr><td>23 × 25 × 2</td> <td>1</td> <td>Horizontal inferior</td></tr> <tr><td>21 × 32 × 2</td> <td>1</td>
						<td>Central vertical</td></tr>
					<tr><td>2 × 25 × 32</td> <td>1</td> <td>vertical frontal</td></tr>
					<tr><td rowspan="3"> Placas de referência</td> <td>61 × 11 × 2</td> <td>2</td> <td>tempo horizontal</td></tr>
					<tr><td>66 × 29 × 2</td> <td>2</td> <td>tempo vertical</td></tr>
					<tr><td>2 × 11 × 15</td> <td>4</td> <td>vertical pequena</td>
					</tr></tbody></table> Tabela 2. Detalhes dos componentes do painel de fibras.</li>
		</ol></li> <li>Monitores e espelhos <ol><li>posicionar a instalação em cima de uma mesa de escritório padrão.</li>
			<li>Montar dois monitores de tela plana em braços de monitor padrão fixados ao lado da mesa (tanto o quadro de referência e a mesa de aperto). Estes braços permitam tradução em três dimensões, bem como a rotação no plano da tela. Monitores CRT convencionais são claramente também é compatível com a instalação, mas não iria pagar a mesma flexibilidade em termos de posicionamento e reposicionamento.</li>
			<li>Montar os espelhos em montagens de espelho que são vendidas para o efeito pelos mesmos fornecedores que estoque frios espelhos. Conectar estes suportes para a placa de fibra segurando o espelho participantes &#39; nível dos olhos. Posição dos espelhos para tocar um 90 ° ângulo no centro, antes o participante &#39; nariz de s.</li>
		</ol></li> <li>Restantes elementos Nota: alguns experimentos necessitam de participantes não vendo as telas do canto de seus olhos, para que uma linha direta de visão para as telas (linhas tracejadas na Figura 4A) devem ser evitados.
		<ol><li>Nesse caso, criar &#34; antolhos &#34; feito de papelão preto e tiras de espuma acolchoada buraco pintadas de preto e anexá-los para os postos da cabeça descansar (veja Figura 4B). Ajuste os antolhos de altura e ângulo para acomodar os participantes individuais. Se a parede na frente o participante tem alta reflectância, pendurar um pedaço de tecido preto vai ajudar a remediar esta.</li>
		</ol></li></ol></li></ol> 2. Usando o sistema de <ol><li>calibração Hardware Nota: O objetivo da calibração é obter um alinhamento satisfatório dos dois monitores para facilitar a fusão dos dois monitores &#39; imagens para cada participante. Isto pode ser conseguido em duas etapas: calibração de hardware (descrita aqui) e calibração de software (descrito abaixo).
	<ol><li>Ao usar uma placa de calibração, conforme descrito acima, alinhá-lo com uma das placas de referência, segurá-lo no lugar com uma pinça se necessário, e em seguida, mova o monitor correspondente a se alinhar com as linhas de referência desejado no painel calibração. Os monitores devem ser paralelos uns aos outros, e cada um deve ser em linha reta acima da sua placa de referência.</li>
		<li>Quando usando antolhos, movê-los para o participante &#39; s nível dos olhos e gire-os ligeiramente em direção a linha média, ou seja, mais interno, em comparação com a orientação dos monitores. Certifique-se de que cada olho pode ver o estímulo todo visual no espelho sem ver nada disso diretamente. Transformar os antolhos na direção, e não longe da linha mediana minimizará os participantes &#39; exposição aos outros entrada visual.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Calibração software <ol><li>desde que os participantes podem variar em sua posição de olho em relação os espelhos apesar do uso de um descanso, calibrar mais antes de fazer experiências. Esta parte é mais facilmente feita no software, ou seja, sem mover a instalação &#39; s peças qualquer ainda mais. Existem dois métodos possíveis.
		<ol><li>Para o primeiro, apresentam um ponto em cada uma das duas telas em alternância, e instruir o participante a eliminar a mudança de posição percebida, movendo o ponto em uma das telas (ou ambos em direções opostas).</li>
			<li>Para o segundo método, instruir o participante a alinhar os quadros de estímulos experimentais em vez de dois pontos para que ambos os olhos &#39; fundamental para a experiência particular de campos visuais são alinhados.</li>
		</ol></li> <li>Após a aplicação de qualquer método, centro dos estímulos no experimento sobre o resultando na tela posiciona. Outros aspectos da configuração exibe e estímulos para apresentação de dichoptic em geral pode ser encontrada em outros lugares 5.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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K., Bartels, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disrupting+Parietal+Function+Prolongs+Dominance+Durations+in+Binocular+Rivalry.">Disrupting Parietal Function Prolongs Dominance Durations in Binocular Rivalry.</a> Curr. Biol. 20 (23), 2106-2111 (2010).</li><li>Robinson, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Method+of+Measuring+Eye+Movemnent+Using+a+Scieral+Search+Coil+in+a+Magnetic+Field.">A Method of Measuring Eye Movemnent Using a Scieral Search Coil in a Magnetic Field.</a> IEEE Trans. Bio-Med. Electron. 10 (4), 137-145 (1963).</li><li>Kalisvaart, J. P., Goossens, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+Retinal+Image+Shifts+and+Extra-Retinal+Eye+Movement+Signals+on+Binocular+Rivalry+Alternations.">Influence of Retinal Image Shifts and Extra-Retinal Eye Movement Signals on Binocular Rivalry Alternations.</a> PLOS ONE. 8 (4), e61702 (2013).</li><li>Fr&#228;ssle, S., Sommer, J., Jansen, A., Naber, M., Einh&#228;user, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binocular+rivalry:+frontal+activity+relates+to+introspection+and+action+but+not+to+perception.">Binocular rivalry: frontal activity relates to introspection and action but not to perception.</a> J. Neurosci. 34 (5), 1738-1747 (2014).</li><li>Duchowski, A. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binocular+Eye+Tracking+in+Virtual+Reality+for+Inspection+Training.">Binocular Eye Tracking in Virtual Reality for Inspection Training.</a> Proc. 2000 Symp. Eye Track. Res. Appl. , 89-96 (2000).</li><li>Hayashi, R., Tanifuji, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Which+image+is+in+awareness+during+binocular+rivalry?+Reading+perceptual+status+from+eye+movements.">Which image is in awareness during binocular rivalry? Reading perceptual status from eye movements.</a> J. Vis. 12 (3), 5-5 (2012).</li><li>van Dam, L. C. J., van Ee, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+image+shifts,+but+not+eye+movements+per+se,+cause+alternations+in+awareness+during+binocular+rivalry.">Retinal image shifts, but not eye movements per se, cause alternations in awareness during binocular rivalry.</a> J. Vis. 6 (11), 3-3 (2006).</li><li>Maiello, G., Chessa, M., Solari, F., Bex, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simulated+disparity+and+peripheral+blur+interact+during+binocular+fusionShort+Title??.">Simulated disparity and peripheral blur interact during binocular fusionShort Title??.</a> J. Vis. 14 (8), 13-13 (2014).</li><li>Vinnikov, M., Allison, R. S., Fernandes, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+depth+of+field+simulation+on+visual+fatigue:+Who+are+impacted?+and+how?.">Impact of depth of field simulation on visual fatigue: Who are impacted? and how?.</a> Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. 91, 37-51 (2016).</li><li>Tsuchiya, N., Wilke, M., Fr&#228;ssle, S., Lamme, V. A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=No-Report+Paradigms:+Extracting+the+True+Neural+Correlates+of+Consciousness.">No-Report Paradigms: Extracting the True Neural Correlates of Consciousness.</a> Trends Cogn. Sci. 19 (12), 757-770 (2015).</li><li>Naber, M., Fr&#228;ssle, S., Einh&#228;user, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perceptual+Rivalry:+Reflexes+Reveal+the+Gradual+Nature+of+Visual+Awareness.">Perceptual Rivalry: Reflexes Reveal the Gradual Nature of Visual Awareness.</a> PLOS ONE. 6 (6), e20910 (2011).</li></ol>

Os autores não têm nada para divulgar.

Apresentamos um guia passo a passo para a construção e a utilização de uma instalação experimental que permite o acompanhamento simultâneo dos dois olhos e dichoptic apresentação de estímulos visuais. Em muitas situações onde a estimulação dichoptic é usada, a questão crítica prevenção eficaz olho de monitoramento é que os espelhos para apresentação de dichoptic bloqueiam a visão de trackers de olho em vídeo. Isto é resolvido aqui usando espelhos infravermelho-transparente e um tracker do olho in...

Sob condições de visualização normal, cada um dos nossos olhos recebe uma entrada visual ligeiramente diferente. Esta entrada é então processada para produzir uma representação tridimensional, coerente do mundo. Apresentação de Dichoptic, a prática de forma independente, controlando a entrada apresentada para cada um dos dois olhos, assim, permite aos pesquisadores estudar como os seres humanos reconstruir uma representação tridimensional de duas imagens da retina bidimensional2 ,3,4. Além disso, se imagens dos dois olhos são muito diferentes, esta combinação interocular falha e observadores em vez disso relatam a percepção de uma única das imagens de cada vez enquanto o outro permanece reprimido, em fenômenos como a rivalidade binocular5 e contínua supressão flash6. Pesquisadores de tal supressão interocular, usam também, apresentação de dichoptic, neste caso para examinar questões relacionadas a temas como o locus neural da consciência7, seleção perceptual8,9e inconsciente processamento de10.
Dinâmica de olhar e aluno é registrada para fins múltiplos em pesquisas sobre comportamento humano e percepção. Direção de olhar pode informar sobre, por exemplo, atenção alocação11,10,13 e decisão fazer14, enquanto o tamanho da pupila pode revelar aspectos do processamento visual15, 16, tarefa noivado17ou inteligência fluida18.
Combinando o olho segue com apresentação de dichoptic é útil na pesquisa em, por exemplo, três dimensões (3D) percepção19,20,21,22 ou oculares respostas para visual entrada durante supressão interocular23,24,25. Por exemplo, movimentos oculares foram encontrados para revelar o processamento inconsciente sem percepção subjetiva durante contínua supressão flash23. Os investigadores clínicos de visuais podem usar a capacidade para controlar ambos os olhos durante a apresentação de dichoptic para investigar doenças oculares que afetam os dois olhos assimetricamente, por exemplo, para monitorar as distorções visuais monoculares e binoculares, ocorrendo em a ambliopia26 e maculopathy27.
Recentemente descrevemos uma configuração1 que permite a combinação de olho em vídeo de alta qualidade acompanhamento e estimulação de dichoptic com pequena limitação no tamanho ou cor dos estímulos, e avaliamos o seu desempenho. Abaixo nós resumirá a construção e a utilização desta configuração.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Mirrors in Setup 1</td><td>Edmund Optics</td><td>&amp;nbsp;#64-452</td><td>dimensions 10.10 &amp;times; 12.70 cm; Reflectance: 400 ~ 690 nm; Transmission: 750 ~ 1200nm</td></tr><tr><td>Mirrors in Setup 2</td><td>Edmund Optics</td><td>Item discontinued</td><td>dimensions 10.10 &amp;times; 12.70 cm; Reflectance: 425 ~ 650 nm; Transmission: 800 ~ 1200nm</td></tr><tr><td>Other Mirror Option</td><td>Edmund Optics</td><td>#62-634</td><td>dimensions 12.50 &amp;times; 12.50 cm; Reflectance: 425 ~ 650 nm; Transmission: 800 ~ 1200nm</td></tr><tr><td>Eye Tracker in Setup 1</td><td>SR Research Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada</td><td>Eyelink 1000</td><td>Transmission: 890 ~ 940 nm</td></tr><tr><td>Eye Tracker in Setup 2</td><td>The Eye Tribe Aps, Copenhagen, Denmark</td><td>Eye Tribe (item discontinued)</td><td>Transmission: around 850 nm</td></tr></tbody></table>

how to build a dichoptic presentation system that includes an eye tracker

A apresentação de estímulos diferentes para os dois olhos, apresentação de dichoptic, é essencial para estudos envolvendo a visão 3D e supressão interocular. Há uma crescente literatura sobre o valor experimental exclusivo das medidas da pupila e oculomotoras, especialmente para a pesquisa sobre supressão interocular. Embora a obtenção de medidas de acompanhamento de olho assim beneficiaria estudos que usam dichoptic apresentação, o hardware essencial para apresentação de dichoptic (por exemplo, espelhos) muitas vezes interfere com olho de alta qualidade, acompanhamento, especialmente quando se utiliza um olho em vídeo rastreador. Recentemente descrevemos uma instalação experimental que combina um sistema de apresentação de dichoptic padrão com um tracker do olho infravermelho usando espelhos infravermelho-transparente1. A instalação é compatível com monitores padrão e rastreadores de olho, fácil de implementar e acessíveis (da ordem de US$ 1.000). Relativo aos métodos existentes tem os benefícios de não exigir equipamentos especiais e posando alguns limites sobre a natureza e a qualidade do estímulo visual. Aqui nós fornecemos um guia visual para a construção e a utilização da nossa instalação.

Após a calibração descrita no protocolo, realizamos um procedimento de calibração validação sem problemas com os espelhos no lugar. A eficácia do método é claramente ilustrada pela Figura 5, que mostra imagem da câmera (usando um olho de fim de pesquisa sistema de rastreamento) com os espelhos no lugar. Os dois conjuntos de linhas paralelas ao longo do nariz dos participantes e as linhas acima as sobrancelhas são as bordas dos espelhos, mas, no en...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker at JoVE.com

How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

Propusemos recentemente um método que permite a apresentação de estímulo visual dichoptic e olho binocular simultaneamente de controle1. A chave é a combinação de um tracker do olho infravermelho e os correspondentes espelhos infravermelho-transparente. Este manuscrito fornece em profundidade de uma protocolo para configuração inicial e operação diária.

Como construir um sistema de apresentação de Dichoptic que inclui um Tracker do olho

The presentation of different stimuli to the two eyes, dichoptic presentation, is essential for studies involving 3D vision and interocular suppression. ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.4K visualizações.  Michigan State University. Propusemos recentemente um método que permite a apresentação de estímulo visual dichoptic e olho binocular simultaneamente de controle1. A chave é a combinação de um tracker do olho infravermelho e os correspondentes espelhos infravermelho-transparente. Este manuscrito fornece em profundidade de uma protocolo para configuração inicial e operação diária.

Vídeo: How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

Using Eye Movements to Evaluate the Cognitive Processes Involved in Text Comprehension

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Measuring eye movements during reading is one of the most precise methods for measuring moment-by-moment (online) processing demands during text comprehension. Cognitive processing demands are reflected by several aspects of eye movement behavior, such as fixation duration, number of fixations, and number of regressions (returning to prior parts of a text). Important properties of eye tracking equipment that researchers need to consider are described, including how frequently the eye position is measured (sampling rate), accuracy of determining eye position, how much head movement is allowed, and ease of use. Also described are properties of stimuli that influence eye movements that need to be controlled in studies of text comprehension, such as the position, frequency, and length of target words. Procedural recommendations related to preparing the participant, setting up and calibrating the equipment, and running a study are given. Representative results are presented to illustrate how data can be evaluated. Although the methodology is described in terms of reading comprehension, much of the information presented can be applied to any study in which participants read verbal stimuli.

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Descriptions of eye tracking equipment, how to develop experimental stimuli, and procedural recommendations are included. The information presented can be applied to most any study using verbal stimuli.

Usando movimentos oculares para avaliar os processos cognitivos envolvidos na compreensão de texto

The present article describes how to use eye  tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text  comprehension. Measuring eye ...

Comportamento

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory

Explicit (often verbal) reports are typically used to investigate memory (e.g. "Tell me what you remember about the person you saw at the bank yesterday."), however such reports can often be unreliable or sensitive to response bias 1, and may be unobtainable in some participant populations. Furthermore, explicit reports only reveal when information has reached consciousness and cannot comment on when memories were accessed during processing, regardless of whether the information is subsequently accessed in a conscious manner. Eye movement monitoring (eye tracking) provides a tool by which memory can be probed without asking participants to comment on the contents of their memories, and access of such memories can be revealed on-line 2,3. Video-based eye trackers (either head-mounted or remote) use a system of cameras and infrared markers to examine the pupil and corneal reflection in each eye as the participant views a display monitor. For head-mounted eye trackers, infrared markers are also used to determine head position to allow for head movement and more precise localization of eye position. Here, we demonstrate the use of a head-mounted eye tracking system to investigate memory performance in neurologically-intact and neurologically-impaired adults. Eye movement monitoring procedures begin with the placement of the eye tracker on the participant, and setup of the head and eye cameras. Calibration and validation procedures are conducted to ensure accuracy of eye position recording. Real-time recordings of X,Y-coordinate positions on the display monitor are then converted and used to describe periods of time in which the eye is static (i.e. fixations) versus in motion (i.e., saccades). Fixations and saccades are time-locked with respect to the onset/offset of a visual display or another external event (e.g. button press). Experimental manipulations are constructed to examine how and when patterns of fixations and saccades are altered through different types of prior experience. The influence of memory is revealed in the extent to which scanning patterns to new images differ from scanning patterns to images that have been previously studied 2, 4-5. Memory can also be interrogated for its specificity; for instance, eye movement patterns that differ between an identical and an altered version of a previously studied image reveal the storage of the altered detail in memory 2-3, 6-8. These indices of memory can be compared across participant populations, thereby providing a powerful tool by which to examine the organization of memory in healthy individuals, and the specific changes that occur to memory with neurological insult or decline 2-3, 8-10.

Eye movement monitoring (or eye tracking) reveals where in space the eyes linger, when and for how long. Here, we demonstrate how eye tracking can be used to investigate the integrity of memory in multiple participant populations, without requiring verbal, or otherwise explicit, reports.

Monitoramento Eye Movement of Memory

Explicit (often verbal) reports are typically used to investigate memory (e.g. "Tell me what you remember about the person you saw at the bank ...

Neurociência

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and dysfunctional brain.1 However, development of a platform to stimulate and store eye movements can require substantial programming, time and costs. Many systems do not offer the flexibility to program numerous stimuli for a variety of experimental needs. However, the VisualEyes System has a flexible architecture, allowing the operator to choose any background and foreground stimulus, program one or two screens for tandem or opposing eye movements and stimulate the left and right eye independently. This system can significantly reduce the programming development time needed to conduct an oculomotor study. The VisualEyes System will be discussed in three parts: 1) the oculomotor recording device to acquire eye movement responses, 2) the VisualEyes software written in LabView, to generate an array of stimuli and store responses as text files and 3) offline data analysis. Eye movements can be recorded by several types of instrumentation such as: a limbus tracking system, a sclera search coil, or a video image system. Typical eye movement stimuli such as saccadic steps, vergent ramps and vergent steps with the corresponding responses will be shown. In this video report, we demonstrate the flexibility of a system to create numerous visual stimuli and record eye movements that can be utilized by basic scientists and clinicians to study healthy as well as clinical populations.

Neural control and cognitive processes can be studied through eye movements. The VisualEyes software allows an operator to program stimuli on two computer screens independently using a simple, custom scripting language. The system can stimulate tandem eye movements (saccades and smooth pursuit) or opposing eye movements (vergence) or any combination.

VisualEyes: Um sistema de software modular para Experimentação Oculomotor

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and ...

Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a direct, detailed and objective measure of gaze behavior, eye-tracking has become a valuable tool for examining abnormal perceptual strategies in clinical populations and has been used to identify disorder-specific characteristics1, promote early identification2, and inform treatment3. In particular, investigators of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have benefited from integrating eye-tracking into their research paradigms4-7. Eye-tracking has largely been used in these studies to reveal mechanisms underlying impaired task performance8 and abnormal brain functioning9, particularly during the processing of social information1,10-11. While older children and adults with ASD comprise the preponderance of research in this area, eye-tracking may be especially useful for studying young children with the disorder as it offers a non-invasive tool for assessing and quantifying early-emerging developmental abnormalities2,12-13. Implementing eye-tracking with young children with ASD, however, is associated with a number of unique challenges, including issues with compliant behavior resulting from specific task demands and disorder-related psychosocial considerations. In this protocol, we detail methodological considerations for optimizing research design, data acquisition and psychometric analysis while eye-tracking young children with ASD. The provided recommendations are also designed to be more broadly applicable for eye-tracking children with other developmental disabilities. By offering guidelines for best practices in these areas based upon lessons derived from our own work, we hope to help other investigators make sound research design and analysis choices while avoiding common pitfalls that can compromise data acquisition while eye-tracking young children with ASD or other developmental difficulties.

Eye tracking has long been used to study gaze patterns in typically-developing individuals, but recent technological advancements have made its use with clinical populations, including autism, more feasible. While eye-tracking young children with autism can offer insight into early symptom manifestations, it involves methodological challenges. Suggestions for best practices are provided.

Rastreamento ocular crianças com autismo

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a ...

Medicina

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing and the perception of the visual world. The recording of eye-gaze patterns has provided good evidence for the contribution of both the visual context and linguistic/world knowledge to language comprehension. Initial research assessed object-context effects to test&#160;theories of modularity in language processing. In the introduction, we describe how subsequent investigations have taken the role of the wider visual context in language processing as a research topic in its own right, asking questions such as how our visual perception of events and of speakers contributes to&#160;comprehension informed by&#160;comprehenders&#39; experience. Among the examined aspects of the visual context are actions, events, a speaker&#39;s gaze, and emotional facial expressions, as well as spatial object configurations. Following an overview of the eye-tracking method and its different applications, we list the key steps of the methodology in the protocol, illustrating how to successfully use it to study visually-situated language comprehension. A final section presents three sets of representative results and illustrates the benefits and limitations of eye tracking for investigating the interplay between the perception of the visual world and language comprehension.

The present article reviews an eye-tracking methodology for studies on language comprehension. To obtain reliable data, key steps of the protocol must be followed. Among these are the correct set-up of the eye tracker (e.g., ensuring good quality of the eye and head images) and accurate calibration.

Olho de monitoramento durante a compreensão de linguagem visualmente situado: Flexibilidade e limitações no descobrindo contexto Visual Effects

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing ...

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As such, understanding the causes and mechanisms of regressions plays an important role in understanding eye movement behavior. Inhibition of return (IOR) is an oculomotor effect that results in increased latency to return attention to a previously attended target versus a target that was not previously attended. Thus, IOR may affect regressions. This paper describes how to design materials to distinguish between regressions caused by comprehension-related and oculomotor processes; the latter is subject to IOR. The method allows researchers to identify IOR and control the causes of regressions. While the method requires tightly controlled materials and large numbers of participants and materials, it allows researchers to distinguish and control the types of regressions that occur in their reading studies.

The method was designed to investigate the role of inhibition of return (IOR) in regressive eye movements during reading. The focus is on differentiating between regressions triggered as a result of comprehension difficulty versus those triggered from oculomotor error, including the role of IOR in the two types of regressions.

Eye-tracking para distinguir os movimentos oculares regressivo compreensão-Oculomotor baseados e durante a leitura

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As ...

Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum

The objective analysis of eye movements has a significant history and has been long proven to be an important research tool in the setting of brain injury. Quantitative recordings have a strong capacity to screen diagnostically. Concurrent examinations of the eye and upper limb movements directed toward shared functional goals (e.g., eye-hand coordination) serve as an additional robust biomarker-laden path to capture and interrogate neural injury, including acquired brain injury (ABI). While quantitative dual-effector recordings in 3-D afford ample opportunities within ocular-manual motor investigations in the setting of ABI, the feasibility of such dual recordings for both eye and hand is challenging in pathological settings, particularly when approached with research-grade rigor. Here we describe the integration of an eye tracking system with a motion tracking system intended primarily for limb control research to study a natural behavior. The protocol enables the investigation of unrestricted, three-dimensional (3D) eye-hand coordination tasks. More specifically, we review a method to assess eye-hand coordination in visually guided saccade-to-reach tasks in subjects with chronic middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke and compare them to healthy controls. Special attention is paid to the specific eye- and limb-tracking system properties in order to obtain high fidelity data from participants post-injury. Sampling rate, accuracy, permissible head movement range given anticipated tolerance and the feasibility of use were several of the critical properties considered when selecting an eye tracker and an approach. The limb tracker was selected based on a similar rubric but included the need for 3-D recording, dynamic interaction and a miniaturized physical footprint. The quantitative data provided by this method and the overall approach when executed correctly has tremendous potential to further refine our mechanistic understanding of eye-hand control and help inform feasible diagnostic and pragmatic interventions within the neurological and rehabilitative practice.&#160;

Cerebral injury can damage both ocular and somatic motor systems. Characterization of motor control post-injury affords biomarkers that assist in disease detection, monitoring, and prognosis. We review a method to measure eye-hand movement control in health and in pathologic incoordination, with look-and-reach paradigms to assess coordination between eye and hand.

Gravação com eficiência a coordenação olho-mão ao espectro de incoordenação

The objective analysis of eye movements has a significant history and has been long proven to be an important research tool in the setting of brain ...

Exploring Infant Sensitivity to Visual Language using Eye Tracking and the Preferential Looking Paradigm

We discuss the use of the preferential looking paradigm in eye tracking studies in order to study how infants develop, understand, and attend to the world around them. Eye tracking is a safe and non-invasive way to collect gaze data from infants, and the preferential looking paradigm is simple to design and only requires the infant to be attending to the screen. By simultaneously showing two visual stimuli that differ in one dimension, we can assess whether infants show different looking behavior for either stimulus, thus demonstrating sensitivity to that difference. The challenges in such experimental approaches are that experiments must be kept brief (no more than 10 min) and be carefully controlled such that the two stimuli differ in only one way. The interpretation of null results must also be carefully considered. In this paper, we illustrate a successful example of an infant eye tracking study with a preferential looking paradigm to discover that 6-month-olds are sensitive to linguistic cues in a signed language despite having no prior exposure to signed language, suggesting that infants possess intrinsic or innate sensitivities to these cues.

Eye tracking studies using a preferential looking paradigm can be used to study infants&#39;&#160;emerging understanding of, and attention to, their external visual world.

Explorando a sensibilidade infantil à linguagem visual usando o rastreamento de olhos e o paradigma de aparência preferencial

We discuss the use of the preferential looking paradigm in eye tracking studies in order to study how infants develop, understand, and attend to the world ...

A Methodology for Capturing Joint Visual Attention Using Mobile Eye-Trackers

With the advent of new technological advances, it is possible to study social interactions at a microlevel with unprecedented accuracy. High frequency sensors, such as eye-trackers, electrodermal activity wristbands, EEG bands, and motion sensors provide observations at the millisecond level. This level of precision allows researchers to collect large datasets on social interactions. In this paper, I discuss how multiple eye-trackers can capture a fundamental construct in social interactions, joint visual attention (JVA). JVA has been studied by developmental psychologists to understand how children acquire language, learning scientists to understand how small groups of learners work together, and social scientists to understand interactions in small teams. This paper describes a methodology for capturing JVA in colocated settings using mobile eye-trackers. It presents some empirical results and discusses implications of capturing microobservations to understand social interactions.

Using multimodal sensors is a promising way to understand the role of social interactions in educational settings. This paper describes a methodology for capturing joint visual attention from colocated dyads using mobile eye-trackers.

Uma metodologia para capturar a atenção visual conjunta usando mobile eye-trackers

With the advent of new technological advances, it is possible to study social interactions at a microlevel with unprecedented accuracy. High frequency ...

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Macular degeneration typically results in heterogeneous binocular central visual defects. Currently available approaches to assess central visual field, like the microperimetry, can test only one eye at a time. Therefore, they cannot explain how the defects in each eye affect the binocular interaction and real-world function. Dichoptic stimulus presentation with a gaze-controlled system could provide a reliable measure of monocular/binocular visual fields. However, dichoptic stimulus presentation and simultaneous eye-tracking are challenging because optical devices of instruments that present stimulus dichoptically (e.g., haploscope) always interfere with eye-trackers (e.g., infrared video-based eye-trackers). Therefore, the goals were 1) to develop a method for dichoptic stimulus presentation with simultaneous eye-tracking, using 3D-shutter glasses and 3D-ready monitors, that is not affected by interference and 2) to use this method to develop a protocol for assessing central visual field in subjects with central vision loss. The results showed that this setup provides a practical solution for reliably measuring eye-movements in dichoptic viewing condition. In addition, it was also demonstrated that this method can assess gaze-controlled binocular central visual field in subjects with central vision loss.

Presented here is a protocol for assessing binocular eye movements and gaze-controlled central visual field screening in participants with central vision loss.

Avaliando os movimentos visuais do binóculo central e dos olhos binóculos em uma condição de visualização dicóptica

Macular degeneration typically results in heterogeneous binocular central visual defects. Currently available approaches to assess central visual field, ...

Como construir um sistema de apresentação de Dichoptic que inclui um Tracker do olho

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