hFTAA Staining of Amyloid Deposits: A Technique to Visualize Amyloid Fibrils Using Oligothiophene-Based Dye for Fluorescence Imaging in Tissue Sections

Protocol

1. LCO Staining Solution

NOTE: If hFTAA is purchased from a commercial vendor, please follow the vendor's instructions instead of section 1.

1. Resuspend the lyophilized hFTAA in 2 mM NaOH to prepare a stock solution of 1 mg/mL. Keep the stock in a glass vial at 4 °C. The stock can be stored for one year.
2. On the day of staining, prepare a working solution by diluting the stock 1:10,000 in Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS).

2. Preparation of Tissue Samples

NOTE: Many tissue types can be imaged using hFTAA as an amyloid marker. See Figure 1 for examples. hFTAA is sensitive to aggregate conformation. The staining should hence preferably be performed on undisrupted aggregates with no epitope exposure. Optimal spectral quality is achieved if the tissue fixation is kept to a minimum. Hence fresh frozen material, gently fixed in ethanol at the time of staining, is preferred. However, it is possible to detect amyloid deposits also in tissue that has been fixed with e.g., formalin. hFTAA generally penetrates the tissue well. Select a specimen thickness that is compatible with the intended imaging technique.

1. If formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections are used, deparaffinized in xylene overnight. Dip the sections in consecutive baths of 99% ethanol, 70% ethanol, dH₂O, and PBS, 10 min in each. Allow the tissue sections to dry under ambient conditions. Caution: Xylene is always handled in a chemical fume hood. Xylene and other organic solvents are harmful.
   1. Thaw cryosections in room temperature. Fix the tissue sections in 10% formalin overnight and rehydrate by dipping them in consecutive baths of 99% ethanol, 70% ethanol, dH₂O, and PBS, 10 min in each. Allow the tissue sections to dry under ambient conditions.
2. Add droplets of the hFTAA working solution (approximately 200 μL) to the tissue sections to cover it. The droplet should stay in place by surface tension. Incubate for 30 min at room temperature for staining.
3. Rinse off the staining solution with 500 μL PBS using a pipette and then immerse the slide in the PBS bath for 10 min. Allow the section to dry under ambient conditions.
4. Mount using the fluorescence mounting medium. Allow mounting medium to settle overnight.
   NOTE: hFTAA staining can be performed in combination with other staining methods such as immunofluorescence, cell- or organelle-specific markers, etc. To perform co-staining, run your complete staining protocol of choice and add hFTAA staining at the end, starting from step 2.2. See Figure 2 for examples. For immunofluorescence, preferably select a secondary antibody that is excited at 640 nm or higher. In this wavelength range, hFTAA does not absorb and hence cannot be excited and will not fluoresce. This ensures that no bleed-through is seen between hFTAA and antibody.

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Results

Figure 1: Various tissue types and proteins aggregates showing h-FTAA staining of: (a) Mallory-Denk bodies consisting of keratin aggregates in a liver (counterstained with DAPI), (b) p62-positive r inclusions in sporadic inclusion-body myositis (s-IBM) muscle tissue, (c) Amyloid of islet amyloid polypeptide in human pancreas, (d) Amyloid of Immunoglobulin light chain in human intestine, (e) Sheep scrapie (prions) in mouse brain, (f) Chronic wasting disease (prions) in mouse brain, (g) Aβ plaques in APP23 mouse brain, (h) Aβ pathology in APP/PS1 mouse brain, and (i) Fat biopsy smears from diagnostic samples of transthyretin amyloid in human patients graded 1 - 4 according to standard Congo red (CR) scoring. Yellow areas show hFTAA stained amyloid deposits and blue is autofluorescence from adipose tissue. The scale bar length is specified in each panel.

Figure 2: Examples of co-staining with antibodies.
(a) Co-staining with anti-serum amyloid protein A (AA) immunofluorescence and hFTAA of human AA amyloid on the same section. Upper left: AA antibody emission 640 nm; upper right hFTAA at 488 nm; bottom panel overlay image showing colocalization in yellow. (b) Antibody staining and hFTAA fluorescence on consecutive sections. Top panel: AA antibody DAB staining, bottom panel: hFTAA imaged with a long pass emission filter. Scale bar: 100 µm.

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Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
hFTAA/Amytracker545	Ebba Biotech
Dako fluorescene mounting medium	Agilent technologies	GM304
LeicaDM6000	Leica
Lumen 200	Prior
Spectraview system	ASI spectral imaging