This publication was supported by the fifth national traditional Chinese medicine clinical excellent talents research program organized by the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The official network link is&#160;http://www.natcm.gov.cn/renjiaosi/zhengcewenjian/2021-11-04/23082.html.

For the present study, ethical clearance was obtained from The Ethics Committee of Dongzhimen Hospital, affiliated with Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (DZMEC-KY-2019.90). In this specific case, a methodical description of the research approach is provided, outlining a case involving a 65-year-old female patient with multiple pulmonary nodules. This patient provided informed consent for her diagnosis through digital modeling and authorized the use of her data for scientific research purposes. The model reconstruction function is derived from a commercially available software tool (see Table of Materials).
1. Data preparation and isovoxel transformation
<ol>
	<li>DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) data preparation and data properties 
	NOTE: The variation in parameters remains relatively unaffected by the research methodology.
	<ol>
		<li>Copy the patient&#39;s DICOM data to a defined working directory.</li>
		<li>Using the file browser, examine each file directory to identify the image sequence with the highest number of scanning layers for analysis.</li>
		<li>Employ the Dicominfo function within MATLAB by providing DICOM files as input parameters. This will enable you to extract essential parameters, such as slice thickness and pixel spacing, directly within the MATLAB environment. 
		NOTE: These parameters hold significant importance in configuring the display rate for the 3D volume. In the case of the dataset utilized in this study, the slice thickness measured 1 mm, the pixel spacing equated to 0.7188 mm, and a total of 387 layers were scanned.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Correct sorting of scanned data 
	NOTE: The sequence of every image should be sorted for volume construction.
	<ol>
		<li>Retrieve the location data for each image using the Dicominfo function. Access the location information by referencing info.SliceLocation within the MATLAB workspace.</li>
		<li>Save the location data into a variable using the SliceLocation function and generate a plot for it (Figure 1).</li>
		<li>Enhance the plot by adding a data point to it using the Data Tips button situated in the upper-right corner of the GUI. This data point should mark the maximum location of the normal sequence, which corresponds to the topmost location in the patient&#39;s imaging (Figure 1).</li>
		<li>Organize all the images by sorting them and then extract the images ranging from the first location to the maximum location. Achieve this by invoking the VolumeResort function.</li>
		<li>Safeguard the volume data, which consists of 512 pixels by 512 pixels by 340 layers, from the valid images along with their sorted index. This information will be valuable for future reference, particularly in the context of identifying important nodules.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Isovoxel transformation 
	&#8203;NOTE: 3D Isovoxel transformation allows subsequent processing to maintain the same display scale in all dimensions.
	<ol>
		<li>Examine the three-dimensional scale of a 3D volume, which is 512 pixels x 512 pixels x 340 layers, using the size function in Matlab.</li>
		<li>To view the 3D-volume (Figure 2) using the Slice_View command function, record the sequence scan range containing the lungs from 60 to 340. Then, simply use the command V1=V0(:,:,60:340) to obtain a 3D-volume containing all the data of the entire lung. The size of V1 is 512 pixels x 512 pixels x 281 layers.</li>
		<li>Utilize the MATLAB command function dicominfo to obtain the slice thickness of the image sequence, which is 1 mm, and the pixel spacing is 0.7188. Calculate the number of z-axes for the isovoxel transformation with the command: round (281 x 1/0.7188). The number of layers for the isovoxel transformation should be 391.</li>
		<li>Use the Matlab command function imresize3 to perform isovoxel transformation on V1. Execute the script using the command V2=imresize3(V1, [512, 512, 391]). Then use the 3D_Slice_View function to view the isovoxel transformed 3D-Volume (Figure 3).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Removal of noise interference caused by Computed Tomography (CT) equipment
NOTE: In Figure 2, the high-intensity signal representing the CT equipment&#39;s patient couch is visible, which can interfere with image segmentation. To eliminate this interference, a spatial filter design is required.
<ol>
	<li>Utilize the Data Tips button in Figure 2 to add continuous data points within the interactive interface. This will allow one to create a line connecting these points, effectively excluding the patient couch. Next, right-click on the Data Tips and select Export Cursor Data to Workspace to export the reference boundary for spatial filtering to the MATLAB workspace (Figure 3). The boundary scatter matrix in this case is named &#39;CI&#39;.</li>
	<li>Invoke the Noise_Clean function to apply spatial filtering to V2, using the input parameter &#39;CI&#39; from the workspace. This operation will yield a 3D volume that removes the interference signal from the CT equipment. Finally, use the Slice_View command function to visualize the resulting volume, as demonstrated in Figure 4.</li>
</ol>
3. Extraction of lung contour
<ol>
	<li>Begin by selecting a slice to serve as a template within the GUI displayed in Figure 4. For instance, choose the 232nd image for the image segmentation design and assign it to a variable &#39;I&#39; using the command I=V2(:,:,232). Then, open the MATLAB Image Segmenter GUI by executing the command imageSegmenter(I), as depicted in Figure 5.</li>
	<li>Figure 5 showcases an array of image segmentation tools. To start, select the Auto Cluster tool from the toolbar at the top and execute the command by clicking the left mouse button. The image will automatically be divided into two classes. Given the denoising process performed in step 2.2, image segmentation at this stage becomes relatively straightforward.</li>
	<li>Next, click on the Show Binary button in the upper right corner to display the image in black and white binary. At this point, the lung region will appear black. To make the lung region white, select the Invert Mask button from the top toolbar and execute the command by clicking the left mouse button.</li>
	<li>To eliminate the white color outside the lung area, select the Clear Borders button on the top toolbar and execute it by clicking with the left mouse button. After this step, only the white-colored lung area will remain. However, any black shadows remaining within the lung area at this point need to be filled. To achieve this, select the Fill Holes button in the toolbar, and the result after clicking the button is shown in Figure 6.</li>
	<li>All the steps involved in lung image segmentation are presented in the GUI of Figure 6 at the lower left corner. By clicking the Export button in the upper right corner, save these automated steps as a function for batch-processing lung region segmentation. In the pop-up Script Editor, click the Save button to save the function in the current working directory.</li>
</ol>
4. 3D reconstruction for the whole lung with multiple pulmonary nodules
NOTE: Taking the dot product of the lung segmentation image of each image with the original image is equivalent to performing 3D spatial filtering on the volume, effectively filtering out interference signals outside the lungs and obtaining the 3D structure of the lungs.
<ol>
	<li>Initiate the 3Dlung_Volume function within the MATLAB workspace. 
	NOTE: This function conducts image segmentation on each image using the output from step 3.5. It then executes a dot product operation between the binary lung mask and the original image to generate a new 3D-volume exclusively containing lung tissue. In the GUI (Figure 7) that appears after the function completes, one can visualize and perform Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) operations on the entire 3D lung volume.</li>
	<li>Within the GUI, find the first drop-down menu in the top right corner. Select MIP Projection and then choose the jet colormap from the Built-in Colormaps options below. Next, in the drop-down menu located in the top right corner of the fourth view (3D Volume View), select Maximize. This action will yield a whole lung 3D volume (Figure 8) that can be observed from any angle, moved, and manipulated as needed. 
	NOTE: In the human-computer interaction section illustrated in Figure 8, one can adjust the viewing angle freely by holding down the left mouse button and moving it. Scrolling the middle mouse button allows one to zoom in or out.</li>
	<li>For advanced contrast and color enhancement operations, utilize the control panel on the right side of the GUI.</li>
</ol>
5. Focus on the examination of dominant pulmonary nodules
NOTE: In 3D space (Figure 8), the dominant lesion area among multiple pulmonary nodules becomes distinctly visible. The number, size, and concentration of these nodules are critical features of the dominant lesion, offering valuable insights into disease assessment.
<ol>
	<li>Once more, invoke the Slice_View function, but this time input the entire lung&#39;s 3D volume obtained in step 4.2. Within the resulting GUI (Figure 9), use the bottom scroll bar to navigate to the region where the dominant lung nodules are situated, spanning scans 48 to 70.</li>
	<li>Proceed by calling the 3Dlung_Horizon function to conduct 3D reconstruction of the Region of Interest (ROI) encompassing sections 48 to 70 from the whole lung&#39;s 3D volume. This action will generate a GUI interface tailored for visualizing pulmonary nodules, as illustrated in Figure 10. Within this GUI, one can explore the lesion&#39;s detailed features from various angles.</li>
</ol>

Enhancing Pulmonary Nodule Diagnosis Using Whole-Lung 3D Reconstruction

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(2020).</li><li>Valencia, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Value+of+axial+and+coronal+maximum+intensity+projection+(MIP)+images+in+the+detection+of+pulmonary+nodules+by+multislice+spiral+CT:+comparison+with+axial+1-mm+and+5-mm+slices.">Value of axial and coronal maximum intensity projection (MIP) images in the detection of pulmonary nodules by multislice spiral CT: comparison with axial 1-mm and 5-mm slices.</a> European Radiology. 16, 325-332 (2006).</li><li>Jabeen, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnostic+accuracy+of+maximum+intensity+projection+in+diagnosis+of+malignant+pulmonary+nodules.">Diagnostic accuracy of maximum intensity projection in diagnosis of malignant pulmonary nodules.</a> Cureus. 11 (11), e6120 (2019).</li><li>Naeem, M., et al. <a 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The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. The software tool for pulmonary nodule model reconstruction, listed in the Table of Materials of this study, is a commercial software from Beijing Intelligent Entropy Science &amp; Technology Co Ltd. The intellectual property rights of this software tool belong to the company.

This research introduces a unique approach for creating a complete three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the entire lung, employing advanced medical image processing techniques to delineate the lung&#39;s 3D shape amidst the context of a full chest scan. This technique offers a more precise and thorough depiction of the spatial arrangement and radiological characteristics of early multiple nodules across the entire lung. This study makes a valuable contribution to enhancing the accuracy and efficacy of diagnostic and ...

Early multiple pulmonary nodules, which are small, round growths on the lung, can be benign or malignant1,2,3. Although solitary pulmonary nodules are easier to diagnose and treat, patients with early multiple pulmonary nodules face significant diagnostic and treatment challenges. To develop effective treatment plans, it is essential to accurately identify the spatial distribution, size, location, and relationship with surrounding lung tissue of these nodules throughout the whole lung4,5. Traditional diagnostic methods have limitations in accurately identifying early multiple pulmonary nodules.
Recent advancements in medical image processing technology and machine learning algorithms have the potential to improve the accuracy and efficiency of early pulmonary nodule detection and diagnosis. Various approaches have been proposed, such as pattern recognition methods based on machine vision and visualization methods based on maximum intensity projection (MIP)6,7,8,9,10. However, these methods suffer from limitations such as false positives, false negatives11,12,13,14,15, and lack of macroscopic and holistic descriptions of the distribution and spatial features of early multiple pulmonary nodules.
To address these limitations, this study proposes a whole-lung 3D reconstruction method that utilizes medical image processing technology to extract the 3D contour of the lung against the background of the whole chest scan. The method then performs 3D reconstruction of the lung, pulmonary artery, and early multiple pulmonary nodules in 3D space. This approach allows for a more comprehensive and accurate representation of the spatial distribution and radiological features of early multiple nodules throughout the whole lung.
The proposed method involves several key steps. Firstly, the medical images are imported into the 3D image processing software, and the lung region is extracted using a threshold-based segmentation technique. Subsequently, the extracted lung region is separated from the surrounding chest wall and the bony structures of the thoracic vertebrae. The early multiple pulmonary nodules and their relationship with surrounding blood vessels are then reconstructed in 3D space using maximum intensity projection (MIP) algorithms. Finally, the reconstructed 3D model of the lung, pulmonary artery, and nodules is displayed for further analysis.
This method has several advantages over existing methods. Unlike traditional methods that rely on 2D images, this method utilizes 3D volume to provide a more accurate and comprehensive representation of early multiple pulmonary nodules. The method also overcomes the limitations of false positives and false negatives associated with pattern recognition methods and MIP visualization methods. Furthermore, this method provides a macroscopic and holistic description of the distribution and spatial features of early multiple pulmonary nodules, which is essential for developing effective treatment plans.
The proposed method has several potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of early multiple pulmonary nodules. The accurate identification of the spatial distribution and radiological features of early multiple nodules can aid in the early diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. Furthermore, the method can be used to monitor the progression of the disease and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment plans.
Pattern recognition methods6,7,8 based on machine vision have shown promise in identifying pulmonary nodules, but suffer from limitations such as false positives and false negatives. MIP visualization methods, on the other hand, provide a more accurate representation of individual nodules, but lack a macroscopic and holistic description of the distribution and spatial features of early multiple nodules. The proposed whole-lung 3D reconstruction method overcomes these limitations and provides a more accurate and comprehensive representation of early multiple pulmonary nodules.
Isovoxel transformation16,17refers to the process of converting 3D images with different voxel sizes into 3D images with uniform voxel sizes. In the field of medical image processing, 3D volumes are often composed of voxels with varying sizes, which can lead to computational and visualization issues. The purpose of isovoxel transformation is to address these issues by resampling and interpolating the voxels in the original 3D volume, resulting in a new 3D image with consistent voxel sizes. This technique finds applications in various medical contexts, including image registration, segmentation, and visualization. Thus, this study proposed a whole-lung 3D reconstruction method that utilizes medical image processing technology to extract the 3D contour of the lung against the background of the whole chest scan. The method provides a more accurate and comprehensive representation of the spatial distribution and radiological features of early multiple nodules throughout the whole lung. This study contributes to the development of more accurate and effective diagnostic and treatment strategies for patients with early multiple pulmonary nodules.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB</td>
			<td>MathWorks&#160;</td>
			<td>2022B</td>
			<td>Computing and visualization&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tools for Modeling</td>
			<td>Intelligent Entropy</td>
			<td>PulmonaryNodule V1.0</td>
			<td>Beijing Intelligent Entropy Science &#38; Technology Co Ltd. 
			Modeling for CT/MRI fusion</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

three-dimensional reconstruction for the whole lung with early multiple pulmonary nodules

For patients with early multiple pulmonary nodules, it is essential, from a diagnostic perspective, to determine the spatial distribution, size, location, and relationship with surrounding lung tissue of these nodules throughout the entire lung. This is crucial for identifying the primary lesion and developing more scientifically grounded treatment plans for doctors. However, pattern recognition methods based on machine vision are susceptible to false positives and false negatives and, therefore, cannot fully meet clinical demands in this regard. Visualization methods based on maximum intensity projection (MIP) can better illustrate local and individual pulmonary nodules but lack a macroscopic and holistic description of the distribution and spatial features of multiple pulmonary nodules.
Therefore, this study proposes a whole-lung 3D reconstruction method. It extracts the 3D contour of the lung using medical image processing technology against the background of the entire lung and performs 3D reconstruction of the lung, pulmonary artery, and multiple pulmonary nodules in 3D space. This method can comprehensively depict the spatial distribution and radiological features of multiple nodules throughout the entire lung, providing a simple and convenient means of evaluating the diagnosis and prognosis of multiple pulmonary nodules.

Author Spotlight: Advancing 3D Modeling for Enhanced Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Nodules in Early-Stage Lung Cancer 

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction for the Whole Lung with Early Multiple Pulmonary Nodules

This research develops a 3D modeling approach to comprehensively visualize multiple pulmonary nodules throughout the whole lung, aiming to improve the diagnosis and the treatment of early-stage lung cancer patients. The key questions are how to accurately reconstruct nodule distribution and interplay with lung tissue. Recent advance in deep learning and computer vision enable more accurate AI-assisted detection and segmentation of lung nodules.However, limitation persist regarding whole lung modeling and the spatial relationships between multiple nodules. This research offers progress through a 3D reconstruction technique for the entire lung. Integrating AI-driven medical imaging and visualization with specialist clinical diagnosis and treatment is critical.Technologies like deep learning for segmentation volumetric modeling, virtual augmented reality for 3D visualization and multimodal data fusion are advancing whole lung modeling and multinodule assessment to enhance clinical decision-making. This research establish a effective 3D modeling approach for visualizing the distribution and the spatial relationships of multiple pulmonary nodules across the whole lung volume. Key innovations include lung contour extraction, nodule reconstruction in 3D space, and interactive whole lung visualization.This enables more accurate diagnosis and treatment planning for early-lung cancer patients. Developing a accurate 3D modeling approach for visualizing whole lung nodule patterns provide a new capability for comprehending disease progression. This can enable earlier diagnosis, personalize the treatment plans and improve the outcomes for lung cancer patients.The findings lay the groundwork for expanding whole lung modeling using multimodal data and advancing clinical translation.

In the data preprocessing stage, DICOM data sorting should be the first step (Figure 1) to ensure the correct scan sequence for each layer during 3D reconstruction. Next, isotropic transformation is performed to ensure the correct aspect ratio of the 3D volume (Figure 2). Afterward, spatial filtering is applied to the original 3D volume (Figure 3) to eliminate interference signals from the patient couch of the CT equipment (<strong ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Advancing 3D Modeling for Enhanced Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Nodules in Early-Stage Lung Cancer at JoVE.com

This study introduces a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction method for the entire lung in patients with early multiple pulmonary nodules. It offers a comprehensive visualization of nodule distribution and their interplay with lung tissue, simplifying the assessment of diagnosis and prognosis for these patients.

For patients with early multiple pulmonary nodules, it is essential, from a diagnostic perspective, to determine the spatial distribution, size, location, ...

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Whole-Lung 3D Reconstruction Using Medical Image Processing Technology

To begin, copy the patient's digital imaging and communications in medicine, or DICOM data, to a defined working directory. Using the file browser, examine each file directory to identify the image sequence with the highest number of scanning layers for analysis. Employ the DICOM function within MATLAB by providing DICOM files as input to extract essential parameters, such as slice thickness and pixel spacing, directly in the MATLAB environment.Then retrieve the location data for each image and access the information via info. SliceLocation in MATLAB workspace. Next, use the slice location function to save the location data into a variable and generate a plot for it.Click the data tips button in the GUI's upper right corner to add data points and enhance the plot. Then use the volume resort function to organize all images and extract the images ranging from the first to the maximum location. Safeguard the volume data from the valid images along with their sorted index.Using the size function in MATLAB examine the three dimensional scale of a 3D volume. To view the 3D volume using the slice view command function, record the sequence scan range obtaining the lungs from 60 to 340. Then use the command to obtain a 3D volume containing all the data of the entire lung.Employ the MATLAB command function DICOM info to obtain the slice thickness of the image sequence. Use the command to calculate the number of Z axes for the isovoxel transformation. Then use the MATLAB command function imresize3 to perform isovoxel transformation on V one, employ the 3D slice view function to view the isovoxel transformed 3D volume.To remove the noise interference, use the data tips button to add continuous data points within the interactive interface. Next, right click on the data tips and select export cursor data to workspace to export the reference boundary for spatial filtering to the MATLAB workspace. Invoke the noise clean function to apply spatial filtering to V two using the input parameter CI from the workspace.Use this slice view command function to visualize the resulting volume. Select a template slice such as the two 32nd image for the image segmentation design and assign it to a variable. Then open the MATLAB image segmenter GUI by executing the image segmenter one command.Select the auto cluster tool from the toolbar at the top and click the left mouse button to execute the command. Next, click the show binary button in the upper right corner to display the image in black and white binary. To make the lung region white, select the invert mask button from the top toolbar and click the left mouse button for the execution of the command.To eliminate the white color outside the lung area, select the clear borders button to the top toolbar and click the left mouse button. Initiate the 3D lung volume function within the MATLAB workspace. Next, select maximize in the dropdown menu in the top right corner of the fourth view.Select MIP projection, and then choose the jet color map from the built-in color maps option below. Once more, invoke the slice view function, but this time input the entire lung's 3D volume. Within the resulting GUI, use the bottom scroll bar to navigate to the region where the dominant lung nodules are situated spanning scans 48 to 70.Use the 3D lung horizon function to conduct a 3D reconstruction of the region of interest, encompassing sections 48 to 70 from the whole lungs 3D volume.

1.1K Views.  Beijing University of Chinese Medicine.  This study introduces a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction method for the entire lung in patients with early multiple pulmonary nodules. It offers a comprehensive visualization of nodule distribution and their interplay with lung tissue, simplifying the assessment of diagnosis and prognosis for these patients.

Enhancing Pulmonary Nodule Diagnosis Using Whole-Lung 3D Reconstruction

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