Apart from the measures of central tendency, distribution, outliers, and the changing characteristics of data with time, an important characteristic of any data set is its variation or spread. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in others, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean.

The range, standard deviation, standard error, and variance are the different measures of variation.

Range: The range is the difference between its maximum and minimum values.

Standard Deviation: It is the most commonly used measure of variation. A standard deviation is a number that measures how far data values are from their mean. The standard deviation provides a numerical measure of the overall amount of variation in a data set,

Standard error: The standard error of the mean is a special kind of standard deviation, which measures the variation of a statistic from one sample to another.

Variance: The variance is a measure of variation which is numerically given as the square of the standard deviation.

Thus, each measure of variation gives a unique insight into the interpretation and comparison of data values or samples.

This text is adapted from2.7 Measures of the Spread of the Data - Introductory Statistics | OpenStax