Chapter 13
Carboxylic Acids
Номенклатура карбоновых кислот ИЮПАК
IUPAC names of carboxylic acids are systematically derived following a few rules discussed below.
For acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids, the longest ...
Физические свойства карбоновых кислот
Carboxylic acids with lower molecular weight exhibit a sharp and unpleasant odor. They also have higher boiling and melting points than analogous ...
Кислотность карбоновых кислот
Carboxylic acids are the strongest organic acids. However, their acidic strength is much less than mineral acids like HCl. Carboxylic acids ionize in ...
Заместительное влияние на кислотность карбоновых кислот
The acidity of carboxylic acids is influenced by the nature of the substituents bounded to the functional group. The acid strength is determined by the ...
ИК и УФ–Вид спектроскопия карбоновых кислот
In IR spectroscopy of carboxylic acids, the C=O bond shows a characteristic band between 1710 and 1760 cm⁻¹, and the O–H bond exhibits a ...
ЯМР и масс-спектроскопия карбоновых кислот
In ¹H NMR spectroscopy, acidic protons (–COOH) of carboxylic acids are highly deshielded and absorb far downfield, at around 9–12 ppm. ...
Приготовление карбоновых кислот: обзор
There are various methods for the preparation of carboxylic acids. For example, oxidation of primary alcohols or aldehydes using strong oxidizing agents ...
Приготовление карбоновых кислот: гидролиз нитрилов
Nitriles (R–CN) can be converted into carboxylic acids (R–COOH) upon treatment with aqueous acids, i.e., upon hydrolysis of nitriles. Under ...
Получение карбоновых кислот: карбоксилирование реагентов Гриньяра
Carboxylic acids can be prepared by the carboxylation of Grignard reagents (RMgX). This method is convenient for converting alkyl (primary, secondary ...
Реакции карбоновых кислот: введение
Carboxylic acids possess an acidic –COOH functional group. The acidity can be attributed to the resonance stabilization of their conjugate ...
Карбоновые кислоты в сложные эфиры: обзор кислотно-катализируемой (Фишера) этерификации
The Fischer esterification reaction was developed by the German chemist Emil Fischer in 1895. It is a condensation reaction between carboxylic acids ...
Карбоновые кислоты в сложные эфиры: катализируемый кислотой (Фишера) механизм этерификации
Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to yield esters via an acid-catalyzed condensation reaction called Fischer esterification. This is a ...
От карбоновых кислот до метиловых эфиров: алкилирование с помощью диазометана
Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the ...
Карбоновые кислоты к хлоридам кислот
Carboxylic acids react with SOCl2 or PCl5 to form acid chlorides. Amongst the carboxylic acid derivatives, acid chlorides are the most reactive and ...
От карбоновых кислот к первичным спиртам: восстановление гидридов
Carboxylic acids, upon reaction with strong reducing agents such as lithium aluminum hydride followed by hydrolysis, undergo reduction to form primary ...
Потеря карбоксигруппы в качестве CO2: декарбоксилирование β-кетокислот
Carboxylic acids, upon heating, undergo a decarboxylation reaction by releasing carbon dioxide gas. Monocarboxylic acids do not undergo decarboxylation ...
Потеря карбоксигруппы в качестве CO2: декарбоксилирование производных малоновой кислоты
Just like β-keto acids—which upon thermal decarboxylation form ketones—β-dicarboxylic acids undergo decarboxylation to generate ...
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