JoVE Logo
Faculty Resource Center

Sign In

Summary

Abstract

Introduction

Protocol

Representative Results

Discussion

Acknowledgements

Materials

References

Biology

扫描电子显微镜(SEM)协议有问题的工厂,卵菌和真菌样本

Published: February 3rd, 2017

DOI:

10.3791/55031

1Biodiversity and Conservation Department, Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, 2Research Support Unit, Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, 3Mycology Department, Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, 4Division of Glycoscience, AlbaNova University Center, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)

Problems in the processing of biological samples for scanning electron microscopy observation include cell collapse, treatment of samples from wet microenvironments and cell destruction. Low-cost and relatively rapid protocols suited for preparing challenging samples such as floral meristems, oomycete cysts, and fungi (Agaricales) are compiled and detailed here.

在生物样品的用于与扫描型电子显微镜(SEM)的观察处理常见的问题包括细胞崩溃,治疗从湿微环境和细胞破坏样品。用年轻的花组织,卵菌囊肿,真菌孢子(伞菌)为例,具体的协议来处理这里描述了克服一些在样品处理的SEM下图像采集的主要挑战细腻的样本。

固定FAA花分生组织(福尔马林乙醇),并与临界点干燥机(CPD)进行处理并没有显示倒塌细胞壁内或扭曲器官。这些结果对于花发育的重建的关键。从湿微环境,如戊二醛固定的卵菌囊肿样品的类似的基于CPD处理,是最佳的,以测试的诊断特征在不同类型的su差动生长( 例如,囊肿刺)bstrates。补液,脱水和CPD处理,这些细胞的进一步的功能研究的一个重要步骤后避免附着到真菌孢子护士细胞的破坏。

这里详细的协议代表了低成本和收购的良好品质的图像重建生长过程和研究诊断的特点迅速的替代品。

在生物学上,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)已经扩展到构造演化,比较形态学,器官发育,以及人口或物种1表征的研究。随着微观结构的二维视图,如微观和系统学区从SEM技术的进步,因为在20 世纪下半叶获利。例如,引入在20世纪70年代的溅射镀膜方法制成精巧的材料可能观测诸如茎尖和花增强非导电组织2,3的摄像。 SEM使用从试样的表面喷出重现地形在高真空环境中4个电子。

在涉及SEM研究主要集中在结构特征既推理和growt重建^ h的进程。而相关的分类结构的新字符的范围广泛的生物系统学已经从SEM的观察发现。例如,用于物种诊断或supraspecific分类植物性状,如木材5,柱头多样性6,蜜腺和花形态7,8,毛状体细节9和花粉的笼罩下的凹坑10,11,将不能....

Log in or to access full content. Learn more about your institution’s access to JoVE content here

注:本协议包括六个主要部分,三专门为特定的生物(第1-3款),以及三个描述程序都(4-6)常见。星号(*)表示实验者修改的步骤。

1.制定研究和完全形成植物结构

  1. 收集和固定
    1. 如果该植物材料被收集在一个地方,没有访问一个通风橱,介绍并浸泡在70%乙醇中的材料离心管中。理想的情况下,浸入该材料在美国联邦航空局(步骤1.1.1-1.1.3)48小时.......

Log in or to access full content. Learn more about your institution’s access to JoVE content here

花发育和发展的固定和完全形成植物结构

使用这里描述的FAA-CPD协议,年轻而成熟的植物组织中得到最佳的固定和脱水SEM成像。过程如花发育可以重建,因为芽的地形和形状不被细胞萎缩( 图1b,1d中,图4a-f)的失真。具有复杂形状的结构可以成功地覆盖有导电材料(从溅射涂布机的金属)的均匀层,从而允许否则?.......

Log in or to access full content. Learn more about your institution’s access to JoVE content here

相对于标准的SEM协议,这里提出的步骤包括相对快速的,容易执行,和低成本的方法。取决于样品的量和在便于加工,需要四到五天以获得良好质量的图像。包括为CPD和SEM的操作足够的安全预防措施,程序很容易处理。尤其应谨慎用福尔马林和戊二醛采取(参见1.1.1步骤1.1.3来和协议的2.1.5)。有一定的步骤,其中,如果需要的话,该过程可以停止一段长的时间,而不会损坏样品或破坏前面的步骤?.......

Log in or to access full content. Learn more about your institution’s access to JoVE content here

该项目号634429.本刊物只反映作者本人的观点赠款协议下收到的资金来自欧盟的地平线2020年研究和创新计划,以及欧洲委员会不能承担责任可能作出的任何信息使用所载。我们也承认在真正的哈尔丁植物园,中船重工做出的财政贡献。 SR感谢欧盟[ITN-SAPRO-238550]为支持她的水霉的研究。我们还要感谢旧金山德卡隆赫友好地处理样品(图5)提供Phellorinia herculanea图像和B.普埃约。所有图像都采取了在Real哈尔丁植物园 - 中国船舶重工集团公司在马德里的SEM服务。

....

Log in or to access full content. Learn more about your institution’s access to JoVE content here

NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
Acetic acidNo specific supplierSkin irritation, eye irritation
aluminium stubsTed Pella, Inc.16221www.tedpella.com
Centrifuge tubesNo specific supplier
Critical Point DryerPolaron Quatum TechnologiesCPD7501
D (+) GlucoseMerck1,083,421,000
Double sided sellotapeNo specific supplier
Ethanol absoluteNo specific supplier.Flammable
European bacteriological agarConda1800.00www.condalab.com
Filter paperNo specific supplier
ForcepsNo specific supplier
Formalin 4%No specific supplier.Harmful, acute toxicity, skin sensitisation, carcinogenicity. Flammable
Glass cover slipsNo specific supplier
Glass hermetic container No specific supplier
Glutaraldehyde 25% DC 253857.1611  (L)Dismadel S.L.3336www.dismadel.com
Mycological peptoneConda1922.00www.condalab.com
needlesNo specific supplier
Petri dishesNo specific supplier
Plastic containersNo specific supplier
Sample holder with lid  for the critical point dryer Ted Pella, Inc.4591www.tedpella.com
scalpelsNo specific supplier
Scanning Electron MicroscopeHitachiS3000N
Software for SEM
Solution A: NaH2PO4
Solution B: Na2HPO4
Specimen holdersNo specific supplier
Sputter coaterBalzersSCD 004
StereomicroscopeNo specific supplier
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) gridsElectron Microscopy SciencesG200 (Square Mesh)www.emsdiassum.com
TweezersNo specific supplier

  1. Endress, P. K., Baas, P., Gregory, M. Systematic plant morphology and anatomy: 50 years of progress. Taxon. 49 (3), 401-434 (2000).
  2. Falk, R. H., Gifford, E. M., Cutter, E. G. Scanning electron microscopy of developing plant organs. Science. 168 (3938), 1471-1474 (1970).
  3. Damblon, F. Sputtering, a new method of coating pollen grains in scanning electron microscopy. Grana. 15 (3), 137-144 (1975).
  4. Everhart, T. E., Thornley, R. F. M. Wide-band detector for micro-microampere low-energy electron currents. J. Sci. Instrum. 37 (7), 37246-37248 (1960).
  5. Collins, S. P., et al. Advantages of environmental scanning electron microscopy in studies of microorganisms. Microsc. Res. Techniq. 25 (5-6), 398-405 (1993).
  6. Fannes, W., Vanhove, M. P. M., Huyse, T., Paladini, G. A scanning electron microscope technique for studying the sclerites of Cichlidogyrus. Parasitol. Res. 114 (5), 2031-2034 (2015).
  7. Erbar, C., Leins, P. Portioned pollen release and the syndromes of secondary pollen presentation in the Campanulales-Asterales complex. Flora. 190 (4), 323-338 (1995).
  8. Jansen, S., Smets, E., Baas, P. Vestures in woody plants: a review. IAWA Journal. 19 (4), 347-382 (1998).
  9. Bortolin Costa, M. F., et al. Stigma diversity in tropical legumes with considerations on stigma classification. Bot. Rev. 80 (1), 1-29 (2014).
  10. Almeida, O. J. G., Cota-Sánchez, J. H., Paoli, A. A. S. The systematic significance of floral morphology, nectaries, and nectar concentration in epiphytic cacti of tribes Hylocereeae and Rhipsalideae (Cactaceae). Perspect. Plant Ecol. 15 (5), 255-268 (2013).
  11. Konarska, A. Comparison of the structure of floral nectaries in two Euonymus L. species (Celastraceae). Protoplasma. 252 (3), 901-910 (2015).
  12. Giuliani, C., Maleci Bini, L. Insight into the structure and chemistry of glandular trichomes of Labiatae, with emphasis on subfamily Lamioideae. Plant Syst. Evol. 276 (3-4), 199-208 (2008).
  13. Li, K., Zheng, B., Wang, Y., Zhou, L. L.Breeding system and pollination biology of Paeonia delavayi (Paeoniaceae), an endangered plant in the Southwest of China. Pak. J. Bot. 46 (5), 1631-1642 (2014).
  14. García, L., Rivero, M., Droppelmann, F. Descripción morfológica y viabilidad del polen de Nothofagus nervosa (Nothofagaceae). Bosque. 36 (3), 487-496 (2015).
  15. Prenner, G., Klitgaard, B. B. Towards unlocking the deep nodes of Leguminosae: floral development and morphology of the enigmatic Duparquetia orchidacea (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae). Am. J. Bot. 95 (11), 1349-1365 (2008).
  16. Ratnayake, K., Joyce, D. C., Webb, R. I. A convenient sample preparation protocol for scanning electron microscope examination of xylem-occluding bacterial biofilm on cut flowers and foliage. Sci. Hortic-Amsterdam. 140 (1), 12-18 (2012).
  17. Çolak, G., Celalettin Baykul, M., Gürler, R., Çatak, E., Caner, N. Investigation of the effects of aluminium stress on some macro and micro-nutrient contents of the seedlings of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. by using scanning electron microscope. Pak. J. Bot. 46 (1), 147-160 (2014).
  18. Arafa, S. Z. Scanning electron microscope observations on the monogenean parasite Paraquadriacanthus nasalis from the nasal cavities of the freshwater fish Clarias gariepinus in Egypt with a note on some surface features of its microhabitat. Parasitol. Res. 110 (5), 1687-1693 (2012).
  19. Uppalapatia, S. R., Kerwinb, J. L., Fujitac, Y. Epifluorescence and scanning electron microscopy of host-pathogen interactions between Pythium porphyrae (Peronosporales, Oomycota)and Porphyra yezoensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). Bot. Mar. 44 (2), 139-145 (2001).
  20. Meaney, M., Haughey, S., Brennan, G. P., Fairweather, I. A scanning electron microscope study on the route of entry of clorsulon into the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. Parasitol. Res. 95 (2), 117-128 (2005).
  21. Sundarasekar, J., Sahgal, G., Subramaniam, S. Anti-candida activity by Hymenocallis littoralis extracts for opportunistic oral and genital infection Candida albicans. Bangladesh J. Pharmacol. 7 (3), 211-216 (2012).
  22. Benhamou, N., Rey, P., Picard, K., Tirilly, Y. Ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects of the interaction between the mycoparasite Pythium oligandrum and soilborne plant pathogens. Phytopathology. 89 (6), 506-517 (1999).
  23. Singh, A., et al. First evidence of putrescine involvement in mitigating the floral malformation in mangoes: A scanning electron microscope study. Protoplasma. 251 (5), 1255-1261 (2014).
  24. Xiang, C., et al. Fine mapping of a palea defective 1 (pd1), a locus associated with palea and stamen development in rice. Plant Cell Rep. 34 (12), 2151-2159 (2015).
  25. Mendoza, L., Hernandez, F., Ajello, L. Life cycle of the human and animal oomycete pathogen Pythium insidiosum. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31 (11), 2967-2973 (1993).
  26. Bello, M. A., Rudall, P. J., González, F., Fernández, J. L. Floral morphology and development in Aragoa (Plantaginaceae) andrelated members of the order Lamiales. Int. J. Plant Sci. 165 (5), 723-738 (2004).
  27. Bello, M. A., Hawkins, J. A., Rudall, P. J. Floral morphology and development in Quillajaceae and Surianaceae (Fabales), the species-poor relatives of Leguminosae and Polygalaceae. Ann. Bot. 100 (4), 1491-1505 (2007).
  28. Bello, M. A., Hawkins, J. A., Rudall, P. J. Floral ontogeny in Polygalaceae and its bearing on the homologies of keeled flowers in Fabales. Int. J. Plant Sci. 171 (5), 482-498 (2010).
  29. Bello, M. A., Alvarez, I., Torices, R., Fuertes-Aguilar, J. Floral development and evolution of capitulum structure in Anacyclus (Anthemideae, Asteraceae). Ann. Bot. 112 (8), 1597-1612 (2013).
  30. Bello, M. A., Martínez-Asperilla, A., Fuertes-Aguilar, J. Floral development of Lavatera trimestris and Malva hispanica reveals the nature of the epicalyx in the Malva generic alliance. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 181 (1), 84-98 (2016).
  31. Calonge, F. D., Martínez, A. J., Falcó, I., Samper, L. E. Phellorinia herculanea f. stellata f. nova encontrada en España. Bol. Soc. Micol.Madrid. 35 (1), 65-70 (2011).
  32. Liu, Y., et al. Deciphering microbial landscapes of fish eggs to mitigate emerging diseases. ISME J. 8 (10), 2002-2014 (2014).
  33. Sandoval-Sierra, J. V., Diéguez-Uribeondo, J. A comprehensive protocol for improving the description of Saprolegniales (Oomycota): two practical examples (Saprolegnia aenigmatica sp. nov. and Saprolegnia racemosa sp. nov.). PLOS one. , (2015).
  34. Endress, P. K. Zur vergleichenden Entwicklungsmorphologie, Embryologie und Systematik bei Laurales. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 92 (2), 331-428 (1972).
  35. Tucker, S. Floral development in Saururus cernuus (Saururaceae):1. Floral initiation and stamen development. Am. J. Bot. 62 (3), 993-1005 (1975).
  36. Endress, P. K., Matthews, M. L. Progress and problems in the assessment of flower morphology in higher-level systematics. Plant Syst. Evol. 298 (2), 257-276 (2012).
  37. Beakes, G. W., Glockling, S. L., Sekimoto, S. The evolutionary phylogeny of the oomycete "fungi&#34. Protoplasma. 249 (1), 3-19 (2012).
  38. Romansic, J. M., et al. Effects of the pathogenic water mold Saprolegnia ferax on survival of amphibian larvae. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 83 (3), 187-193 (2009).
  39. van West, P. Saprolegnia parasitica, an oomycete pathogen with a fishy appetite: new challengues for an old problem. Mycologist. 20 (3), 99-104 (2006).
  40. Johansen, D. A. . Plant microtechnique. , (1940).
  41. Unestam, T. Studies on the crayfish plague fungus Aphanomyces astaci. Some factors affecting growth in vitro. Physiol. Plantarum. 18 (2), 483-505 (1965).
  42. Cerenius, L., Söderhäll, K. Repeated zoospore emergence from isolated spore cysts of Aphanomyces astaci. Exp. Mycol. 8 (4), 370-377 (1984).
  43. Diéguez-Uribeondo, J., Cerenius, L., Söderhäll, K. Repeated zoospore emergence in Saprolegnia parasitica. Mycol. Res. 98 (7), 810-815 (1994).
  44. Söderhäll, K., Svensson, E., Unestam, T. Chitinase and protease activities in germinating zoospore cysts of a parasitic fungus, Aphanomyces astaci, Oomycetes. Mycopathologia. 64 (1), 9-11 (1978).
  45. Echlin, P. . Handbook of sample preparation for scanning electron microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis. , (2009).
  46. Osumi, M., et al. Preparation for observation of fine structure of biological specimens by high-resolution SEM. Microscopy. 32 (4), 321-330 (1983).
  47. Rezinciuc, S. . The Saprolegniales morpho-molecular puzzle: an insight into markers identifying specific and subspecific levels in main parasites. , (2013).

Tags

120 Phellorinia

This article has been published

Video Coming Soon

JoVE Logo

Privacy

Terms of Use

Policies

Research

Education

ABOUT JoVE

Copyright © 2024 MyJoVE Corporation. All rights reserved