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Chapter 20

Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis

What is Photosynthesis?
What is Photosynthesis?
All living organisms on Earth are directly or indirectly dependent on photosynthesis. It is the only biological process that can capture energy from ...
The Anatomy of Chloroplasts
The Anatomy of Chloroplasts
Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They ...
The Calvin Benson Cycle
The Calvin Benson Cycle
Ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) is a critical enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide assimilation during photosynthesis. However, ...
The Photochemical Reaction Center
The Photochemical Reaction Center
Reaction centers are pigment-protein complexes that initiate energy conversion from photons to chemical entities. Therefore, photochemical reaction center ...
The Antenna Complex
The Antenna Complex
Plants and other photosynthetic organisms comprise pigments capable of absorption of direct sunlight. These pigments are present in the reaction center - ...
Photosystems
Photosystems
Photosystems are multiprotein complexes that form the functional units of photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. They are found embedded in ...
The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis
The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis
The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of ...
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