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Abstract

Biochemistry

Protein Complex Affinity Capture from Cryomilled Mammalian Cells

Published: December 9th, 2016

DOI:

10.3791/54518

1Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, 2Institute for Systems Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine

ERRATUM NOTICE

Important: There has been an erratum issued for this article. Read more …

Affinity capture is an effective technique for isolating endogenous protein complexes for further study. When used in conjunction with an antibody, this technique is also frequently referred to as immunoprecipitation. Affinity capture can be applied in a bench-scale and in a high-throughput context. When coupled with protein mass spectrometry, affinity capture has proven to be a workhorse of interactome analysis. Although there are potentially many ways to execute the numerous steps involved, the following protocols implement our favored methods. Two features are distinctive: the use of cryomilled cell powder to produce cell extracts, and antibody-coupled paramagnetic beads as the affinity medium. In many cases, we have obtained superior results to those obtained with more conventional affinity capture practices. Cryomilling avoids numerous problems associated with other forms of cell breakage. It provides efficient breakage of the material, while avoiding denaturation issues associated with heating or foaming. It retains the native protein concentration up to the point of extraction, mitigating macromolecular dissociation. It reduces the time extracted proteins spend in solution, limiting deleterious enzymatic activities, and it may reduce the non-specific adsorption of proteins by the affinity medium. Micron-scale magnetic affinity media have become more commonplace over the last several years, increasingly replacing the traditional agarose- and Sepharose-based media. Primary benefits of magnetic media include typically lower non-specific protein adsorption; no size exclusion limit because protein complex binding occurs on the bead surface rather than within pores; and ease of manipulation and handling using magnets.

Erratum

Erratum: Protein Complex Affinity Capture from Cryomilled Mammalian Cells

A correction was made to: Protein Complex Affinity Capture from Cryomilled Mammalian Cells. The References section has been updated from:

  1. Cristea, I. M., & Chait, B. T. Conjugation of magnetic beads for immunopurification of protein complexes. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2011 (5) (2011).
  2. Rosenberg, I. M. Electrophoretic Techniques. Protein Analysis and Purification. (4), 63–117 (2005).
  3. Ornstein, L. Disc Electrophoresis. I. Background and Theory. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 121 (A2), 321–349 (1964).
  4. Davis, B. J. Disc Electrophoresis. II. Method and Application to Human Serum Proteins. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 121, 404–427 (1964).
  5. Laemmli, U. K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 227 (5259), 680–685 (1970).
  6. Shevchenko, A., Tomas, H., Havlis, J., Olsen, J. V., & Mann, M. In-gel digestion for mass spectrometric characterization of proteins and proteomes. Nature protocols. 1 (6), 2856–2860 (2006).
  7. DeGrasse, J. A., Kalkum, M., Krutchinsky, A.N., Padovan, J. C., & Zhang, W. MALDI Sample Preparation. rockefeller.edu at <http://prowl.rockefeller.edu/protocols/in-gel-digestion.html> (2006).
  8. Lubas, M., Christensen, M. S., et al. Interaction profiling identifies the human nuclear exosome targeting complex. Mol Cell. 43 (4), 624–637 (2011).
  9. Tackett, A. J., DeGrasse, J. A., Sekedat, M. D., Oeffinger, M., Rout, M. P., & Chait, B. T. I-DIRT, a general method for distinguishing between specific and nonspecific protein interactions. J Proteome Res. 4 (5), 1752–1756 (2005).
  10. Wang, X., & Huang, L. Identifying dynamic interactors of protein complexes by quantitative mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics. 7 (1), 46–57 (2008).
  11. Trinkle-Mulcahy, L., Boulon, S., et al. Identifying specific protein interaction partners using quantitative mass spectrometry and bead proteomes. J Cell Biol. 183 (2), 223–239 (2008).
  12. Boulon, S., Ahmad, Y., et al. Establishment of a protein frequency library and its application in the reliable identification of specific protein interaction partners. Mol Cell Proteomics. 9 (5), 861–879 (2010).
  13. Armean, I. M., Lilley, K. S., & Trotter, M. W. B. Popular computational methods to assess multiprotein complexes derived from label-free affinity purification and mass spectrometry (AP-MS) experiments. Mol Cell Proteomics. 12 (1), 1–13 (2013).
  14. Mellacheruvu, D., Wright, Z., et al. The CRAPome: a contaminant repository for affinity purification-mass spectrometry data. Nat Methods. (2013).
  15. Cheeseman, I. M., & Desai, A. A combined approach for the localization and tandem affinity purification of protein complexes from metazoans. Sci. STKE 2005 (266), pl1 (2005).
  16. Goldberg, S. Mechanical/physical methods of cell disruption and tissue homogenization. Methods in Molecular Biology. 424 (Chapter 1), 3–22 (2008).
  17. Grabski, A. C. Advances in preparation of biological extracts for protein purification. Methods in Enzymology. 463 (C), 285–303 (2009).
  18. Dhabaria, A., Cifani, P., Reed, C., Steen, H., & Kentsis, A. A High-Efficiency Cellular Extraction System for Biological Proteomics. J Proteome Res. 14 (8), 3403–3408 (2015).
  19. Glatter, T., Ahrné, E., & Schmidt, A. Comparison of Different Sample Preparation Protocols Reveals Lysis Buffer-Specific Extraction Biases in Gram-Negative Bacteria and Human Cells. J Proteome Res. 15 (2), 679 (2016).
  20. Zhao, Q.-Q., Yamada, S., & Jimbo, G. The Mechanism and Grinding Limit of Planetary Ball Milling. KONA. 7, 29–36 (1989).
  21. Sheng-Yong, L., Qiong-Jing, M., Zheng, P., Xiao-Dong, L., & Jian-Hua, Y. Simulation of ball motion and energy transfer in a planetary ball mill. Chinese Phys. B 21 (7), 078201 (2012).
  22. Fulton, A. B. How crowded is the cytoplasm? Cell. 30 (2), 345–347 (1982).
  23. Ellis, R. J. Macromolecular crowding: obvious but underappreciated. Trends Biochem Sci. 26 (10), 597–604 (2001).
  24. Kalkum, M. Using the Retsch MM301 Ball Mill for Cryogenic Disruption of Yeast Cells. 2 City of Hope, (2003).
  25. Staley, J. Making Whole Cell Extract of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells using the Retsch MM301 Ball Mill. Retsch GmbH: (2005).
  26. Bell, A. W., Nilsson, T., Kearney, R. E., & Bergeron, J. J. M. The protein microscope: Incorporating mass spectrometry into cell biology. Nat Methods. 4 (10), 783–784 (2007).
  27. Zhao, X., Li, G., & Liang, S. Several affinity tags commonly used in chromatographic purification. J Anal Methods Chem. 2013 (1), 581093–8 (2013).
  28. Waugh, D. S. An overview of enzymatic reagents for the removal of affinity tags. 80 (2), 283–293 (2011).
  29. Williams, R. J., & Lyman, C. M. A neutral buffered standard for hydrogen ion work and accurate titrations which can be prepared in one minute. J Am Chem Soc. 54 (5), 1911–1912 (1932).
  30. Johnson, M. Detergents: Triton X-100, Tween-20, and More. labome.com. 3 (163) (2013).
  31. Deppert, W. R., & Lukaĉin, R. Buffers and Additives. Journal of Chromatography Library. 61 (C), 839–862 (1999).
  32. Ugwu, S. O., & Apte, S. P. The Effect of Buffers on Protein Conformational Stability. Pharmaceutical Technology. 28 (3), 86–108 (2004).
  33. Linke, D. Detergents: an overview. Methods in Enzymology. 463 (34), 603–617 (2009).
  34. Zhang, J. Protein-Protein Interactions in Salt Solutions. Protein-Protein Interactions Computational and Experimental Tools. (18), 359–376 (2012).

to:

  1. Ball Mills - Guidelines for sample amount and ball charge. 1–3at <http://www.retsch.com/products/milling/ball-mills/planetary-ball-mill-pm-100/information-downloads/> Retsch GmbH (2014).
  2. Cristea, I. M., & Chait, B. T. Conjugation of magnetic beads for immunopurification of protein complexes. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2011 (5) (2011).
  3. Rosenberg, I. M. Electrophoretic Techniques. Protein Analysis and Purification. (4), 63–117 (2005).
  4. Ornstein, L. Disc Electrophoresis. I. Background and Theory. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 121 (A2), 321–349 (1964).
  5. Davis, B. J. Disc Electrophoresis. II. Method and Application to Human Serum Proteins. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 121, 404–427 (1964).
  6. Laemmli, U. K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 227 (5259), 680–685 (1970).
  7. Shevchenko, A., Tomas, H., Havlis, J., Olsen, J. V., & Mann, M. In-gel digestion for mass spectrometric characterization of proteins and proteomes. Nature protocols. 1 (6), 2856–2860 (2006).
  8. DeGrasse, J. A., Kalkum, M., Krutchinsky, A.N., Padovan, J. C., & Zhang, W. MALDI Sample Preparation. rockefeller.edu at <http://prowl.rockefeller.edu/protocols/in-gel-digestion.html> (2006).
  9. Lubas, M., Christensen, M. S., et al. Interaction profiling identifies the human nuclear exosome targeting complex. Mol Cell. 43 (4), 624–637 (2011).
  10. Tackett, A. J., DeGrasse, J. A., Sekedat, M. D., Oeffinger, M., Rout, M. P., & Chait, B. T. I-DIRT, a general method for distinguishing between specific and nonspecific protein interactions. J Proteome Res. 4 (5), 1752–1756 (2005).
  11. Wang, X., & Huang, L. Identifying dynamic interactors of protein complexes by quantitative mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics. 7 (1), 46–57 (2008).
  12. Trinkle-Mulcahy, L., Boulon, S., et al. Identifying specific protein interaction partners using quantitative mass spectrometry and bead proteomes. J Cell Biol. 183 (2), 223–239 (2008).
  13. Boulon, S., Ahmad, Y., et al. Establishment of a protein frequency library and its application in the reliable identification of specific protein interaction partners. Mol Cell Proteomics. 9 (5), 861–879 (2010).
  14. Armean, I. M., Lilley, K. S., & Trotter, M. W. B. Popular computational methods to assess multiprotein complexes derived from label-free affinity purification and mass spectrometry (AP-MS) experiments. Mol Cell Proteomics. 12 (1), 1–13 (2013).
  15. Mellacheruvu, D., Wright, Z., et al. The CRAPome: a contaminant repository for affinity purification-mass spectrometry data. Nat Methods. (2013).
  16. Cheeseman, I. M., & Desai, A. A combined approach for the localization and tandem affinity purification of protein complexes from metazoans. Sci. STKE 2005 (266), pl1 (2005).
  17. Deppert, W. R., & Lukaĉin, R. Buffers and Additives. Journal of Chromatography Library. 61 (C), 839–862 (1999).
  18. Ugwu, S. O., & Apte, S. P. The Effect of Buffers on Protein Conformational Stability. Pharmaceutical Technology. 28 (3), 86–108 (2004).
  19. Linke, D. Detergents: an overview. Methods in Enzymology. 463 (34), 603–617 (2009).
  20. Zhang, J. Protein-Protein Interactions in Salt Solutions. Protein-Protein Interactions Computational and Experimental Tools. (18), 359–376 (2012).
  21. Goldberg, S. Mechanical/physical methods of cell disruption and tissue homogenization. Methods in Molecular Biology. 424 (Chapter 1), 3–22 (2008).
  22. Grabski, A. C. Advances in preparation of biological extracts for protein purification. Methods in Enzymology. 463 (C), 285–303 (2009).
  23. Dhabaria, A., Cifani, P., Reed, C., Steen, H., & Kentsis, A. A High-Efficiency Cellular Extraction System for Biological Proteomics. J Proteome Res. 14 (8), 3403–3408 (2015).
  24. Glatter, T., Ahrné, E., & Schmidt, A. Comparison of Different Sample Preparation Protocols Reveals Lysis Buffer-Specific Extraction Biases in Gram-Negative Bacteria and Human Cells. J Proteome Res. 15 (2), 679 (2016).
  25. Zhao, Q.-Q., Yamada, S., & Jimbo, G. The Mechanism and Grinding Limit of Planetary Ball Milling. KONA. 7, 29–36 (1989).
  26. Sheng-Yong, L., Qiong-Jing, M., Zheng, P., Xiao-Dong, L., & Jian-Hua, Y. Simulation of ball motion and energy transfer in a planetary ball mill. Chinese Phys. B 21 (7), 078201 (2012).
  27. Fulton, A. B. How crowded is the cytoplasm? Cell. 30 (2), 345–347 (1982).
  28. Ellis, R. J. Macromolecular crowding: obvious but underappreciated. Trends Biochem Sci. 26 (10), 597–604 (2001).
  29. Kalkum, M. Using the Retsch MM301 Ball Mill for Cryogenic Disruption of Yeast Cells. 2 City of Hope, (2003).
  30. Staley, J. Making Whole Cell Extract of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells using the Retsch MM301 Ball Mill. Retsch GmbH: (2005).
  31. Bell, A. W., Nilsson, T., Kearney, R. E., & Bergeron, J. J. M. The protein microscope: Incorporating mass spectrometry into cell biology. Nat Methods. 4 (10), 783–784 (2007).
  32. Zhao, X., Li, G., & Liang, S. Several affinity tags commonly used in chromatographic purification. J Anal Methods Chem. 2013 (1), 581093–8 (2013).
  33. Waugh, D. S. An overview of enzymatic reagents for the removal of affinity tags. 80 (2), 283–293 (2011).

Tags

Keywords Protein Complex
Affinity Capture
Cryomilled
Mammalian Cells
Cell Biology
Molecular Biology
Protein Interactions
PBS
Cell Pellet
Liquid Nitrogen
Cell Lysis

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