The authors have no acknowledgements.

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</ol>

Авторы не имеют ничего раскрывать.

ESE содержит очень простую задачу: имена участников чернила цвет однократно представленных слов. Эта простая задача дает результаты обоих прагматичной и теоретического значения. ESE документы о том, что люди чувствительны к эмоциональной валентности повлекло за собой в качестве стимула...

Современная жизнь полна эмоций и стресса. Кто избежал неотложной помощи или (свидетельствование) дорожно-транспортное происшествие? Для того, чтобы эффективно выполнять при таких стрессовых ситуаций, важно сохранить свое хладнокровие, сосредоточив внимание на соответствующие стимулы. Тем не менее, исследование показало, что эмоциональное валентность стимула может повлиять на внимание, в частности, модулировать скорость обработки. В лаборатории, один из самых популярных парадигм для изучения влияния негативных стимулов на производительности является эмоциональная задача Штруп. Типичный вывод заключается в том, что она занимает больше людей, чтобы назвать цвет чернил эмоции словами, чем нейтральных слов, эмоциональный эффект Штруп (ESE). Есть несколько счетов , которые пытаются объяснить наблюдаемое замедление приписывая внимание 3, морозильные 2 или 3 настроения, однако это все еще ​​является предметом текущих дебатов. Экспериментальная установка эмоционального Stroop тспросите хорошо известно. Слова в цвете представлены по отдельности для просмотра и задачи участника является назвать цвет чернил каждого слова, как быстро и точно, насколько это возможно. Слова происходят из двух категорий разной валентности. Первая категория включает в себя негативные слова (например., Смерть) или слова , относящиеся к определенному психопатологии (например., РОСТКОВ с обсессивно-компульсивным пациентов или BATTLE с посттравматическим стрессовым расстройством пациентов). Вторая категория включает в себя нейтральные слова (например., Стул). ESE разница в цвете-именовании задержки между эмоциональным и нейтральных слов. Стимулы могут быть представлены в едином блоке с эмоциями и нейтральные слова перемешаны случайным образом или в виде двух отдельных блоков, определенных по категориям слов. Замедление с эмоциональными словами, как правило , более выраженным , когда ESE происходит в заблокированном конструкции 4, 5. Таким образом, дизайн блок стал методом выбора для исследований в ESE и этометод , применяемый в данном протоколе тоже (см рисунок 1 для иллюстрации эмоциональной Stroop экспериментальной установки). <img alt="Рисунок 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53720/53720fig1.jpg" /> Рисунок 1: Экспериментальный массив в эмоциональной Stroop Задача:. Задача участника является имя цвета , в котором появляется слово <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53720/53720fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Пожалуйста</a> , <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53720/53720fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">нажмите здесь</a> , <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53720/53720fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">чтобы посмотреть увеличенную версию этой фигуры.</a> Важно отличать ESE от своего старшего тезки, классический эффект Штруп (SE) 6. В классической задаче Stroop, цвет слова , такие как красный или зеленый представлены в различных цветах чернил и задача участника является назвать цвет чернил слов. Несмотря на общую задачу - определить цвет чернил словами - SE и ESE отличаются, Поскольку слова являются цветные словами, стимулы в классической Stroop задачи делят на конгруэнтных (слово называя его цвет чернил) и несравнимы (слово и цвет конфликтов) категории. ГП определяется как разница в цвете производительность именований между конгруэнтных и неконгруэнтных раздражители. Поскольку качество конгруэнтность не относится к стимулам в ESE - слово РАК синим цветом, не является ни больше, ни меньше, чем конгруэнтно слово лекцией в коричневый - ГП не определен в среде ESE. ВСВ документы эффект эмоциональной валентности раздражителей на производительность. ESE, так же, как SE, сгенерировал объемистую исследования. На самом деле, ESE соперников своего тезку в отвесной выходе экспериментальных исследований как с пациентом и населения без пациента (для обзора см 1, 7). Задача была использована с гаммой патологий от генерализованной тревоги (например., 8, 9) тревожностью (е.g., 10, 11) к обсессивно-компульсивного расстройства (например., 12, 13) к депрессии 9, 14 к социальной фобии 15, 16 к пост-травматические стрессовые расстройства (например., 17, 18). ESE также была изучена с невыбранных популяций (например, 2, 3, 19, 20), хотя эффекты в Heathy участников не всегда соблюдаются и часто менее выражены. По крайней мере, часть популярности ESE является отнесена на счет его объективный характер, поскольку она не основана на самоотчета и не навязчивый. Кроме того, эмоции слова могут быть выбраны, чтобы нажать определенную патологию или текущее беспокойство пациента. Ниже мы изображаем шаги, необходимые для разработки и выполнения эмоциональный эксперимент Stroop. Наша цель в этом докладе подробно описать в ESE эксперимент с необходимыми элементами управления. Наиболее важной особенностью этой конструкции является контроль обеспечивает от различных угроз действительности.Основная угроза лечение в этой конструкции является то, что привыкания. Принятие этих процедур Отрисовывает ESE действительные и надежные средства оценки внимания под эмоции.

<table><tbody><tr><td>DirectRT software</td><td>Empirisoft</td><td>http://www.empirisoft.com/directrt.aspx</td><td>Software allows easy programing of a custom experiment in a spreadsheet application (&lt;em&gt;e.g.,&lt;/em&gt; Excel)</td></tr><tr><td>Personal computer</td><td>Any</td><td>https://www.office.com/</td><td>At least 256 mb of memory, a graphics card with at least 16 mb of video memory and a processor speed of at least 500 mhz.</td></tr><tr><td>A spreadsheet application (&lt;em&gt;e.g.,&lt;/em&gt; Excel)</td><td>Microsoft</td><td>Any version</td><td>A spreadsheet application capable of editing CSV files</td></tr><tr><td>SPSS/STATISTICA software</td><td>IBM/Statsoft</td><td>http://www-01.ibm.com/software/analytics/spss/&amp;nbsp; http://www.statsoft.com/</td><td>Statistical software</td></tr></tbody></table>

the emotional stroop task: assessing cognitive performance under exposure to emotional content

Эмоциональный эффект Штруп (ESE) является результатом более имен латентности в цвета чернил эмоции словами, чем цвета чернил нейтральных слов. Разница показывает, что люди страдают от эмоционального содержания с помощью слов-носителей, даже если они не имеют никакого отношения к цвету именования задачи. ВСВ широко развернуты с групп пациентов, а также с невыбранных населения, так как эмоцию слова могут быть выбраны в соответствии с испытанный патологию. ESE является мощным инструментом, но он подвержен различным угрозам его действительности. Этот отчет относится к потенциальным источникам вмешивающихся и включает в себя модальный эксперимент, который предоставляет средства для контроля за ними. Самой распространенной угрозой для действия существующих исследований ESE выдержан эффектов и привыкания кованого о многократным воздействием эмоциональных стимулов. Следовательно, порядок воздействия эмоций и нейтральных стимулов имеет первостепенное значение. Покажем, что на стендеARD дизайн, только один конкретный заказ производит ESE.

Когда блоки следуют нейтрально-эмоция-нейтральная последовательность (например, 3), большая ESE из 34 мсек наблюдается с помощью медленных реакций в блоке эмоций ( в среднем 791 мс) , чем в первом нейтральном блоке ( в среднем 757 мс; см Рисунок 2). Та же групп...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content at JoVE.com

The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than those of neutral words. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them.

Эмоциональная Штруп Задача: Оценка когнитивных функций при воздействии эмоционального содержания

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The ...

the-emotional-stroop-task-assessing-cognitive-performance-under

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

38.5K Views.  Tel-Aviv University. The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than those of neutral words. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them.

Video: The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Synesthesia is a rare condition in which a stimulus from one modality automatically and consistently triggers unusual sensations in the same and/or other modalities. A relatively common and well-studied type is grapheme-color synesthesia, defined as the consistent experience of color when viewing, hearing and thinking about letters, words and numbers. We describe our method for investigating to what extent synesthetic associations between letters and colors can be learned by reading in color in nonsynesthetes. Reading in color is a special method for training associations in the sense that the associations are learned implicitly while the reader reads text as he or she normally would and it does not require explicit computer-directed training methods. In this protocol, participants are given specially prepared books to read in which four high-frequency letters are paired with four high-frequency colors. Participants receive unique sets of letter-color pairs based on their pre-existing preferences for colored letters. A modified Stroop task is administered before and after reading in order to test for learned letter-color associations and changes in brain activation. In addition to objective testing, a reading experience questionnaire is administered that is designed to probe for differences in subjective experience. A subset of questions may predict how well an individual learned the associations from reading in color. Importantly, we are not claiming that this method will cause each individual to develop grapheme-color synesthesia, only that it is possible for certain individuals to form letter-color associations by reading in color and these associations are similar in some aspects to those seen in developmental grapheme-color synesthetes. The method is quite flexible and can be used to investigate different aspects and outcomes of training synesthetic associations, including learning-induced changes in brain function and structure.

Reading in color is a new method for training letter-color associations that are typically found only in grapheme-color synesthetes. It involves an implicit form of training that has potential for long-term associative training methods&#160;because the training is a byproduct of reading and any text can be colored.

Обучение синестетической Письмо-цветовые ассоциации, читая в цвете

Synesthesia is a rare condition in which a stimulus from one modality automatically and consistently triggers unusual sensations in the same and/or other ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress has been made in understanding conscious/deliberate emotion regulation (ER), less is known about non-conscious/automatic ER and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the problems inherent in the unitary concepts of automatic and conscious processing1. Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of both deliberate and automatic ER using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This protocol allows new avenues of inquiry into various aspects of ER. For instance, the experimental design allows manipulation of the goal to regulate emotion (conscious vs. non-conscious), as well as the intensity of the emotional challenge (high vs. low). Moreover, it allows investigation of both immediate (emotion perception) and long-term effects (emotional memory) of ER strategies on emotion processing. Therefore, this protocol may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in depression and anxiety disorders in which emotion dysregulation is often among the core debilitating features.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of deliberate and automatic emotion regulation, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used in healthy participants, both young and older, as well as in clinical patients.

Сканирование мозга Исследование нейронных коррелятов эмоций правил

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress ...

Neuroscience

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the neural mechanisms underlying this enhancing effect of emotion on memory. A method that has proven particularly influential in the 
investigation of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion is the so-called subsequent memory paradigm (SMP). This method was originally used to investigate the 
neural correlates of non-emotional memories3, and more recently we and others also applied it successfully to studies of emotional memory (reviewed in4, 5-7). 
Here, we describe a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion using the SMP in conjunction with 
event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An important feature of the SMP is that it allows separation of brain activity specifically 
associated with memory from more general activity associated with perception. Moreover, in the context of investigating the impact of emotional stimuli, 
SMP allows identification of brain regions whose activity is susceptible to emotional modulation of both general/perceptual and memory-specific processing. 
This protocol can be used in healthy subjects8-15, as well as in clinical patients where there are alterations in the neural correlates of emotion perception 
and biases in remembering emotional events, such as those suffering from depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)16, 17.

We present a protocol that uses functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion. This protocol allows identification of brain activity specifically linked to memory-related processing, contrary to more general perceptual processing, and can be used with healthy and clinical populations.

Сканирование мозга Исследование памяти-повышение Влияние эмоций

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional distractibility) effects (reviewed in 1). Complementing our recent protocol 2 describing a method that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion (see also 1, 3-5), here we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition. The main feature of this method is that it allows identification of reciprocal modulations between activity in a ventral neural system, involved in 'hot' emotion processing (HotEmo system), and a dorsal system, involved in higher-level 'cold' cognitive/executive processing (ColdEx system), which are linked to cognitive performance and to individual variations in behavior (reviewed in 1). Since its initial introduction 6, this design has proven particularly versatile and influential in the elucidation of various aspects concerning the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotional distraction on cognition, with a focus on working memory (WM), and of coping with such distraction 7,11, in both healthy 8-11 and clinical participants 12-14.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural mechanisms mediating the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

Сканирование мозга Исследование умаление Влияние эмоций на когнитивные

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional ...

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome

Several neuroimaging studies have suggested that the low spatial frequency content in an emotional face mainly activates the amygdala, pulvinar, and superior colliculus especially with fearful faces1-3. These regions constitute the limbic structure in non-conscious perception of emotions and modulate cortical activity either directly or indirectly2. In contrast, the conscious representation of emotions is more pronounced in the anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex, and somatosensory cortex for directing voluntary attention to details in faces3,4. Asperger&#39;s syndrome (AS)5,6 represents an atypical mental disturbance that affects sensory, affective and communicative abilities, without interfering with normal linguistic skills and intellectual ability. Several studies have found that functional deficits in the neural circuitry important for facial emotion recognition can partly explain social communication failure in patients with AS7-9. In order to clarify the interplay between conscious and non-conscious representations of emotional faces in AS, an EEG experimental protocol is designed with two tasks involving emotionality evaluation of either photograph or line-drawing faces. A pilot study is introduced for selecting face stimuli that minimize the differences in reaction times and scores assigned to facial emotions between the pretested patients with AS and IQ/gender-matched healthy controls. Information from the pretested patients was used to develop the scoring system used for the emotionality evaluation. Research into facial emotions and visual stimuli with different spatial frequency contents has reached discrepant findings depending on the demographic characteristics of participants and task demands2. The experimental protocol is intended to clarify deficits in patients with AS in processing emotional faces when compared with healthy controls by controlling for factors unrelated to recognition of facial emotions, such as task difficulty, IQ and gender.

An EEG experimental protocol is designed to clarify the interplay between conscious and non-conscious representations of emotional faces in patients with Asperger&#39;s syndrome. The technique suggests that patients with Asperger&#39;s syndrome have deficits in non-conscious representation of emotional faces, but have comparable performance in conscious representation with healthy controls.

Сознательные и бессознательные представления Эмоциональные лица в синдром Аспергера

Several neuroimaging studies have suggested that the low spatial frequency content in an emotional face mainly activates the amygdala, pulvinar, and ...

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar tasks. Participants' behavior during task performance in an fMRI scanner can then be correlated to the brain activity using the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal. We measure behavior to be able to sort correct trials, where the subject performed the task correctly and then be able to examine the brain signals related to correct performance. Conversely, if subjects do not perform the task correctly, and these trials are included in the same analysis with the correct trials we would introduce trials that were not only for correct performance. Thus, in many cases these errors can be used themselves to then correlate brain activity to them. We describe two complementary tasks that are used in our lab to examine the brain during suppression of an automatic responses: the stroop1 and anti-saccade tasks. The emotional stroop paradigm instructs participants to either report the superimposed emotional 'word' across the affective faces or the facial 'expressions' of the face stimuli1,2. When the word and the facial expression refer to different emotions, a conflict between what must be said and what is automatically read occurs. The participant has to resolve the conflict between two simultaneously competing processes of word reading and facial expression. Our urge to read out a word leads to strong 'stimulus-response (SR)' associations; hence inhibiting these strong SR's is difficult and participants are prone to making errors. Overcoming this conflict and directing attention away from the face or the word requires the subject to inhibit bottom up processes which typically directs attention to the more salient stimulus. Similarly, in the anti-saccade task3,4,5,6, where an instruction cue is used to direct only attention to a peripheral stimulus location but then the eye movement is made to the mirror opposite position. Yet again we measure behavior by recording the eye movements of participants which allows for the sorting of the behavioral responses into correct and error trials7 which then can be correlated to brain activity. Neuroimaging now allows researchers to measure different behaviors of correct and error trials that are indicative of different cognitive processes and pinpoint the different neural networks involved.

The goal of our research is to correlate behavior to brain activity. Accurate behavioral measures and imaging techniques allow us to elucidate brain-behavior relationships.

Соотнося поведенческих реакций на МРТ Сигналы от человека префронтальной коры: Изучение когнитивных процессов с помощью Task Analysis

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar ...

Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing

As life expectancy increases, aging has become a major health challenge, resulting in a huge effort to better discriminate between normal and pathological cognitive decline. It is thus essential that cognitive tests and their administration are as fair as possible. However, an important source of bias during cognitive testing comes from negative aging stereotypes that can impair the memory performance of older adults and inflate age differences on cognitive tasks. The fear of confirming negative aging stereotypes creates an extra pressure among older adults which interferes with their intellectual functioning and leads them to perform below their true abilities. Here, we present a protocol that highlights simple but efficient interventions to alleviate this age-based stereotype threat effect. The first study showed that simply informing older participants about the presence of younger participants (threat condition) led older adults to underperform on a standardized memory test compared with younger participants, and that this performance difference was eliminated when the test was presented as age-fair (reduced-threat condition). The second study replicated these findings on short cognitive tests used to screen for predementia in clinical settings and showed that teaching older adults about stereotype threat inoculated them against its effects. These results provide useful recommendations about how to improve older adults' memory assessment both in Iab studies and in clinical settings.

Here, we present a protocol designed to show how negative aging stereotypes can impair memory performance of older adults during cognitive testing and how to reduce this deleterious effect. This method can help older people to perform at an optimal level during testing in both lab studies and clinical settings.

Выделение и уменьшение воздействия негативных стереотипов старения во время когнитивного тестирования пожилых людей

As life expectancy increases, aging has become a major health challenge, resulting in a huge effort to better discriminate between normal and pathological ...

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

The Stroop task in its many variations has been used in fields such as psychology, linguistics, and neuroscience to examine questions regarding the automaticity of reading, language processing, and cognitive control, among others. When looking at bilingual individuals, this task can be used to obtain measures of language interference and control in both a bilingual&#39;s first language (L1) and second language (L2), as well as for testing the bilingual advantage hypothesis. The Stroop task presents participants with color terms written in congruent colors (e.g., the word RED written in red font), incongruent colors (e.g., the word RED written in green font), in addition to noncolor terms for control (e.g., the word TREE presented in any color), and uses the reaction times from the different conditions to assess the degree of interference and facilitation. In the covert version of the Stroop bilingual task (i.e., participants respond by pressing a button rather than naming aloud), stimuli in the L1 and the L2 are typically presented in separate blocks. While this allows for a simple, yet effective assessment of processing and cognitive control in each language, it fails to capture any potential differences in processing and control within bilingual young adult groups. The present task combines single-language blocks with a novel mixed-language block to increase the level of difficulty of the task, thus making it suitable for testing cognitive control in young adults. Representative results showing differences between performance in the single-language vs. mixed-language blocks are presented, and the benefits of a mixed-language block are discussed.

This bilingual Stroop task uses Congruent, Incongruent, and Neutral stimuli presented in blocks in the first language (L1) only, the second language (L2) only, and a combination of L1 and L2. This task allows for an examination of language processing and cognitive control in both L1 and L2.

Изучение управления двуязычным языком с использованием задачи Stroop

The Stroop task in its many variations has been used in fields such as psychology, linguistics, and neuroscience to examine questions regarding the ...

Disruption of Frontal Lobe Neural Synchrony During Cognitive Control by Alcohol Intoxication

Decision making relies on dynamic interactions of distributed, primarily frontal brain regions. Extensive evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies indicates that the anterior cingulate (ACC) and the lateral prefrontal cortices (latPFC) are essential nodes subserving cognitive control. However, because of its limited temporal resolution, fMRI cannot accurately reflect the timing and nature of their presumed interplay. The present study combines distributed source modeling of the temporally precise magnetoencephalography (MEG) signal with structural MRI in the form of &#34;brain movies&#34; to: (1) estimate the cortical areas involved in cognitive control (&#34;where&#34;), (2) characterize their temporal sequence (&#34;when&#34;), and (3) quantify the oscillatory dynamics of their neural interactions in real time. Stroop interference was associated with greater event-related theta (4 - 7 Hz) power in the ACC during conflict detection followed by sustained sensitivity to cognitive demands in the ACC and latPFC during integration and response preparation. A phase-locking analysis revealed co-oscillatory interactions between these areas indicating their increased neural synchrony in theta band during conflict-inducing incongruous trials. These results confirm that theta oscillations are fundamental to long-range synchronization needed for integrating top-down influences during cognitive control. MEG reflects neural activity directly, which makes it suitable for pharmacological manipulations in contrast to fMRI that is sensitive to vasoactive confounds. In the present study, healthy social drinkers were given a moderate alcohol dose and placebo in a within-subject design. Acute intoxication attenuated theta power to Stroop conflict and dysregulated co-oscillations between the ACC and latPFC, confirming that alcohol is detrimental to neural synchrony subserving cognitive control. It interferes with goal-directed behavior that may result in deficient self-control, contributing to compulsive drinking. In sum, this method can provide insight into real-time interactions during cognitive processing and can characterize the selective sensitivity to pharmacological challenge across relevant neural networks.

This experiment uses an anatomically-constrained magnetoencephalography (aMEG) method to examine brain oscillatory dynamics and long-range functional synchrony during engagement of cognitive control as a function of acute alcohol intoxication.

Срыв лобной доли нейронных синхронности во время когнитивные контроля алкогольного опьянения

Decision making relies on dynamic interactions of distributed, primarily frontal brain regions. Extensive evidence from functional magnetic resonance ...

Dual-Task Stroop Paradigm for Detecting Cognitive Deficits in High-Functioning Stroke Patients

General clinical cognitive assessment scales are not sensitive enough to cognitive impairment in high-functioning stroke patients. The dual-task assessment has advantages for identifying cognitive deficits in high-functioning stroke patients and has been gradually applied in clinical assessment and cognitive training. Moreover, the Stroop paradigm has higher sensitivity and specificity for attentional assessment than conventional clinical cognitive assessment scales. Therefore, this study presents the dual-task assessment based on the Stroop paradigm to identify cognitive deficits in high-functioning stroke patients. This study demonstrates a single- and dual-task evaluation based on the Stroop paradigm and confirms its feasibility through case experiments and synchronized functional near-infrared spectroscopy evaluation. The Stroop reaction time and correct rate are used as the main indicators to evaluate the cognitive level of the subjects. This study protocol aims to provide new ideas to figure out the ceiling effect in general clinical assessment failure for high-functioning stroke patients.

Clinical assessment scales are notsensitive enough to cognitive dysfunction in high-functioning stroke patients. The dual-task paradigm presents advantages and potential in the assessment and cognitive training of cognitive dysfunction. The study here proposes a dual-task Stroop paradigm to identify cognitive dysfunction in high-functioning stroke patients.

Эмоциональная Штруп Задача: Оценка когнитивных функций при воздействии эмоционального содержания

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