Construction of Defined Human Engineered Cardiac Tissues to Study Mechanisms of Cardiac Cell Therapy

Summary

This manuscript describes the creation of defined engineered cardiac tissues using surface marker expression and cell sorting. The defined tissues can then be used in a multi-tissue bioreactor to investigate mechanisms of cardiac cell therapy in order to provide a functional, yet controlled, model system of the human heart.

Abstract

Human cardiac tissue engineering can fundamentally impact therapeutic discovery through the development of new species-specific screening systems that replicate the biofidelity of three-dimensional native human myocardium, while also enabling a controlled level of biological complexity, and allowing non-destructive longitudinal monitoring of tissue contractile function. Initially, human engineered cardiac tissues (hECT) were created using the entire cell population obtained from directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells, which typically yielded less than 50% cardiomyocytes. However, to create reliable predictive models of human myocardium, and to elucidate mechanisms of heterocellular interaction, it is essential to accurately control the biological composition in engineered tissues.

To address this limitation, we utilize live cell sorting for the cardiac surface marker SIRPα and the fibroblast marker CD90 to create tissues containing a 3:1 ratio of these cell types, respectively, that are then mixed together and added to a collagen-based matrix solution. Resulting hECTs are, thus, completely defined in both their cellular and extracellular matrix composition.

Here we describe the construction of defined hECTs as a model system to understand mechanisms of cell-cell interactions in cell therapies, using an example of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) that are currently being used in human clinical trials. The defined tissue composition is imperative to understand how the hMSCs may be interacting with the endogenous cardiac cell types to enhance tissue function. A bioreactor system is also described that simultaneously cultures six hECTs in parallel, permitting more efficient use of the cells after sorting.

Introduction

Cardiac tissue engineering has advanced greatly in the last decade, with multiple groups publishing results of fully functional, beating tissues made from both murine cardiomyocytes^1-6 and, more recently, human stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes^7-12. The cardiac tissue engineering field is driven by two primary and essentially independent goals: 1) to develop exogenous grafts that can be transplanted into failing hearts to improve function^4-6; and 2) to develop in vitro models for studying physiology and disease, or as screening tools for therapeutic development^2,7.

Three-dimensional (3-D) cell culture is considered essential for developing next generation screening tools, as the 3-D matrix reflects a more natural cardiac microenvironment than traditional 2-D monolayer cell culture; indeed some aspects of cell biology are fundamentally different in 2-D vs. 3-D cultures^13,14. Additionally, engineered cardiac tissues are constructed from completely defined components: an extracellular matrix, and a cell population. For traditional engineered human cardiac tissues, while the extracellular matrix composition (usually fibrin⁹ or collagen^7,8,10) is strictly controlled, the input cell composition is less well defined, with the entire mixture of cells from a directed cardiac differentiation of either embryonic stem cells (ESC^7,9) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC^10,12) being added to the tissues. Depending on the specific cell line and the efficiency of the differentiation protocol used, the resulting percentage of cardiomyocytes can range from less than 25% to over 90%, the specific cardiomyocyte phenotype (i.e., ventricular-, atrial-, or pacemaker-like) can also vary, even the non-cardiomyocyte fraction can be highly heterogeneous^15,16 and alter the maturity of the differentiated cardiac myocytes¹⁷.

Recent cardiac tissue engineering work has attempted to control the input population of cells, with either a cardiac reporter human embryonic stem cell line⁸ or cell surface markers¹⁸ being used to isolate the cardiac myocyte component of the differentiation. While initially a tissue composed of only cardiac myocytes would seem to be the ideal, this is in fact not the case; hECTs composed solely of cardiac myocytes fail to compact into functional tissues, with some groups finding a 3:1 ratio of cardiac myocytes:fibroblasts producing the highest twitch force⁸. By using various cell selection methods, including surface markers for live cell sorting, it is possible to create hECTs with defined cell populations. While markers of non-cardiac stromal cells have been available for some time, such as the putative fibroblast marker CD90^19,20, surface markers of cardiac myocytes have been more difficult to identify. SIRPα was among the first cardiac surface markers identified for human cardiac myocytes¹⁸ and has been shown to be highly selective for the cardiac lineage. Recently, we have found that double-sorting for SIRPα⁺ and CD90^- cells yields nearly pure cardiomyocytes, with the CD90⁺ population exhibiting a fibroblast-like phenotype (Josowitz, unpublished observations). Based on these collected findings, herein we describe creating hECTs using a 3:1 combination of SIRPα⁺/CD90^- cardiomyocytes and CD90⁺ fibroblasts.

The ability to engineer a completely defined human cardiac tissue is essential not only for creating robust screening tools, but also for developing model systems to investigate emerging cell- and gene-based cardiac therapies. In particular, numerous cell therapies for heart failure, utilizing cell types including mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)²¹, cardiac stem cells²² and bone marrow mononuclear cells^23-25, have been tested in clinical trials. While many of the initial results have been promising^21,23,25, the initial benefit often diminishes over time^26-29. A similar trend has been reported in murine engineered cardiac tissues, which display a significant functional benefit due to MSC supplementation, but the benefit is not sustained during long-term culture¹. Underlying the sub-optimal performance is our limited knowledge of the mechanisms governing cell therapies. A deeper understanding of how therapeutic cells exert their beneficial influence, as well as potential negative consequences of myocyte-nonmyocyte interactions, would enable the development of improved therapies yielding clinically significant and sustained benefits, with minimal side effects, for patients with heart failure.

Here, we describe the use of defined hECTs to interrogate mechanisms of cell-based therapy. The controlled tissue composition is essential to identify specific factors impacting cardiomyocyte performance. Directly supplementing hECTs with the therapeutic cell type of interest (e.g., MSCs), can reveal the effects on cardiac myocyte performance, as we have demonstrated in rat ECTs¹.

The following multi-step protocol begins with directed cardiac stem cell differentiation, followed by fabrication of the multi-tissue bioreactor, and concluding with a description of tissue construction and functional analysis. Our experiments are performed using the NIH-approved H7 human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line. However, the following protocols have also been tested using an additional hESC line and three induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines with similar results. We have found that efficiency in cardiomyocyte differentiation and success in hECT fabrication can be cell line dependent, particularly for hiPSC lines derived from individual patients. By following this protocol, two 6-well dishes are plated with a total of 1.68 million hESCs (140,000 cells per well), which yields approximately 2.5 million myocytes after differentiating for 20 days and sorting, enough to make six defined tissues.

Protocol

Note: Perform all cell manipulations in aseptic conditions using a HEPA-filtered class II biological safety cabinet and sterilize all solutions by filtering them through a 0.2 µm filter. Perform tissue construction and function testing in either the same aseptic conditions or a laminar flow hood.

1. Seeding of H7 hESCs in Preparation for Cardiac Differentiation

1. (Day 1) Preparing the Basement Membrane Matrix
   1. Thaw 150 µl aliquot of hESC qualified basement membrane matrix on ice overnight at 4 °C.
2. (Day 0-4) Plating of hESCs on Coated Plates
   1. Dilute the thawed matrix into 12 ml of ice-cold DMEM/F12 and mix well.
   2. Transfer 1 ml of the DMEM/F12-matrix solution into each well of a 6-well tissue culture treated dish. Each aliquot of matrix can coat two 6-well plates.
   3. Incubate the coated plates at room temperature for at least 1 hr.
      Note: In our experience, coated dishes sealed with paraffin can be stored in matrix solution at 4 °C for up to 10 days before use.
   4. At approximately 75% confluence, dissociate the H7 hESCs from the 10 cm dish using 6 ml of the non-enzymatic dissociation reagent. After 5 min, gently scrape the cells from the culture surface using a disposable cell scraper and transfer the cell suspension to a sterile 15 ml centrifuge tube.
   5. Remove 0.5 ml of the dissociation solution with the cells from the 15 ml tube and transfer to a new sterile 15 ml tube (leaving 5.5 ml of the dissociation reagent to further dissociate the hESCs) for stem cell line propagation.
   6. Pellet the 0.5 ml of cells at 300 x g for 5 min at 20 °C. Remove the supernatant and gently resuspend in 8 ml of pluripotent stem cell media containing 1% penicillin-streptomycin then transfer to a new, coated, 10 cm tissue culture dish and maintain 37 °C and 5% CO₂ to maintain the stem cell line.
      Note: Keep pluripotent stem cell media on ice during media changes.
   7. Meanwhile, add 5.5 µl of 10 mM ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 to the remaining 5.5 ml of dissociation solution and continue to incubate at room temperature for another 5-10 min. Gently mix the cells with a 5 ml serological pipet. Continue to incubate until a single cell suspension is achieved, then pellet the cells at 300 x g for 5 min at room temperature.
   8. Resuspend the cells in 5 ml of pluripotent stem cell media and perform a cell count using a hemocytometer.
   9. Seed each well of the 6-well dish at a density of 140,000 cells per well. Seed two 6-well plates to create a total of six defined tissues. Dispose of any remaining cells after plating.
   10. Fill the well to 1 ml with pluripotent stem cell media and incubate at 37 °C, 5% CO₂. Twenty-four hours later, remove the media and add 2 ml of fresh pluripotent stem cell media to each well (Figure 1A).
   11. Check the confluence of the plates each day and begin the differentiation once the cells reach approximately 75% confluence (Figure 1B-D).

2. (Day 4-24) Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes^30,31

1. (Day 4-7, Differentiation Day 0-3) Mesoderm Induction
   1. Prepare RPMI differentiation media I (Table 1) by combining 500 ml RPMI 1640 with 10 ml B27 supplement (without insulin) and 5 ml of penicillin-streptomycin stock solution (10,000 IU/ml penicillin; 10,000 µg/ml streptomycin). Aliquot, on ice, into 50 ml tubes and store at 4 °C.
   2. (Day 4, Differentiation Day 0) Prepare mesoderm induction media by adding 2.4 µl of the small molecule GSK3 inhibitor CHIR99021 (10 mM stock, 6 µM final concentration) to 12 ml of RPMI differentiation media I. Remove pluripotent stem cell media from each well and replace with 2 ml of the mesoderm induction media per well. Return the plate to the incubator.
      Note: Significant cell death typically occurs with the addition of CHIR99021 (Figure 1E). The monolayer will recover, but it is important to rinse the dead cells away with the DMEM/F12 rinse.
   3. (Day 5, Differentiation Day 1) Prepare fresh mesoderm induction media as described above. Remove the old media from each well and rinse once with 1 ml of DMEM/F12 per well. Add 2 ml of fresh mesoderm induction media to each well.
      Note: Rinsing each day from Day 0-10 greatly increases yield and purity of the cardiac myocytes.
   4. (Day 6, Differentiation Day 2) Remove the cardiac induction media and rinse once with 1 ml DMEM/F12 per well. Replace the rinse with 2 ml RPMI differentiation media I (no small molecules added but still with the B27 (without insulin) supplement) and return to the incubator.
2. (Day 7-13, Differentiation Day 3-10) Cardiac Mesoderm Induction
   1. (Day 7, Differentiation Day 3) Prepare cardiac mesoderm induction media by adding 6 µl of the small molecule Wnt inhibitor IWR-1 (10 mM stock, 5 µM final) to 12 ml of RPMI differentiation media I.
   2. Remove the media from each well, rinse once with 1 ml DMEM/F12 per well and replace with 2 ml of cardiac mesoderm induction media per well.
   3. (Day 8, Differentiation Day 4) Prepare an additional 12 ml of cardiac mesoderm induction media as described above. Remove the media added the day prior, rinse once with 1 ml DMEM/F12 per well and replace with 2 ml of fresh cardiac mesoderm differentiation media per well and return to the incubator.
   4. (Day 9-10, Differentiation Day 5-6) On both days, remove the cardiac mesoderm induction media and rinse each well with 1 ml of DMEM/F12.
   5. Add 2 ml of fresh RPMI differentiation media I (no small molecules added but still with the B27 (without insulin) supplement) to each well and return the plate to the incubator.
3. (Day 11-24, Differentiation Day 7-20) hES-derived Cardiac Myocyte Organization/Maturation
   1. Prepare the RPMI differentiation media II (Table 1) by combining 500 ml RPMI 1640 with 10 ml B27 supplement (with insulin) and 5 ml of penicillin-streptomycin stock solution. Aliquot, on ice, into 50 ml tubes and store at 4 °C.
   2. (Day 11, Differentiation Day 7) Remove RPMI differentiation media (without insulin) from each well and rinse with 1 ml DMEM/F12. Replace with 2 ml of the new RPMI differentiation media II (with insulin) to each well and return to the incubator.
      Note: Spontaneous beating should first be observed between days 7 and 10. If beating is not observed during this time, it typically indicates poor differentiation efficiency. The protocol can be continued until day 15 in an effort to observe beating, but if no beating is observed by day 15 it is best to start a new differentiation.
   3. (Day 12-24, Differentiation Day 8-20) Every day, remove the old differentiation media and replace with 2 ml of fresh RPMI differentiation media II per well to permit cell maturation and organization of the beating monolayer (Figure 1F, Video Figure 1).
      Note: Depending on the residual cell death, it may be necessary to rinse with 1 ml of DMEM/F12 through differentiation day 10.

3. (Day 24, Differentiation Day 20) Isolation of Cardiac Myocytes and Fibroblast-like Cells

1. Dissociate Cells from the Monolayer
   1. Remove differentiation media and rinse once with 1 ml PBS.
   2. Dissociate the monolayers with 1 ml of the enzymatic dissociation solution (0.04% Trypsin/0.03% EDTA) to each well.
   3. Move plate into incubator for 10 min. Meanwhile, add 12 µl of ROCK inhibitor to 6 ml of trypsin neutralization solution.
   4. Gently add 1 ml of the trypsin neutralization solution containing the ROCK inhibitor to each well of the plate to neutralize the trypsin solution.
   5. Using a sterile transfer pipet, gently mix each well to break apart the cell clusters.
   6. Transfer all 12 ml from the 6-well plate to a 15 ml centrifuge tube.
      Note: Since two 6-well plates are used in this protocol, two 15-ml tubes will be needed.
   7. Transfer 3 ml of PBS to one well of the plate, and then sequentially transfer the same 3 ml to each subsequent well to collect any residual cells on the dish. Transfer the remaining 3 ml from the final well into the same 15 ml centrifuge tube containing the cells.
   8. Pellet at 300 x g for 5 min at 4 °C.
2. Prepare Cells for Live Cell Sorting by FACS
   1. Prepare the staining buffer by adding 5 ml of Fetal Bovine Serum to 45 ml of PBS on ice with 50 µl of ROCK inhibitor.
   2. Remove the supernatant from the cell pellet (in 3.1.8) and resuspend in 1.2 ml of staining buffer.
   3. Transfer 200 µl of the cell suspension to a new, pre-chilled, 50 ml centrifuge tube on ice. This will be the negative staining control.
   4. Transfer the remaining 1 ml of cell suspension to a new, pre-chilled, 50 ml centrifuge tube on ice and add 2 µl SIRPα-PE/Cy7 (1:500 dilution) and 4 µl of CD90-FITC (1:250 dilution). Gently mix the cell suspension with a transfer pipet and return to the ice.
   5. Incubate both the negative control and sample, on a rocker shaker, on ice, at 4 °C for 1 hr.
   6. Prepare sample collection tubes by adding 3 ml of RPMI media (with insulin) to two 15 ml centrifuge tubes. Add 3 µl of ROCK inhibitor to each tube and store on ice.
   7. Pellet the stained cells at 300 x g for 5 min at 4 °C and rinse twice with at least 10 ml of ice-cold PBS per rinse.
   8. Add 1 µl of DAPI (1 µg/ml) to 5 ml of staining buffer. Gently resuspend the sample pellet with 1-3 ml of the DAPI-containing staining buffer using a transfer pipet.
   9. Add 500 µl of staining buffer (with no DAPI added) to the negative control.
   10. Gently filter both the negative control and sample through a 40 µm cell strainer to remove clumps of cells and transfer to polystyrene FACS tubes on ice. Immediately bring samples to the cell sorter.
   11. Similar to established live cell sorting methods¹⁸, use the negative control to set the gates, select for live cells (DAPI negative) and collect both the FITC⁺ (i.e., CD90⁺ fibroblasts) and PE/Cy7⁺ (i.e., SIRPα⁺ cardiomyocytes) populations independently at 20 psi (Figure 2).
       Note: After setting the gates, the negative control can be fixed in 4% PFA to determine differentiation efficiency by staining for cardiac troponin-T.
       Note: Some researchers prefer to use an isotype control rather than unstained control to set the gates in order to compensate for non-specific antibody binding. A so-called fluorescence minus one (FMO) control is another possibility. Due to the clear bimodal distribution of the FITC, DAPI and PE-Cy7 signals, we gated from the positive population, conservatively aiming far into the positive gate, which possibly excludes some true positives but helps to minimize any false positives.
3. Cell Reaggregation in Preparation for Tissue Engineering
   1. After the cell sort, pellet both collection tubes and resuspend in 1 ml of DMEM containing 10% Neonatal Bovine Serum, 1% penicillin-streptomycin and 0.2% Amphotericin B (“NBS media”).
   2. Recombine the SIRPα⁺ and CD90⁺ cells in a 3:1 ratio and plate the combined cells in a non-tissue culture treated petri dish at a density of 2 million cells per 60 cm² (10 cm dish). Add 10 ml of NBS media and 10 µl of ROCK inhibitor Y-27632.
   3. Place cell suspension in the tissue culture incubator for 48 hours to allow cell reaggregation into small clusters.

4. Human Cardiac Tissue Engineering

1. Fabricate the Multi-tissue Bioreactor
   Note: To supplement the illustrations in Figure 3A, CAD files with detailed bioreactor design schematics are available upon request from the authors.
   1. Machine the PDMS master mold by drilling six evenly spaced holes of 0.5 mm diameter into a 9 x 33 x 3.25 mm cuboid of polytetrafluoroethylene.
   2. Using an endmill, machine a frame from polysulfone measuring 25 x 35 x 11 mm³. The purpose of the frame is to hold the PDMS posts (constructed from the cast made above) in alignment with the wells in the baseplate.
   3. Using a 1-mm endmill, machine 6 wells (6 x 1 x 1 mm³), 4 mm apart into a 20 x 40 x 5 mm³ piece of black polytetrafluoroethylene to form the baseplate.
   4. Mix the elastomeric base and curing agent for polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in a 10:1 w/w ratio and add to the custom polytetrafluoroethylene mold (step 4.1.1) to create two rows of six force-sensing posts, and incubate overnight and under vacuum at 80 °C. After curing, gently remove the PDMS from the master mold and carefully mark the tops of each post with a black permanent marker for enhanced contrast and automated real-time post deflection tracking.
      Note: Polytetrafluorethylene is fairly soft and can be damaged easily. Use care when cleaning the master mold prior to PDMS casting to ensure longevity of the system and consistent PDMS post geometry. A 0.5 mm wire can be used to clean the holes for the posts after each use, but take care to not scrape the inside of the holes.
      Note: An alternative is to degas the PDMS under vacuum for several hours at room temperature, then let the mixture cure at ambient pressure. This may lead to fewer residual gas bubbles forming in the PDMS during the curing process.
   5. Sterilize all Components in a Steam Autoclave.
      Note: The PDMS master mold (step 4.1.1) and polysulfone frame (step 4.1.2) are both reusable. The PDMS posts created from the cast (step 4.1.4) is also reusable but only for approximately 10 uses. However, more PDMS posts can be created as needed using the master mold.
2. Collect Reaggregated Cardiac Cells
   1. Remove the reaggregated cells from the incubator and transfer all 10 ml of the reaggregation media to a 50 ml centrifuge tube.
   2. Rinse the plate with 3 ml of PBS and transfer the rinse to the same 50 ml centrifuge tube containing the reaggregation media.
   3. Add 3 ml of 0.04% Trypsin/0.03% EDTA to the 10 cm dish and return to the incubator for 5 min.
   4. After 5 min, examine the plate with an inverted compound microscope at 10X magnification to ensure complete cell dissociation from the dish. If some residual clusters are still attached, gently agitate the plate to detach the clumps. If the clusters remain attached, return to the incubator for another 2-3 min. Do not incubate longer than ten minutes or significant cell death may occur.
   5. Once all cells are detached, add 3 ml of trypsin neutralization solution. Gently mix the neutralization solution with the trypsin-cell solution and transfer to the 50 ml centrifuge tube containing the reaggregation media and rinse once with PBS.
   6. Rinse the entire dish with 5 ml of PBS and transfer to the same 50 ml tube containing the cells.
   7. Pellet the cells at 300 x g for 5 min at room temperature.
   8. Remove the supernatant and resuspend the pellet in 1 ml of NBS media, then transfer to a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube.
   9. Pellet at 300 x g for 5 min at room temperature and remove the supernatant. The cardiac cells (CD90⁺ stromal cells and SIRPα⁺ myocytes) are now ready for tissue construction.
3. (Optional) Collect Supplemental Cells of Interest
   Note: In addition to the defined tissues containing only SIRPα⁺ cardiomyocytes and CD90⁺ fibroblast-like cells, it is possible to add additional cells of interest to interrogate their effect on tissue function. For example rat MSCs have been shown to enhance the function of rat engineered cardiac tissues¹. The following optional step describes the collection of supplemental cells for the defined system.
   1. Collect the supplemental cell type of interest (e.g., mesenchymal stem cells) using 0.25% trypsin/0.1% EDTA.
   2. Pellet the cells at 300 x g for 5 min at room temperature then resuspend in 5 ml of appropriate cell culture media for the cell type of interest. For instance, for MSCs, use DMEM supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum, 1% penicillin-streptomycin and 0.2% amphotericin-B to culture the cells.
   3. Perform a cell count using a hemocytometer, then pellet the cells again at 300 x g for 5 min at room temperature.
   4. Remove the supernatant, resuspend in 1 ml of cell culture media and transfer to a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube.
   5. Pellet the cells at 300 x g for 5 min at room temperature.
   6. Remove the supernatant. The supplemental cells are now ready for tissue construction.
      Note: if the supplemental cells are added at a concentration of 10% of the total cell number in the tissue, then for the defined tissues, this will require 50,000 supplemental cells per tissue as each tissue contains 500,000 cardiac cells (both CD90⁺ stromal cells and SIRPα⁺ myocytes).
4. Create the Human Engineered Cardiac Tissues
   Note: Store all solutions on ice and the cells at room temperature. All volumes listed below are per tissue. Typically, approximately six tissues can be constructed from two 6-well plates of cardiac differentiations.
   1. Dilute 60.0 µl of the 5 mg/ml collagen stock to 3.125 mg/ml with 1.5 µl of 1 M NaOH, 9.6 µl of 10x PBS and 24.9 µl of sterile ultrapure deionized water.
      Critical step: Avoid the introduction of air bubbles to each solution during preparation as air bubbles will disrupt proper tissue formation.
   2. Add 12.0 µl of both 10x MEM and 0.2 N HEPES pH 9 to the dilute collagen mixture to create the collagen mix. Add both solutions down the side of the 15 ml centrifuge tube in order to avoid the introduction of air bubbles into the collagen mix.
   3. Add the basement membrane matrix to a final concentration of 0.9 mg/ml to the collagen mix and store on ice to create the final tissue mix. The final concentration of collagen should be 2 mg/ml.
   4. Add 500,000 of the reaggregated cells to the tissue mix (myocyte + fibroblast concentration is 20 million/ml) and fill to a final volume of 25 µl per tissue with either cell-free NBS media or 50,000 cells of the supplemental cell type of interest (e.g., hMSCs) and mix well to form an even cell suspension.
      Note: The number of supplemented cells will vary from for different applications. Here 10% supplementation is used.
   5. With care, pipet 25 µl of the cell suspension into each of the six wells in the bioreactor baseplate, without introducing air bubbles into the well.
   6. Push two rows of the PDMS force sensors onto either side of the polysulfone frame, forming 6 pairs of opposing posts, then invert the frame on top of the baseplate so that one pair of posts enters each well containing the cell suspension.
      Note: The polysulfone frame includes tabs to aid in alignment of the PDMS.
   7. Carefully place the bioreactor, baseplate down, into a 60 mm dish, then place the dish without its cover inside of a 10 cm dish, place the 10 cm cover on top, and move the entire bioreactor assembly into the tissue culture incubator, waiting two hours for the tissue to gel.
   8. After 2 hr, remove the bioreactor from the incubator and add 14 ml of NBS media to the entire assembly, enough to cover the baseplate. Return to the incubator, and change half of the media every day.
   9. Forty-eight hr later, carefully remove the baseplate by gently moving each side of the baseplate off the frame a few millimeters at a time, change the media, then return the bioreactor, tissues facing down, to the media.
   10. Continue changing half of the NBS culture media every day.
       Note: Spontaneous contractions of the tissue can be observed as early as 3 days after tissue construction, generating measureable twitch forces as early as day 5 to 7.

Results

To obtain cardiac myocytes, a slightly modified version of the Boheler and Lian differentiation methods is used^30,31. It is imperative that the differentiation starts during the log-phase of cell growth, but also that the starting population is sufficiently confluent to obtain a useable number of cells after sorting (approximately 75% is optimal). Typically, for H7 hESCs, plating at a density of 140,000 hESCs per well of a 6-well dish in essential 8 media and 5% CO₂ incubator maintained at 37 °...

Discussion

Construction of defined human engineered cardiac tissues (hECT) can provide a more consistent and reliable model of human cardiac myocyte function. Critically, all cellular and extracellular components in the system are known and can be manipulated as desired, thus removing the confounding influence of other unknown cell types resulting from the differentiation process. To balance rapid cell growth and high yield, it is preferable that the differentiation starts at 75% confluence of the hESCs, ideally four days after pla...

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Cell Culture	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Amphotericin B	Sigma-Aldrich	A2411	Prepare a 2.5 mg/ml stock in DMSO and filter-sterilize
B27 with Insulin	Life Technologies	17505055
B27 without Insulin	Life Technologies	A1895601
CHIR99021	Stemgent	04-0004	Create 6 μM stock, then aliquot and store at -20 °C.
Essential 8 Media	Life Technologies	A1517001
H7 Human Embryonic Stem Cells	WiCell	WA07
hESC Qualified Matrix, Corning Matrigel	Corning	354277	Thaw on ice at 4 °C overnight then aliquot 150 μl into separate tubes and store at -20 °C.
IWR-1	Sigma-Aldrich	I0161	Create 10 mM stock and aliquot. Store at -20 °C
Neonatal Calf Serum	Life Technologies	16010159
Non-enzymatic Dissociation Reagent: Gentle Cell Dissociation Reagent	Stem Cell Technologies	7174
Penicillin-Streptomycin	Corning	30-002-CI
RPMI 1640	Life Technologies	11875-093	Keep refrigerated
Y-27632 (ROCK Inhibitor)	Stemgent	04-0012	Resuspend to a 10 mM stock concentration, aliquot and store at -20 °C. Avoid freeze thaw cycles.
Cell Sorting	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
4’,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride (DAPI)	Life Technologies	D1306
CD90-FITC	BioLegend	328107
Enzymatic Dissociation Reagent: Cell Detach Kit I (0.04 % Trypsin/ 0.03% EDTA, Trypsin neutralization solution and Hanks Buffered Salt Solution)	PromoCell	C-41200
Fetal Bovine Serum	Atlanta Biologics	S11250
SIRPα-PE/Cy7	BioLegend	323807
Tissue Construction	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.25% Trypsin/0.1% EDTA	Fisher Scientific	25-053-CI	Optional: For collection of supplemental cells of interest
10x MEM	Sigma-Aldrich	M0275-100ML
10x PBS Packets	Sigma-Aldrich	P3813
Collagen, Bovine Type I	Life Technologies	A10644-01	Keep on ice
DMEM/F12	Life Technologies	11330057
Dulbecco’s Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM), High Glucose	Sigma-Aldrich	D5648
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)	Dow Corning	Sylgard 184
Sodium HEPES	Sigma-Aldrich	H3784
Sodium Hydroxide	Sigma-Aldrich	221465
Materials	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes	Fisher Scientific	NC0536757
15 ml polyproylene centrifuge tube	Corning	352096
5 ml Polystyrene Round-Bottom Tube	Corning	352235	With integrated 35 μm cell strainer
50 ml polyproylene centrifuge tube	Corning	352070
6-well flat bottom tissue-culture treated plate	Corning	353046
Cell Scraper, Disposable	Biologix	70-2180
Polysulfone	McMaster-Carr
Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)	McMaster-Carr
Equipment	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Dissecting Microscope	Olympus	SZ-61	Or similar, must have a mount for the high speed camera to attach
Electrical Pacing System	Astro-Med, Inc	Grass S88X Stimulator
High Speed Camera	Pixelink	PL-B741U	Or similar, but must be capable of 100 frames per second for accurate data acquisition
Plate Temperature Control			Used to maintain media temperature during data acqusition.
Custom Materials	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
LabView Post-tracking Program			available upon request from the authors