The authors thank the DFG (Hu 997/2-2) for financial support. FS acknowledges the Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung (HSS). SKr was supported by the Elitenetzwerk Bayern in the framework of the doctorate program Material Science of Complex Interfaces. SKi thanks the SFB 863 for financial support.

<ol>
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L., Bechhoefer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calibration+of+atomic-force+microscope+tips.">Calibration of atomic-force microscope tips.</a> Review of Scientific Instruments. 64 (7), 1868 (1993).</li><li>Krysiak, S., Liese, S., Netz, R. R., Hugel, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peptide+desorption+kinetics+from+single+molecule+force+spectroscopy+studies.">Peptide desorption kinetics from single molecule force spectroscopy studies.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 136 (2), 688-697 (2014).</li><li>Li, I. T. S., Walker, G. 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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

В течение последних десятилетий, одиночные эксперименты молекулы обеспечили беспрецедентный понимание молекулярных механизмов и оказалось бесценным подход в области наук о жизни и за ее пределами. Для достижения хороших и значимой статистики из ОВС экспериментов, в идеале один и тот...

За последние 30 лет, атомно-силовая микроскопия (АСМ) оказалась ценным методом визуализации для изучения биологических 1,2 и синтетические 3 материалов и поверхностей, так как он обеспечивает молекулярную пространственное разрешение во всех трех измерениях и может эксплуатироваться в различных растворителя окружающая среда. Кроме того, АСМ-сингл сила молекула спектроскопии (ОВС) позволяет измерять силы, начиная от ПШ Мп режим и дал беспрецедентный понимание например в сворачивания белка 4,5, физике полимеров 6 - 8, и одного взаимодействия молекула-поверхность 9 - 12 .The обоснование изучения отдельными молекулами, а не ансамбля молекул, чтобы избежать среднем эффекты, которые часто маскируют редкие события или скрытые молекулярных состояний. Кроме того, множество молекулярных параметров, таких как длина контура, длина Кун, адгезии свободной энергии и т.д., могут бытьполучены. Это подробно описано в приведенных ниже примерах. В типичном эксперименте АСМ-ОВС, молекула зонда соединен с очень острым концом с помощью линкерной молекулы. Сам наконечник расположен в конце гибкой консоли. Если кончик приводится в контакт с поверхностью молекула зонда будут взаимодействовать с этой поверхностью. Наблюдая за отклонение кантилевера от втягивания зонда, силы, и, следовательно, свободной энергии, чтобы отделить молекулы с поверхности может быть определена. Чтобы получить значимые статистические данные, большое количество так называемых силовых кривых должны быть приобретены. Кроме того, чтобы иметь истинные эксперименты одной молекулы (т.е. с использованием одного и того же молекулы-зонда в течение продолжительности всего эксперимента) молекула зонда должна быть ковалентно соединенный с иглой АСМ. Здесь экспериментальный протокол для консольной функционализации с одной молекулой посредством ковалентной связи представлена. Одна молекула может быть либо в сочетании с помощью амино или тиол группы к кончику АФМ. Процесс сопряжения может быть выполнена в широком разнообразии растворителей (органической и водной) для учета сольватации свойств полимеров, используемых. В первой части, общий протокол для ковалентного присоединения одной молекулы (&quot;молекулы зонда&quot;) с помощью линкерной молекулы наконечником АСМ описан. С этой целью, органические NHS- или малеимид-химии используется 13. Наряду с протоколом в течение трех молекул, например, процессы сбора данных и анализа данных описана и ссылки для дальнейшего чтения предоставляются. Примерные молекулы: (линейный) полимер тирозин, привитой полимер PI-г -PS и липидов Папы Римского. Это включает в себя небольшие изменения протокола, например, ковалентно присоединить цистеина. Кроме того, раздел посвящен подготовке различных поверхностей, таких как поверхности алмаза, СН 3 -самосопряженных монослоя и липидного бислоя. Эти интерфейсы имеют прован быть хорошие ссылки и примеры.

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Materials&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Hellmanex III alkaline liquid concentrate (detergent solution)</td><td>Hellma</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RCA (ultrapure water, hydrogen peroxide (35%), ammonia (32%); 5:1:1(v/v/v))</td><td>Sigma</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vectabond reagent / APTES (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane</td><td>Vectorlabs</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dry acetone (&amp;lt; 50 ppm H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)</td><td>Sigma</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dry chloroform (&gt; 99.9%)</td><td>Sigma</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triethylamine</td><td>Sigma</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrapure water</td><td>Biochrom, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Di-sodium tetraborate (&gt;&amp;nbsp;99.5%)</td><td>Biochrom, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Boric Acid</td><td>Biochrom, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Monofunctional &amp;alpha;-methoxy-&amp;omega;-NHS PEG, 5 kDa, &amp;ldquo;methyl-PEG-NHS&amp;rdquo;</td><td>Rapp, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heterobifunctional &amp;alpha;,&amp;omega;-bis-NHS PEG, 6&amp;nbsp;kDa, &amp;ldquo;NHS-PEG-NHS&amp;rdquo;</td><td>Rapp, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heterobifunctional &amp;alpha;-maleimidohexanoic- &amp;omega;-NHS PEG, 5 kDa, &amp;ldquo;Mal-PEG-NHS&amp;rdquo;</td><td>Rapp, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Probe molecule (polymer, lipid, &lt;em&gt;etc.&lt;/em&gt;)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Sufficient amount of glass crystallising dishes with spout (10&amp;nbsp;ml), glass Petri dishes (500 &amp;micro;l) and glass lids</td><td>VWR International GmbH, Germany</td><td></td><td>&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">[header]</td></tr><tr><td>Laboratory oven model UF30</td><td>Memmert, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Temperature controlled sonicator</td><td>VWR International GmbH, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plasma system &quot;Femto&quot;, 100 W</td><td>Diener, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>One separate glass syringe for each organic solvent</td><td>VWR International GmbH, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vortex mixer</td><td>VWR International GmbH, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microcentrifuge tubes (0.5 ml or 1.5 ml)</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pipettes: 10-100 &amp;micro;l, 50-200 &amp;micro;l and 100-1,000&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;l</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AFM with temperature controlled fluid cell (&lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt; MFP-3D with BioHeater)</td><td>Asylulm Research, Santa Barbara</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Soft SiN cantilevers cantilever, typically made from silicon nitride (SiN) (spring constant less than 100 pN/nm, &lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt; MLCT)</td><td>Bruker AXS, Santa Barbara</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

investigating single molecule adhesion by atomic force spectroscopy

Атомно-силовая спектроскопия является идеальным инструментом для изучения молекул на поверхностях и границах. Экспериментальный протокол для соединения большой выбор одиночных молекул ковалентно на иглой АСМ представлена. В то же время наконечник АСМ пассивируются для предотвращения неспецифических взаимодействий между зондом и подложкой, которая является необходимым условием для изучения одиночных молекул, прикрепленного к кончику АФМ. Анализы для определения силу адгезии, длина адгезию, и свободной энергии этих молекул на поверхности твердых тел и био-интерфейсов в ближайшее время представлены и внешние ссылки для дальнейшего чтения предусмотрены. Пример молекулы поли (аминокислоты) polytyrosine, привитой полимер PI-г -PS и фосфолипид POPE (1-пальмитоил-2-oleoyl- SN глицеро-3-фосфоэтаноламин). Эти молекулы десорбируются с различных поверхностей, таких как CH 3 -SAMs, водорода прекращается алмаза и поддерживается бислоев при различных условиях растворителя. И, наконец,Преимущества силовых спектроскопических отдельных экспериментов молекулы рассматриваются в том числе средства, чтобы решить, если действительно одна молекула была изучена в эксперименте.

В дальнейшем, результаты описанных выше примеров молекул, а именно полимеры поли (аминокислоты) polytyrosine, привитой полимер PI-г -PS и фосфолипидов папы, представлены. Во-первых для каждого, например, опыт конкретные детали для сбора данных и подготовки данных предоставляются. Тогда, при...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigating Single Molecule Adhesion by Atomic Force Spectroscopy at JoVE.com

Investigating Single Molecule Adhesion by Atomic Force Spectroscopy

A protocol to couple a large variety of single molecules covalently onto an AFM tip is presented. Procedures and examples to determine the adhesion force and free energy of these molecules on solid supports and bio-interfaces are provided.

Исследуя одну молекулу адгезии методом атомно-силовой микроскопии

Atomic force spectroscopy is an ideal tool to study molecules at surfaces and interfaces. An experimental protocol to couple a large variety of single ...

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10.3K Views.  Technische Universität München. A protocol to couple a large variety of single molecules covalently onto an AFM tip is presented. Procedures and examples to determine the adhesion force and free energy of these molecules on solid supports and bio-interfaces are provided.

Video: Investigating Single Molecule Adhesion by Atomic Force Spectroscopy

Quantitative and Qualitative Examination of Particle-particle Interactions Using Colloidal Probe Nanoscopy

Colloidal Probe Nanoscopy (CPN), the study of the nano-scale interactive forces between a specifically prepared colloidal probe and any chosen substrate using the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), can provide key insights into physical interactions present within colloidal systems. Colloidal systems are widely existent in several applications including, pharmaceuticals, foods, paints, paper, soil and minerals, detergents, printing and much more.1-3 Furthermore, colloids can exist in many states such as emulsions, foams and suspensions. Using colloidal probe nanoscopy one can obtain key information on the adhesive properties, binding energies and even gain insight into the physical stability and coagulation kinetics of the colloids present within. Additionally, colloidal probe nanoscopy can be used with biological cells to aid in drug discovery and formulation development. In this paper we describe a method for conducting colloidal probe nanoscopy, discuss key factors that are important to consider during the measurement, and show that both quantitative and qualitative data that can be obtained from such measurements.

Colloidal probe nanoscopy can be used within a variety of fields to gain insight into the physical stability and coagulation kinetics of colloidal systems and aid in drug discovery and formulation sciences using biological systems. The method described within provides a quantitative and qualitative means to study such systems.

Количественный и качественный анализ взаимодействий между частицами Использование коллоидных Probe Наноскопия

Colloidal Probe Nanoscopy (CPN), the study of the nano-scale interactive forces between a specifically prepared colloidal probe and any chosen substrate ...

Chemistry

Adhesion Frequency Assay for In Situ Kinetics Analysis of Cross-Junctional Molecular Interactions at the Cell-Cell Interface

The micropipette adhesion assay was developed in 1998 to measure two-dimensional (2D) receptor-ligand binding kinetics1. The assay uses a human red blood cell (RBC) as adhesion sensor and presenting cell for one of the interacting molecules. It employs micromanipulation to bring the RBC into contact with another cell that expresses the other interacting molecule with precisely controlled area and time to enable bond formation. The adhesion event is detected as RBC elongation upon pulling the two cells apart. By controlling the density of the ligands immobilized on the RBC surface, the probability of adhesion is kept in mid-range between 0 and 1. The adhesion probability is estimated from the frequency of adhesion events in a sequence of repeated contact cycles between the two cells for a given contact time. Varying the contact time generates a binding curve. Fitting a probabilistic model for receptor-ligand reaction kinetics1 to the binding curve returns the 2D affinity and off-rate.
The assay has been validated using interactions of Fc&gamma; receptors with IgG Fc1-6, selectins with glycoconjugate ligands6-9, integrins with ligands10-13, homotypical cadherin binding14, T cell receptor and coreceptor with peptide-major histocompatibility complexes15-19.
The method has been used to quantify regulations of 2D kinetics by biophysical factors, such as the membrane microtopology5, membrane anchor2, molecular orientation and length6, carrier stiffness9, curvature20, and impingement force20, as well as biochemical factors, such as modulators of the cytoskeleton and membrane microenvironment where the interacting molecules reside and the surface organization of these molecules15,17,19.
The method has also been used to study the concurrent binding of dual receptor-ligand species3,4, and trimolecular interactions19 using a modified model21.
The major advantage of the method is that it allows study of receptors in their native membrane environment. The results could be very different from those obtained using purified receptors17. It also allows study of the receptor-ligand interactions in a sub-second timescale with temporal resolution well beyond the typical biochemical methods.
To illustrate the micropipette adhesion frequency method, we show kinetics measurement of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) functionalized on RBCs binding to integrin &alpha;L&beta;2 on neutrophils with dimeric E-selectin in the solution to activate &alpha;L&beta;2.

Adhesion Frequency Assay for In Situ Kinetics Analysis of Cross-Junctional Molecular Interactions at the Cell-Cell Interface

An adhesion frequency assay for measuring receptor-ligand interaction kinetics when both molecules are anchored on the surfaces of the interacting cells is described. This mechanically-based assay is exemplified using a micropipette-pressurized human red blood cell as adhesion sensor and integrin &alpha;L&beta;2 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 as interacting receptors and ligands.

Адгезия частот для пробирной В Ситу Кинетика Анализ кросс-соединительного молекулярных взаимодействий в клетка-клетка интерфейс

The micropipette adhesion assay was developed in 1998 to measure two-dimensional (2D) receptor-ligand binding kinetics1. The assay uses a human red blood ...

Bioengineering

Force Spectroscopy of Single Protein Molecules Using an Atomic Force Microscope

The determination of the folding process of proteins from their amino acid sequence to their native 3D structure is an important problem in biology. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) can address this problem by enabling stretching and relaxation of single protein molecules, which gives direct evidence of specific unfolding and refolding characteristics. AFM-based single-molecule force-spectroscopy (AFM-SMFS) provides a means to consistently measure high-energy conformations in proteins that are not possible in traditional bulk (biochemical) measurements. Although numerous papers were published to show principles of AFM-SMFS, it is not easy to conduct SMFS experiments due to a lack of an exhaustively complete protocol. In this study, we briefly illustrate the principles of AFM and extensively detail the protocols, procedures, and data analysis as a guideline to achieve good results from SMFS experiments. We demonstrate representative SMFS results of single protein mechanical unfolding measurements and we provide troubleshooting strategies for some commonly encountered problems.

We describe the detailed procedures and strategies to measure the mechanical properties and mechanical unfolding pathways of single protein molecules using an atomic force microscope. We also show representative results as a reference for selection and justification of good single protein molecule recordings.

Спектроскопия силы одного белковых молекул с помощью атомно-силового микроскопа

The determination of the folding process of proteins from their amino acid sequence to their native 3D structure is an important problem in biology. ...

Biochemistry

Covalent Immobilization of Proteins for the Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy

In recent years, atomic force microscopy (AFM) based single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) extended our understanding of molecular properties and functions. It gave us the opportunity to explore a multiplicity of biophysical mechanisms, e.g., how bacterial adhesins bind to host surface receptors in more detail. Among other factors, the success of SMFS experiments depends on the functional and native immobilization of the biomolecules of interest on solid surfaces and AFM tips. Here, we describe a straightforward protocol for the covalent coupling of proteins to silicon surfaces using silane-PEG-carboxyls and the well-established N-hydroxysuccinimid/1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)carbodiimid (EDC/NHS) chemistry in order to explore the interaction of pilus-1 adhesin RrgA from the Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) with the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (Fn). Our results show that the surface functionalization leads to a homogenous distribution of Fn on the glass surface and to an appropriate concentration of RrgA on the AFM cantilever tip, apparent by the target value of up to 20% of interaction events during SMFS measurements and revealed that RrgA binds to Fn with a mean force of 52 pN. The protocol can be adjusted to couple via site specific free thiol groups. This results in a predefined protein or molecule orientation and is suitable for other biophysical applications besides the SMFS.

This protocol describes the covalent immobilization of proteins with a heterobifunctional silane coupling agent to silicon-oxide surfaces designed for the atomic force microscopy based single molecule force spectroscopy which is exemplified by the interaction of RrgA (pilus-1 tip adhesin of S. pneumoniae) with fibronectin.

Ковалентной иммобилизации белков для одной молекулы силой спектроскопии

In recent years, atomic force microscopy (AFM) based single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) extended our understanding of molecular properties and ...

Insights into the Interactions of Amino Acids and Peptides with Inorganic Materials Using Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy

The interactions between proteins or peptides and inorganic materials lead to several interesting processes. For example, combining proteins with minerals leads to the formation of composite materials with unique properties. In addition, the undesirable process of biofouling is initiated by the adsorption of biomolecules, mainly proteins, on surfaces. This organic layer is an adhesion layer for bacteria and allows them to interact with the surface. Understanding the fundamental forces that govern the interactions at the organic-inorganic interface is therefore important for many areas of research and could lead to the design of new materials for optical, mechanical and biomedical applications. This paper demonstrates a single-molecule force spectroscopy technique that utilizes an AFM to measure the adhesion force between either peptides or amino acids and well-defined inorganic surfaces. This technique involves a protocol for attaching the biomolecule to the AFM tip through a covalent flexible linker and single-molecule force spectroscopy measurements by atomic force microscope. In addition, an analysis of these measurements is included.

Here we present a protocol to measure the force of interactions between a well-defined inorganic surface and either peptides or amino acids by single-molecule force spectroscopy measurements using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The information obtained from the measurement is important to better understand the peptide-inorganic material interphase.

Исследования в взаимодействий аминокислот и пептидов с использованием неорганических материалов с использованием одномолекулярной силовой микроскопии

The interactions between proteins or peptides and inorganic materials lead to several interesting processes. For example, combining proteins with minerals ...

Investigating Receptor-ligand Systems of the Cellulosome with AFM-based Single-molecule Force Spectroscopy

Cellulosomes are discrete multienzyme complexes used by a subset of anaerobic bacteria and fungi to digest lignocellulosic substrates. Assembly of the enzymes onto the noncatalytic scaffold protein is directed by interactions among a family of related receptor-ligand pairs comprising interacting cohesin and dockerin modules. The extremely strong binding between cohesin and dockerin modules results in dissociation constants in the low picomolar to nanomolar range, which may hamper accurate off-rate measurements with conventional bulk methods. Single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) with the atomic force microscope measures the response of individual biomolecules to force, and in contrast to other single-molecule manipulation methods (i.e.&#160;optical tweezers), is optimal for studying high-affinity receptor-ligand interactions because of its ability to probe the high-force regime (&#62;120 pN). Here we present our complete protocol for studying cellulosomal protein assemblies at the single-molecule level. Using a protein topology derived from the native cellulosome, we worked with enzyme-dockerin and carbohydrate binding module-cohesin (CBM-cohesin) fusion proteins, each with an accessible free thiol group at an engineered cysteine residue. We present our site-specific surface immobilization protocol, along with our measurement and data analysis procedure for obtaining detailed binding parameters for the high-affinity complex. We demonstrate how to quantify single subdomain unfolding forces, complex rupture forces, kinetic off-rates, and potential widths of the binding well. The successful application of these methods in characterizing the cohesin-dockerin interaction responsible for assembly of multidomain cellulolytic complexes is further described.

Cellulosomes are multienzyme complexes designed for digesting cellulose. AFM-based SMFS was used to study the mechanical properties and folding configuration of cellulosome-associated protein assemblies. We present a complete workflow for protein immobilization, data acquisition, and data analysis to study the interactions of individual receptor-ligand complexes involved in cellulosome assembly.

Cellulosomes are discrete multienzyme complexes used by a subset of anaerobic bacteria and fungi to digest lignocellulosic substrates. Assembly of the ...

Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging and Force Spectroscopy of Supported Lipid Bilayers

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a versatile, high-resolution imaging technique that allows visualization of biological membranes. It has sufficient magnification to examine membrane substructures and even individual molecules. AFM can act as a force probe to measure interactions and mechanical properties of membranes. Supported lipid bilayers are conventionally used as membrane models in AFM studies. In this protocol, we demonstrate how to prepare supported bilayers and characterize their structure and mechanical properties using AFM. These include bilayer thickness and breakthrough force. 
The information provided by AFM imaging and force spectroscopy help define mechanical and chemical properties of membranes. These properties play an important role in cellular processes such as maintaining cell hemostasis from environmental stress, bringing membrane proteins together, and stabilizing protein complexes.

We describe a protocol for preparation of supported lipid bilayers and its characterization using atomic force microscopy and force spectroscopy.

Атомно-силовая микроскопия изображений и силовая спектроскопия поддерживаемых липидного бислоя

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a versatile, high-resolution imaging technique that allows visualization of biological membranes. It has sufficient ...

Covalent Attachment of Single Molecules for AFM-based Force Spectroscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based single molecule force spectroscopy is an ideal tool for investigating the interactions between a single polymer and surfaces. For a true single molecule experiment, covalent attachment of the probe molecule is essential because only then can hundreds of force-extension traces with one and the same single molecule be obtained. Many traces are in turn necessary to prove that a single molecule alone is probed. Additionally, passivation is crucial for preventing unwanted interactions between the single probe molecule and the AFM cantilever tip as well as between the AFM cantilever tip and the underlying surface. The functionalization protocol presented here is reliable and can easily be applied to a variety of polymers. Characteristic single molecule events (i.e., stretches and plateaus) are detected in the force-extension traces. From these events, physical parameters such as stretching force, desorption force and desorption length can be obtained. This is particularly important for the precise investigation of stimuli-responsive systems at the single molecule level. As exemplary systems poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNiPAM) and polystyrene (PS) are stretched and desorbed from SiOx (for PEG and PNiPAM) and from hydrophobic self-assembled monolayer surfaces (for PS) in aqueous environment.

Covalent attachment of probe molecules to atomic force microscopy (AFM) cantilever tips is an essential technique for the investigation of their physical properties. This allows us to determine the stretching force, desorption force and length of polymers via AFM-based single molecule force spectroscopy with high reproducibility.

Ковалентное присоединение одиночных молекул для спектроскопии силы на основе AFM

Atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based single molecule force spectroscopy is an ideal tool for investigating the interactions between a single polymer and ...

Atomic Force Microscopy Cantilever-Based Nanoindentation: Mechanical Property Measurements at the Nanoscale in Air and Fluid

An atomic force microscope (AFM) fundamentally measures the interaction between a nanoscale AFM probe tip and the sample surface. If the force applied by the probe tip and its contact area with the sample can be quantified, it is possible to determine the nanoscale mechanical properties (e.g., elastic or Young&#39;s modulus) of the surface being probed. A detailed procedure for performing quantitative AFM cantilever-based nanoindentation experiments is provided here, with representative examples of how the technique can be applied to determine the elastic moduli of a wide variety of sample types, ranging from kPa to GPa. These include live mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and nuclei in physiological buffer, resin-embedded dehydrated loblolly pine cross-sections, and Bakken shales of varying composition.
Additionally, AFM cantilever-based nanoindentation is used to probe the rupture strength (i.e., breakthrough force) of phospholipid bilayers. Important practical considerations such as method choice and development, probe selection and calibration, region of interest identification, sample heterogeneity, feature size and aspect ratio, tip wear, surface roughness, and data analysis and measurement statistics are discussed to aid proper implementation of the technique. Finally, co-localization of AFM-derived nanomechanical maps with electron microscopy techniques that provide additional information regarding elemental composition is demonstrated.

Quantifying the contact area and force applied by an atomic force microscope (AFM) probe tip to a sample surface enables nanoscale mechanical property determination. Best practices to implement AFM cantilever-based nanoindentation in air or fluid on soft and hard samples to measure elastic modulus or other nanomechanical properties are discussed.

Атомно-силовая микроскопия Наноиндентирование на основе кантилеверов: измерения механических свойств на наноуровне в воздухе и жидкости

An atomic force microscope (AFM) fundamentally measures the interaction between a nanoscale AFM probe tip and the sample surface. If the force applied by ...

Functionalization of Atomic Force Microscope Cantilevers with Single-T Cells or Single-Particle for Immunological Single-Cell Force Spectroscopy

Atomic force microscopy based single cell force spectroscopy (AFM-SCFS) is a powerful tool for studying biophysical properties of living cells. This technique allows for probing interaction strengths and dynamics on a live cell membrane, including those between cells, receptor and ligands, and alongside many other variations. It also works as a mechanism to deliver a physical or biochemical stimulus on single cells in a spatiotemporally controlled manner, thus allowing specific cell activation and subsequent cellular events to be monitored in real-time when combined with live-cell fluorescence imaging. The key step in those AFM-SCFS measurements is AFM-cantilever functionalization, or in other words, attaching a subject of interest to the cantilever. Here, we present methods to modify AFM cantilevers with a single T cell and a single polystyrene bead respectively for immunological studies. The former involves a biocompatible glue that couples single T cells to the tip of a flat cantilever in a solution, while the latter relies on an epoxy glue for single bead adhesion in the air environment. Two immunological applications associated with each cantilever modification are provided as well. The methods described here can be easily adapted to different cell types and solid particles.

We present a protocol to functionalize atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilevers with a single T cell and bead particle for immunological studies. Procedures to probe single-pair T cell-dendritic cell binding by AFM and to monitor the real-time cellular response of macrophages to a single solid particle by AFM with fluorescence imaging are shown.

Функционализация атомной силы Микроскоп Кантилеверс с одно-T-клеток или одночастицы для иммунологической одноклеточной силы спектроскопии

Atomic force microscopy based single cell force spectroscopy (AFM-SCFS) is a powerful tool for studying biophysical properties of living cells. This ...

Исследуя одну молекулу адгезии методом атомно-силовой микроскопии

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