Enhanced Sample Multiplexing of Tissues Using Combined Precursor Isotopic Labeling and Isobaric Tagging (cPILOT)

Summary

Combined precursor isotopic labeling and isobaric tagging (cPILOT) is a quantitative proteomics strategy that enhances sample multiplexing capabilities of isobaric tags. This protocol describes the application of cPILOT to tissues from an Alzheimer's disease mouse model and wild-type controls.

Abstract

There is an increasing demand to analyze many biological samples for disease understanding and biomarker discovery. Quantitative proteomics strategies that allow simultaneous measurement of multiple samples have become widespread and greatly reduce experimental costs and times. Our laboratory developed a technique called combined precursor isotopic labeling and isobaric tagging (cPILOT), which enhances sample multiplexing of traditional isotopic labeling or isobaric tagging approaches. Global cPILOT can be applied to samples originating from cells, tissues, bodily fluids, or whole organisms and gives information on relative protein abundances across different sample conditions. cPILOT works by 1) using low pH buffer conditions to selectively dimethylate peptide N-termini and 2) using high pH buffer conditions to label primary amines of lysine residues with commercially-available isobaric reagents (see Table of Materials/Reagents). The degree of sample multiplexing available is dependent on the number of precursor labels used and the isobaric tagging reagent. Here, we present a 12-plex analysis using light and heavy dimethylation combined with six-plex isobaric reagents to analyze 12 samples from mouse tissues in a single analysis. Enhanced multiplexing is helpful for reducing experimental time and cost and more importantly, allowing comparison across many sample conditions (biological replicates, disease stage, drug treatments, genotypes, or longitudinal time-points) with less experimental bias and error. In this work, the global cPILOT approach is used to analyze brain, heart, and liver tissues across biological replicates from an Alzheimer's disease mouse model and wild-type controls. Global cPILOT can be applied to study other biological processes and adapted to increase sample multiplexing to greater than 20 samples.

Introduction

Proteomics often involves the analysis of many samples used to better understand disease processes, enzyme kinetics, post-translational modifications, response to environmental stimuli, response to therapeutic treatments, biomarker discovery, or drug mechanisms. Quantitative methods can be employed to measure relative differences in protein levels across the samples and can be label-free or involve isotopic labeling (metabolic, chemical, or enzymatic). Stable isotope labeling methods have grown in popularity because they allow many samples to be analyzed simultaneously and are suitable for samples from different cells, tissues, bodily fluids, or whole organisms. Isotope labeling methods^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} increase experimental throughput, while reducing acquisition time, costs, and experimental error. These methods use precursor mass spectra to measure relative abundances of proteins from peptide peaks. In contrast, isobaric tagging reagents^8,9,10 generate reporter ions that are either detected in MS/MS or MS^{3 11} spectra and these peaks are used to report on relative abundances of proteins.

The current state-of-the-art in proteomics multiplexing is either a 10-plex¹² or 12-plex isobaric tag analysis¹³. Enhanced sample multiplexing (i.e. >10 samples) methods have been developed by our laboratory for tissues^14,15,16,17, and by others for the analysis of cells^18,19,20, tissues ²¹, or targeted peptides²². We developed an enhanced multiplexing technique called combined precursor isotopic labeling with isobaric tagging (cPILOT). Global cPILOT is useful for getting information about the relative concentrations of all proteins across different sample conditions (≥12)¹⁴. Figure 1 shows a general cPILOT workflow. Tryptic or Lys-C peptides are selectively labeled at the N-terminus with dimethylation using low pH² and at lysine residues with 6-plex reagents using high pH. This strategy doubles the number of samples that can be analyzed with isobaric reagents which helps to reduce experimental costs and additionally, reduces experimental steps and time.

cPILOT is flexible as we have developed other methods to study oxidative post-translational modifications, including 3-nitrotyrosine-modified proteins¹⁴ and cysteine containing peptides with S-nitrosylation (oxcyscPILOT)²³. We have also developed an amino acid selective approach, cysteine cPILOT (cyscPILOT)¹⁷. MS³ acquisition with a top-ion¹¹ or selective-y₁-ion method¹⁵ can help reduce reporter ion interference and improve quantitative accuracy of cPILOT. The use of MS³ in the acquisition method requires a high-resolution instrument with an orbitrap mass analyzer although low resolution ion trap instruments may also work²⁴.

Previously, cPILOT has been used to study liver proteins¹⁶ from an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Here, we describe how to perform global cPILOT analysis using brain, heart, and liver homogenates to study the role of the periphery in Alzheimer's disease. This experiment incorporates biological replication. Because of the versatility of cPILOT, interested users can use the technique to study other tissues for a range of biological problems and systems.

Protocol

Ethics Statement: Mice were purchased from an independent, non-profit biomedical research institution and housed in the Division of Laboratory Animal Resources at the University of Pittsburgh. All animal protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Pittsburgh.

1. Protein Extraction and Generation of Peptides for Chemical-tagging

1. Extract protein from tissue, cells, or bodily fluids.
   1. Homogenize 60-90 mg of tissue (e.g. brain, heart, and liver) in phosphate buffer saline (1x PBS) with 8 M urea (500 µL) using a mechanical homogenizer. Protease or phosphatase inhibitors may be added to the buffer if necessary. In this project, they were not used. Use the following parameters for the homogenizer: lysing matrix A beads, 4 m/s, 20 s. Heart tissue may require up to 9 cycles of homogenization.
      NOTE: Protease or phosphatase inhibitors may be added to the buffer if necessary. They were not used in this study.
      1. Remove tissue homogenate from the lysing tube and transfer to a micro-centrifuge tube. Rinse lysing tubes with 100-500 µL of PBS with 8 M urea and combine the rinse solution with tissue homogenate.
   2. Centrifuge the homogenized tissues (9,447 x g, 4 °C, 15 min) and collect the supernatant.
2. Determine the protein concentration using a bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay according to manufacturer's instructions.
   NOTE: Further dilution with buffer may be necessary if the protein concentration is too high. The resulting concentrations for samples from these tissues were in between 6-13 µg/µL.
   1. Optional: Add an internal quality control standard (e.g. bovine alpha casein or other exogenous protein) with the ratio 1 µg standard:100 µg protein sample.

2. Sample Digestion

1. Add 100 µg (100 x 10^-6 g) of protein from each sample to individually labeled micro-centrifuge tubes. The volume is dependent on the protein concentration (see step 1.2).
2. Add dithiothreitol (DTT) (40:1 reagent to sample mol ratio) to each sample. Incubate at 37 °C for 2 h. The calculation for the molar ratio is based off the protein mass of bovine serum albumin (BSA), which is 66.5 x 10³ g/mol.
3. Add iodoacetamide (IAM) (80:1 reagent to sample mol ratio) to each sample. Incubate on ice in the dark for 2 h. This reaction is performed on ice for 2 h to prevent side reactions.
4. Add L-cysteine (40:1 reagent to sample mol ratio) to each sample. Incubate at room temperature for 30 min.
5. Add 20 mM Tris buffer with 10 mM CaCl₂ (pH 8.2) to dilute urea to a final concentration of 2 M.
6. Add L-1-tosylamido-2 phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK)-treated trypsin (50:1 substrate to enzyme mol ratio) to each sample and incubate at 37 °C for 24 h.
7. Quench the protein digestion by flash-freezing the sample in liquid nitrogen and store at -80 °C until further processing.

3. Sample Desalting

1. Re-acidify the samples by adding formic acid (FA). Add enough FA to obtain a final concentration of 0.1%. If samples are originally at -80 °C, thaw samples on ice before re-acidification.
2. De-salt the peptides using C₁₈ hydrophilic lipophilic balanced (HLB) 10 mg cartridges as previously described¹⁶.
3. Dry the samples by vacuum centrifugation (5 Torr, 45 °C, 77 x g) to a volume of ~10 µL.

4. Dimethylation Labeling (N-termini)

1. Reconstitute peptides in 1% acetic acid (0.25 µg/µL) dissolved in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or nano-pure grade water. Remove a 50 µg portion to a new micro-centrifuge tube (1.5 mL) and store the remainder at -80 °C.
2. Add 8 µL of 60 mM (4%) CH₂O (37% wt/v) or 60 mM (4%) ¹³CD₂O (20% wt/v) to the samples for labeling with light or heavy dimethylation, respectively. Typically, 4 µL of reagent is added per 25 µg of peptides (Steps 4.2, 4.3, 4.6).
3. Add 8 µL of 24 mM NaBH₃CN or 24 mM NaBD₃CN to the samples labeled with light or heavy dimethylation, respectively.
4. Vortex and shake on a tube shaker for ~10 min at room temperature.
5. Quench the reactions by adding 16 µL of 1% ammonia (~28-30% v/v) for 5 min. Typically, 8 µL of reagent is added per 25 µg of peptides.
6. Re-acidify the reaction mixtures by adding 8 µL of 5% FA (98% v/v).
7. Combine the light and heavy dimethylated peptides (Figure 1) to generate a total of six samples. See Table 1 for a description of sample tagging and pooling used for this study.
8. Perform sample desalting according to steps 3.2 and 3.3.

5. Isobaric Tagging (Lys residues)

1. Reconstitute 100 µg of dimethylated peptides (1 µg/µL) in 100 mM tri-ethyl ammonium bicarbonate (TEAB) buffer (pH ~8.5).
2. Prepare isobaric reagents as stated in the manufacturer's protocol (see Table of Materials/Reagents).
3. Add solubilized isobaric reagents (41 µL) to peptides and vortex for ~10 s. Shake the samples on a micro-centrifuge tube shaker for ~1 h. Quench the reactions with 8 µL hydroxylamine (10% w/v) and incubate the samples for 15 min at room temperature.
4. Pool the six labeled samples into a single mixture and desalt (Steps 3.1-3.3) or store at -80 °C until further use.
   NOTE: For improving proteome coverage and depth, a multi-dimensional separation strategy is suggested such as strong cation exchange (SCX).

6. Strong Cation Exchange

1. Perform SCX as per the manufacturer's protocol (see Materials Table).
   1. Prepare ~1 mL of ammonium formate solutions (20 mM, 40 mM, 60 mM, 80 mM, 100 mM, 150 mM, 250 mM, & 500 mM) with 10% acetonitrile (ACN), 0.1% FA (pH 3).
   2. Remove the red cap from the top of the pipette tip and tap the pipette tip with packing slurry to ensure that the packing material is towards the bottom of the pipette tip.
      NOTE: Critical: Do not throw away the pipette tip until the end of the protocol.
   3. Place the centrifuge adapter onto the top of a micro-centrifuge tube (2 mL) and secure the pipette tip inside.
   4. Add 150 µL of SCX reconstitution buffer to pipette tips.
   5. Centrifuge the pipette tips for 6 min at room temperature (4,000 x g). Repeat this step two more times and discard the waste.
   6. Dissolve the peptides in 150 µL of SCX reconstitution buffer. Ensure that the pH is 3.
   7. Add peptides to the pipette tips, centrifuge (see 6.1.5), and keep the eluent.
   8. Transfer the filter and pipette to a new micro-centrifuge tube (2 mL) and add 150 µL of 20 mM ammonium formate solution. Centrifuge for 6 min at room temperature (4,000 x g) and keep the eluent.
   9. Repeat step 6.1.8 an additional seven times, using successive concentrations (i.e. 40 mM, 60 mM, 80 mM, 100 mM, 150 mM, 250 mM and 500 mM) of ammonium formate.
2. Transfer the eight SCX fractions to micro-centrifuge tubes (1.5 mL) and concentrate them by using centrifugal evaporation (see step 3.3).

7. Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and MS³

1. Reconstitute the peptides in mass spectrometry grade water with 0.1% FA, filter, and place into an auto-sampler vial. Filter peptides as follows:
   1. Add reconstituted peptides to a micro-centrifuge tube containing a 0.65 µm filter (see Materials Table).
   2. Centrifuge peptides at 12,000 x g for 1 min. Remove filter, discard, and add filtered peptides into an auto-sampler vial.
2. Prepare the mobile phase buffers as follows: 3% (v/v) ACN with 0.1% FA (A) and 100% ACN with 0.1% FA (B).
3. Inject 6 µL of each SCX fraction sample onto a trap column packed to 2 cm with C₁₈ material (5 µm, 200 Å pore size).
   NOTE: Sample cleaning on the trap is as follows: 3 min, 0% B; 3 µL/min using a 2D liquid chromatography system (see Materials Table).
4. Run the analytical separation method. Use a 75 µm i.d. x 13.2 cm laser pulled-tip fused silica capillary column packed with C₁₈ material (5 µm, 100 Å). The gradient is: 0-5 min, 10% B; 5-40 min, 10-15% B; 40-90 min, 15-25% B; 90-115 min, 25-30% B; 115-130 min, 30-60% B; 130-135 min, 60-80% B; 135-145 min, 80% B, 145-150 min, 80-10% B; 150-180 min, 10% B; 300 nL/min, 180 min.
5. Run the data acquisition for the mass spectrometer while the analytical separation method is running.
   NOTE: The parameters for the MS survey scan are as follows: 400-1,600 m/z, 60,000 resolution, automatic gain control (AGC) target 1 x 10⁶ ions, maximum injection time 500 ms. Parameters for CID–MS/MS are as follows: Top 1-7 or Top 8-14 data dependent acquisition (DDA), 3 m/z isolation width, 500 minimum signal, 35% normalized collision energy (NCE), 0.25 activation q, 10 ms activation time, 3 x 10⁴ AGC, 50 ms maximum injection time. Parameters for HCD–MS³ are as follows: 200 minimum signal, 4 m/z isolation width, 60% NCE, 0.1 activation time, 3 x 10⁵ AGC, 250 ms IT, 300-1,300 m/z MS/MS selection range, exclude un-fragmented parent ion.
6. Perform each analysis in duplicate for both the top 1-7 and top 8-14 runs.
   NOTE: For samples run on a newer model of an instrument containing an orbitrap or a tribrid mass spectrometer, DDA parameters will vary and can be optimized to include more MS/MS and MS³ scans. Additionally, for tribrid instruments, synchronous precursor selection (SPS)-MS³ should be employed.

8. Data Analysis¹⁶

1. Search the RAW files using protein analysis software against an appropriate database, such as mouse Uniprot.
   NOTE: It is important to create two workflows for each RAW file in order to search for light and heavy dimethylated peptides.
2. Search the RAW files using the following parameters: trypsin with two missed cleavages, peptide mass range 300-6,000 Da, 15 ppm parent mass tolerance, 1 Da fragmentation tolerance. Static modifications: light dimethylation (+28.031, peptide N-terminus) or heavy dimethylation (+36.076 Da, peptide N-terminus), carbamidomethyl (+57.021 Da, C).
   NOTE: Sometimes the heavy dimethylated peak is ~7 Da (+35.069 Da, peptide N-terminus) is from the light dimethylated peak and thus should be incorporated into the search workflow for heavy dimethylated peptides. Dynamic modifications: oxidation (+15.995 Da, M), 6-plex isobaric tag (229.163 Da, K). Include a decoy database search to yield false discovery rates (e.g. 1 and 5%) and a quantitation node to search for the reporter ion intensities of isobaric tags.
3. Statistics
   1. Export data into an electronic spreadsheet program in order to normalize protein reporter ion values. For each protein, divide either the median reporter ion ratios or raw reporter ion intensities by the median ratio of the internal standard or raw reporter ion intensities of the internal standard, respectively. Use the appropriate statistical software such as an electronic spreadsheet program, Perseus, or R to determine significant changes among sample conditions.

Results

cPILOT uses amine-based chemistry to chemically label peptides at the N-terminus and lysine residues and enhances sample multiplexing capabilities. Figure 2 shows representative MS data that is obtained from a 12-plex cPILOT analysis of brain, heart, and liver tissues from an Alzheimer's disease mouse model and wild-type controls. As shown in Table 1, two biological replicates for the Alzheimer's disease and wild-type mice are included in this 12-...

Discussion

cPILOT allows for the simultaneous measurement of more than 12 unique samples. In order to ensure successful tagging at both the N-terminus and lysine residues of peptides, it is imperative to have the correct pH for each set of reactions and to perform the dimethylation reaction first for peptide labeling. Selective dimethylation at the N-terminus is performed by having a pH at ~2.5 (±0.2). This is achieved by exploiting the differences of the pKA's of the amino groups on lysine and the N-terminus. At pH 2.5, l...

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Water - MS Grade	Fisher Scientific	W6-4	4 L quantity is not necessary
Acetonitrile - MS Grade	Fisher Scientific	A955-4	4 L quantity is not necessary
Acetic Acid	J.T. Baker	9508-01
Ammonium hydroxide solution (28 - 30%)	Sigma Aldrich	320145-500ML
Ammonium formate	Acros Organics	208-753-9
Formic Acid	Fluka Analytical	94318-250ML-F
BCA protein assay kit	Pierce Thermo Fisher Scientific	23227
Urea	Biorad	161-0731
Tris	Biorad	161-0716
Dithiothreiotol (DTT)	Fisher Scientific	BP172-5
Iodoacetamide (IAM)	Acros Organics	144-48-9
L-Cysteine	Sigma Aldrich, Chemistry	168149-25G
L-1-tosylamido-2 phenylethyl cholormethyl ketone (TPCK)-treated Trypsin from bovine pancreas	Sigma Aldrich, Life Science	T1426-100MG
Formaldehyde (CH2O) solution; 36.5 - 38% in H2O	Sigma Aldrich, Life Science	F8775-25ML
Formaldehyde (13CD2O) solution; 20 wt % in D2O, 98 atom % D, 99 atom % 13C	Sigma Aldrich, Chemistry	596388-1G
Sodium Cyanoborohydride; reagent grade, 95%	Sigma Aldrich	156159-10G
Sodium Cyanoborodeuteride; 96 atom % D, 98% CP	Sigma Aldrich, Chemistry	190020-1G
Strong Cation Exchange (SCX) spin tips sample prep kit	Protea BioSciences	SP-155-24kit
Triethyl ammonium bicarbonate (TEAB) buffer	Sigma Aldrich, Life Science	T7408-100ML
Isobaric Tagging Kit (TMT 6 plex) - 6 reactions (1 x 0.8 mg)	Thermo Fisher Scientific	90061
Hydroxylamine hydrochloride	Sigma Aldrich, Chemistry	255580-100G
Standard vortex mixer	Fisher Scientific	2215365	any mixer can be used
Oasis HLB 1 cc (10 mg) extraction cartridges	Waters	186000383	These are C18 cartridges
Visiprep SPE vacuum manifold, DL (disposable liner), 24 port model	Sigma Aldrich	57265	A 12 port model is also sufficient
Speed-vac	Thermo Scientific	SPD1010	any brand of speed vac is sufficient
Water bath chamber	Thermo Scientific	2825/2826	Any brand of  a water bath chamber with controlled temperatures is sufficient.
Mechanical Homogenizer (i.e. FastPrep-24 5G)	MP Biomedicals	116005500
Eksigent Nano LC - Ultra 2D with Nano LC AS-2 autosampler	Sciex	-	This model is no longer available. Any nano LC with an autosampler is sufficient.
LTQ Orbitrap Velos Mass Spectrometer	Thermo Scientific	-	This model is no longer available. Other high resolution instruments (e.g. Orbitrap Elite, Orbitrap Fusion, or Orbitrap Fusion Lumos) can be used.
Protein software (e.g. Proteome Discoverer)	Thermo Scientific	IQLAAEGABSFAKJMAUH
Analytical balance	Mettler Toledo	AL54
Stir plate	VWR	12365-382	Any brand of stir plates are sufficient
pH meter (Tris compatiable)	Fisher Scientific (Accumet)	13-620-183	Any brand of a pH meter is sufficient
pH 10 buffer	Fisher Scientific	06-664-261	Any brand of pH buffer 10 is sufficient
pH 7 buffer	Fisher Scientific	06-664-260	Any brand pH buffer 7 is sufficient
1.5 mL eppendorf tubes, 500 pk	Fisher Scientific	05-408-129	Any brand of 1.5 mL eppendorf tubes are sufficient
0.6 mL eppendorf tubes, 500 pk	Fisher Scientific	04-408-120	Any brand of 0.6 mL eppendorf tubes are sufficient
0.65 µm Ultrafree MC DV centrifugal filter units	EMD Millipore	UFC30DV00
2 mL microcentrifuge tubes, 72 units	Thermo Scientific	69720
C18 packing material (5 µm, 100 Å)	Bruker	PM5/61100/000	This item is no longer available from Bruker. Alternative packing material with listed specifications will be sufficient
C18 packing material (5 µm, 200 Å)	Bruker	PM5/61200/000	This item is no longer available from Bruker. Alternative packing material with listed specifications will be sufficient