Physiology Lab Demonstration: Glomerular Filtration Rate in a Rat

Summary

The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the principles and techniques for measuring and calculating glomerular filtration rate, urine flow rate, and excretion of sodium and potassium in a rat. This demonstration can be used to provide students with an overall conceptual understanding of how to measure renal function.

Abstract

Measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and the fractional excretion of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are critical in assessing renal function in health and disease. GFR is measured as the steady state renal clearance of inulin which is filtered at the glomerulus, but not secreted or reabsorbed along the nephron. The fractional excretion of Na and K can be determined from the concentration of Na and K in plasma and urine. The renal clearance of inulin can be demonstrated in an anesthetized animal which has catheters in the femoral artery, femoral vein and bladder. The equipment and supplies used for this procedure are those commonly available in a research core facility, and thus makes this procedure a practical means for measuring renal function. The purpose of this video is to demonstrate the procedures required to perform a lab demonstration in which renal function is assessed before and after a diuretic drug. The presented technique can be utilized to assess renal function in rat models of renal disease.

Introduction

The most important function of the kidney is the homeostatic regulation of extracellular water and electrolyte content. The kidneys closely regulate extracellular water, sodium (Na) and potassium (K) to maintain normal physiological levels. Disturbances in renal function can result in serious metabolic disorders which can be fatal. The basic renal process occurs in the nephron and begins with the filtration of plasma at the glomerulus and ends with the excretion of urine. Other processes that determine the final concentration of water, Na and K in the urine are secretion and reabsorption within the nephron. Measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the fractional excretion of Na and K are critical in assessing renal function in health and disease. The reader is referred to previously published review articles and textbooks for a more thorough discussion of kidney function^1-4.

GFR can be measured as the steady state renal clearance of inulin which is filtered at the glomerulus, but not secreted or reabsorbed along the nephron⁵. While this technique requires anesthesia, surgical preparation, and a terminal experiment, it is considered the gold standard of GFR measurement. Using inulin that is tagged with fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC), plasma and urine concentration of FITC-inulin can be easily measured in small volumes and used to calculate GFR during multiple time points of an experiment. The fractional excretion of Na and K can be determined from the concentration of Na and K in plasma and urine.

The conceptual understanding of how to measure renal function can easily be demonstrated in a short lab designed to allow students to actively participate in some aspects of the experiment. This video depicts the pre-lab preparation, the renal function demonstration, and the post-lab evaluation of results. The surgical techniques necessary for making measurements of GFR are demonstrated in an anesthetized rat. In addition, example calculations for GFR, and the fractional excretion of Na and K are shown before and after administration of a diuretic drug.

Protocol

Prior to any animal procedure, the institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) must approve the protocol. This protocol was approved by the Michigan State University IACUC.

1. Pre-lab Preparation of FITC-inulin Solution

1. Warm 20 ml of saline to 70 °C and slowly stir in 100 mg of FITC-inulin (5 mg/ml FITC-inulin) until all inulin is dissolved.
2. Cool solution to RT and add 800 mg of bovine serum albumin (40 mg/ml BSA, lyophilized powder, essentially globulin free, low endotoxin, ≥98% purity by agarose gel electrophoresis).
3. Filter the inulin-BSA solution with filter paper (grade 1). Place the filtered solution in a 20 ml syringe with a syringe-tip filter (0.2 µm) and cover with foil to protect from light.

2. Anesthesia and Surgery

1. Place the rat in an induction chamber filled with 5% isoflurane to induce anesthesia. Record body weight (250-350 g) and place the rat on a heated surgical platform designed to maintain 37 °C body temperature throughout the experiment. Gently secure the rat to the platform with laboratory tape over the paws. Maintain anesthesia with 1-2% isoflurane with medical grade 100% O₂ at airflow rate of 0.8-1.0 L/min.
2. Insert a tapered catheter (intravascular tip O.D., 2.7F) into the femoral artery for blood pressure and heart rate monitoring, and blood sampling.
3. Insert a catheter (PE-50) into the femoral vein for inulin infusion. Secure the catheter to surrounding tissue with 5-O braided silk surgical suture⁶.
4. Attach the arterial catheter to a strain gauge pressure transducer. Record blood pressure and heart rate using data acquisition software and display on a computer screen in real-time. This technique is demonstrated in detail on video⁶.
5. Expose the bladder via a suprapubic incision. Cut a small hole in the tip of the bladder and insert a cannula (PE-190) with a heat flared tip inside the bladder for urine collection. Secure the cannula to the bladder with a purse-string suture.

3. Urine and Blood Collection

1. Place the syringe of FITC-inulin in a syringe pump with flow rate set of 1 ml/hr per 100 g of body weight (3 ml/hr for a rat weighing 300 g). Attach the syringe to the femoral vein catheter. Start the inulin infusion and allow a 1-2 hr equilibration period. Keep syringe covered with foil to protect from light.
2. Determine if urine flow rate is stable and adequate for sample analysis (20 µl/min) by collecting a urine sample in a pre-weighed collection vial for a period of 10 min. Determine urine volume gravimetrically with a digital scale. An adequate urine volume for a 10 min collection period is 0.2 ml. Continue to collect urine samples until two consecutive collections indicate a urine flow rate of 20 µl/min or more.
3. Pre-Drug Samples
   1. Collect a urine sample during a 20 min period. Collect a blood sample (0.5 ml) from the arterial catheter at the midpoint of the urine collection period. Be careful to completely clear the arterial catheter of saline before collecting a blood sample in a collection vial containing 1 U heparin. Use collection vials with volume markings to facilitate the collection of 0.5 ml of arterial blood.
   2. Flush the arterial catheter with heparin-saline (20 U/ml) to clear the catheter of blood (approx. 0.1 ml). The length of the arterial catheter should be as short as possible to limit the volume of heparin-saline required to flush.
      Note: Diluted blood samples produce inaccurate calculations of GFR and fractional excretion of Na and K.
   3. Wait 10 min, and repeat the collection of a second Pre-drug urine and blood sample.
4. Following the collection of two Pre-drug samples, administer a diuretic drug, furosemide (10 mg/kg), via the arterial catheter. Flush the arterial catheter with heparinized saline to clear the catheter of drug. Take care to prevent the injection of air through the arterial catheter. Record the time of the furosemide injection.
5. Post-drug Samples: At each of the 3 time points below, collect a urine sample during a 10 min collection period, and a blood sample (0.5 ml) at the midpoint of the urine collection period.
   1. For Post-Drug Sample 1 – collect five min after furosemide.
   2. For Post-Drug Sample 2 – collect ten min after furosemide.
   3. For Post-Drug Sample 3 – collect fifteen min after furosemide.
6. After all samples have been collected, euthanize the rat in accordance with institutional procedures by thoracotomy and removal of the heart. Remove both kidneys. Decapsulate (remove the surrounding membrane) and blot the kidneys to remove excess blood. Weigh the kidneys.

4. Sample Analysis

1. Measure all urine sample volumes gravimetrically with a digital scale, and record weights.
2. Centrifuge whole blood samples with a table-top centrifuge (1,800 x g) to separate plasma. Transfer plasma samples to small labeled vials.
3. Analyze Na and K concentrations in urine and plasma samples with a sodium/potassium analyzer.
4. Measurement of FITC-inulin in plasma and urine
   1. Dilute pre-drug urine (from 1:200 to 1:400), and post-drug urine (1:10) with HEPES buffer (500 mM, pH 7.4).
   2. Add 40 µl of standard or sample and 60 µl of HEPES buffer in a 96 well plate (one sample per well) and allow to mix for 10 min while covered with aluminum foil.
   3. Generate a standard curve for FITC-inulin for concentrations of 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 µg/ml (Figure 1). Determine FITC-inulin fluorescence in samples and standards using a microplate reader with excitation and emission wavelengths of 485 and 538 nm, respectively.
   4. Fit the fluorescent values for the standards to a 4-paramter logistic function regression analysis. The regression function parameters are used to calculate FITC-inulin concentration in plasma and urine samples (Table 1).

5. Post-lab Analysis of Results: Calculations

1. Calculate Urine Flow Rate (UV; ml/min): [volume of urine collected (ml)] ÷ [time of collection (min)]
2. Calculate Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR; ml/min): [Urine inulin concentration (µg/ml) x UV (ml/min)] ÷ [Plasma inulin conc. (µg/ml)]
3. Calculate Filtered Sodium Load (µmol/min): Plasma sodium concentration (µmol/ml) x GFR (ml/min)
4. Calculate Sodium Excretion Rate (U_NaV; µmol/min): Urine sodium concentration (µmol/ml) x UV (ml/min)
5. Calculate Fractional Excretion of Sodium (FE Na; %): [U_NaV (µmol/min)] ÷ [Filtered Sodium Load (µmol/min)] x 100
6. Calculate Filtered Potassium Load (µmol/min): Plasma potassium concentration (µmol/ml) x GFR (ml/min)
7. Calculate Potassium Excretion Rate (U_KV; µmol/min): Urine potassium concentration (µmol/ml) x UV (ml/min)
8. Calculate Fractional Excretion of Potassium (FE K; %): [U_KV (µmol/min)] ÷ [Filtered Potassium Load (µmol/min)] x 100

Results

The diuretic used in the lab demonstration was furosemide which very quickly inhibits the reabsorption of Na and K filtered by the kidney resulting in increased Na, K, and water excretion within minutes of drug administration. By its primary mechanism, furosemide should have minimal effects on GFR and the filtered load of Na and K, but will increase urine flow, and fractional excretion of Na and K.

The representative results in Table 3 show that in an anesthetized rat, the ave...

Discussion

An appropriate marker for GFR measurement must meet four criteria: be freely filtered at the glomerulus, be unbound to plasma proteins, and neither be absorbed nor secreted in the nephron. Inulin is a fructose polymer which satisfies these criteria. As a result, the renal clearance of inulin is considered the gold standard for measuring GFR⁷. The demonstrated technique represents the traditional approach of determining the renal clearance of inulin using timed urine collections during a constant infusion of in...

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
5-0 Braided Silk Surgical Suture	Surgical Specialties Corp	SP1033
Assay Plate, 96-Well	Costar	3922
Bovine Serum Albumin	Sigma Chemical Co	A2934-25G
Centrifuge	Beckman Coulter	MicroFuge 18, 357160
Conical Sample Tubes	Dot Scientific Inc.	#711-FTG
Cotton Tipped Applicators	Solon Manufacturing Co	56200
Data Acquisition Software	ADInstruments	LabChart Pro 7.0
Digital Scale	Denver Instrument	APX-4001
FITC-Inulin	Sigma Chemical Co	F3272-1G
Gauze Sponges	Covidien	2146
Heated Surgical Bed	EZ-Anesthesia	EZ-212
Heparin	Sagnet	NDC 25021-402-10
HEPES	Sigma Chemical Co	H3375
Isoflurane	Abbott Animal Health	IsoFlo, 5260-04-05
Isoflurane Vaporizer	EZ-Anesthesia	EZ-190F
Micro Dissecting Forceps	Biomedical Research Instruments Inc.	70-1020
Microplate Reader - Fluoroskan	ThermoScientific	Ascent FL, 5210460
NOVA 5+ Sodium/Potassium Analyzer	NOVA BioMedical	14156
Olsen-Hegar Needle Holders with Scissors	Fine Science Tools	12002-12
PE-190 (for bladder catheter)	BD Medical	427435
Pressure Transducer	ADInstruments	MLT1199
Pyrex Culture Tubes	Corning Inc.	99445-12
Rat Femoral Tapered Artery Catheter	Strategic Applications Inc.	RFA-01
Salix Furosemide 5%	Intervet	#34-478
Strabismus Scissors	Fine Science Tools	14075-11
Student Surgical Scissors	Fine Science Tools	91402-12
Surgical Gloves	Kimberly-Clark	Sterling Nitrile Gloves
Syringe pump	Razel Scientific	R99-E
Tissue Forceps	Fine Science Tools	91121-12
Tissue Scissors	George Tiemann  Co	105-420
5-0 Braided Silk Surgical Suture Surgical Specialties Corp SP1033 Assay Plate, 96-Well Costar  3922 Bovine Serum Albumin Sigma Chemical Co A2934-25G Centrifuge Beckman Coulter MicroFuge 18, 357160 Conical Sample Tubes Dot Scientific Inc.  #711-FTG Cotton Tipped Applicators Solon Manufacturing Co 56200 Data Acquisition Software ADInstruments LabChart Pro 7.0 Digital Scale  Denver Instrument APX-4001 FITC-Inulin Sigma Chemical Co F3272-1G Gauze Sponges Covidien 2146 Heated Surgical Bed EZ-Anesthesia EZ-212 Heparin Sagnet NDC 25021-402-10 HEPES Sigma Chemical Co H3375 Isoflurane Abbott Animal Health IsoFlo, 5260-04-05 Isoflurane Vaporizer EZ-Anesthesia EZ-190F Micro Dissecting Forceps Biomedical Research Instruments Inc. 70-1020 Microplate Reader - Fluoroskan ThermoScientific Ascent FL, 5210460 NOVA 5+ Sodium/Potassium Analyzer NOVA BioMedical 14156 Olsen-Hegar Needle Holders with Scissors Fine Science Tools 12002-12 PE-190 (for bladder catheter) BD Medical 427435 Pressure Transducer  ADInstruments MLT1199 Pyrex Culture Tubes Corning Inc. 99445-12 Rat Femoral Tapered Artery Catheter Strategic Applications Inc. RFA-01 Salix Furosemide 5% Intervet #34-478 Strabismus Scissors Fine Science Tools 14075-11 Student Surgical Scissors Fine Science Tools 91402-12 Surgical Gloves Kimberly-Clark Sterling Nitrile Gloves Syringe pump Razel Scientific R99-E Tissue Forceps Fine Science Tools 91121-12 Tissue Scissors George Tiemann  Co 105-420