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Summary

Abstract

Introduction

Protocol

Representative Results

Discussion

Acknowledgements

Materials

References

Neuroscience

用四甲基铵进行实时离子电渗疗法,以量化体细胞分数和脑细胞外空间的变性

Published: July 24th, 2017

DOI:

10.3791/55755

1Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, 2Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 3Neural and Behavioral Science Graduate Program, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 4Division of Neonatology, University of Virginia, 5Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine
* These authors contributed equally

该方案描述了实时离子电渗疗法,一种测量活体大脑细胞外空间(ECS)物理参数的方法。释放到ECS中的惰性分子的扩散用于计算ECS体积分数和曲折度。它是研究脑ECS急性可逆变化的理想选择。

该评论描述了执行实时离子电渗(RTI)方法的基本概念和方案,探索和定量活体大脑的细胞外空间(ECS)的金标准。 ECS围绕所有脑细胞并且包含间质液和细胞外基质。大脑活动所需的许多物质的运输,包括神经递质,激素和营养物质,都是通过ECS扩散发生的。这种空间的体积和几何形状的变化发生在正常的脑部过程,如睡眠和病理状况,如缺血。然而,大脑ECS的结构和调节,特别是在患病状态,仍然在很大程度上未被探索。 RTI方法测量活体大脑的两个物理参数:体积分数和曲折度。体积分数是ECS占据的组织体积的比例。柔软度是衡量物质在通过脑部扩散时遇到的相对阻碍与没有障碍物的介质相比。在RTI中,惰性分子从源微电极脉冲到脑ECS中。当分子从该源扩散时,使用离子选择性微电极定位大约100微米,离子的浓度随时间变化。从所得扩散曲线可以计算体积分数和曲折度。这种技术已被用于来自多个物种(包括人类)的脑切片和体内研究ECS的急性和慢性变化。与其他方法不同,RTI可以用于实时检测脑ECS的可逆和不可逆变化。

细胞外空间(ECS)是所有脑细胞外部相互通路的网络,包含间质液和细胞外基质( 图1a图1b )。脑细胞功能所需的许多物质(包括营养素,激素和神经递质)的分布通过ECS扩散发生。在该空间中的物理参数,包括体积,几何形状和细胞外基质,变化可以显着地通过ECS和局部离子浓度洗澡脑细胞,从而对脑细胞功能1,2产生深远的影响影响扩散。

实时离子电渗疗法(RTI)被用于确定一个大脑区域的两个结构特点:体积分数和弯曲度3,4,“xref”> 5。体积分数( α )是代表基础体积中ECS( V ECS )相对于总组织体积( V 组织 )占据的组织体积的比例;

方程

与没有障碍物的介质相....

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用于获取组织样本的所有动物手术均获得SUNY Downstate医疗中心动物伦理委员会的批准。

1.准备解决方案和设备

  1. 为ISM的参考筒准备150 mM NaCl回填溶液。将其储存在连接到0.22μm过滤器上的10mL注射器中(以去除细菌或颗粒)。
  2. 为微电极制备150 mM TMA氯化物(TMA-Cl)回填溶液。将其储存在连接到0.22μm过滤器上的10mL注射器中。从5 M制造商库存解决方案准备TMA-C1溶液(在本.......

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RTI技术的实用性在设计用于测量α和低渗摩洛尔挑战期间变化的实验中得到证明( 图8图9 )。先前已经表明,降低了ECS的渗透压通过洗涤上低渗ACSF将产生α的降低,并增加了λ13。

在该实验中,在两个对照条件下和在低渗ACSF的洗涤期间对大?.......

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图10
图10:展示常见技术问题的非理想数据。a )离子电渗微电极的常见技术问题图:功能性离子电渗微电极的TMA正常释放与三个来源的技术问题的比较。 [高放大倍数,a1]理想的离子电渗源中的电流通过TMA释放和氯化物摄取而均匀地进行。 [高倍率,A2]一种离子电渗微电极具有低N t释放更少.......

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这项工作得到NIH NINDS授予R01 NS047557的支持。

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NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
A/D and D/A converterNational Instruments CorporationNI USB-6221 DAQThe NI USB-6221 is still sold as a 'Legacy' device by NI. They recommend using NI USB-6341 X Series DAQs for new installations, however we have not tested the newer units. We describe the use of the NI USB-6221 with MATLAB and Windows 7 (32-bit). Alternatives: the much older PCI-MIO-16E-4 A/D converter (Used under Windows XP or older OS only) with BNC-2090 BNC connector panel and SH68-68-EP cable. As noted in the Wanda Manual, an experimental MATLAB program to use Axon Binary Files is available.
agaroseLonzaNuSieve GTG Agarose #50081to prepare dilute agarose gel for RTI measurements
amplifier for ISMDaganModel IX2-700 Dual Intracellular Preamplifierion and reference voltage amplifier with N=0.1 (for reference barrel) and N=0.001 (for ion barrel) headstages
biological compound miscroscope (with 4x and 10x objective)for chipping the microelectrode tips and inspecting microelectrodes; various suppliers, e.g. AmScope
borosilicate theta capillary glass tubingHarvard ApparatusWarner Instruments model TG200-4; order #64-0811double-barreled glass tubing for ion-selective microelectrodes and iontophoretic microelectrodes; O.D. 2.0 mm, I.D. 1.4 mm, septum 0.2 mm, length 10 cm
brushWinsor & NewtonUniversity Series 233, size 0round shoft handle brush, available from Amazon
bunsen burnerFisher
camera for visualizing micropipettesOlympusOLY-150requires monitor, IR filter on substage illuminator is optional
chart recorderto record continuously voltages on ion-selective microelectrode during calibration in tetramethylammonium standards and during RTI experiment; e.g. Kipp & Zonen type BD112 dual-cannel chart recorded, available refurbished
chlorotrimethylsilane, puriss., > 99%Sigma-Aldrichcatalog # 92360for silanization; CAUTION: flammable, acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation), skin corrosion, eye damage, reacts violently with water, see Sigma-Aldrich Safety Information for full description
Commercial SoftwareThe MathWorksMATLAB, Data acquisition toolboxfor data acquisition and analysis using Wanda and Walter programs. Note that an academic license is available.
eye protective gogglesFisher
fixed-stage compound microscopeOlympusBX51WIcan use other compound microscopes with fixed stages
forcepsFine Science Tools#11251-10to chip glass capillary; Dumond #5, preferably used and no longer needed for fine work
fume hoodfor silanization and filling the tip of ion-selective barrel with liquid ion exchanger; various supliers, e.g. Captair with approriate filter sold by Erlab
glass microscope slideFisher#12-550Ato chip microelectrode tips
heater/stirrerFisherCorning PC-420Dto prepare dilute agarose gel and stir solutions
iontophoretic unitDaganION-100 and PS-100ION-100 is a single channel iontophoresis unit +/- 130 V compliance; PS-100 is an external power supply; alternatives: e.g. Axoprobe-1A made by Axon Instruments (now Molecular Devices), out of production, check for availability of refurbished units (eBay and other sites)
liquid ion exchanger (LIX) for tetramethylammoniumWorld Precision InstrumentsIE190 Potassium Ion ExchangerNote: this is equivalent to the original Corning potassium exchanger 477317 based on tetraphenlyborate - do not confuse with neutral carrier potassium exchanger originating from the laboartory of Dr. Simon, ETH, Zurich, which does not sense tetramethylammonium, and is sold by Fluka. You can also make liquid ion exchanger for tetramethylammonium yourself: 3% by weight potassium tetrakis = (p-chlorophenyl) borate dissolved in 2,3-dimethylnitrobenzene. Buy chemicals from Fluka (now part of Sigma). See Oehme and Simon (1976) Anal. Chim. Acta 86: 21-25; CAUTION: The toxicological properties of this liquid ion exchanger have not been fully determined. Ingestion or contact with the human body may be harmful. Exercise due care! Liquid ion exchangers should be stored in a cool place out of direct sunlight.
microelectrode holderWPIM3301EHto hold ion-selective microeletrode prefabricate for silanization and filling the tip of ion-selective barrel with liquid ion exchanger; WPI sells two versions of this holder, clear M3301EH and black M3301EH. In our experience, the clear M3301EH appears to be sturdier then the black M3301EH.
micromanipulatorNarishigeMM-3to position ion-selective microelectrode prefabricate during silanization and filling the tip of ion-selective barrel with liquid ion exchanger; can be substituted with any three-axis micromanipulator in good working condition
micropipette pullerSutter InstrumentsModel P-97to pull double-barreled glass tubing; other pullers can be used as long as they can accommodate large diameter double-barreled glass tubing
microprobe thermometerPhysiotempModel BAT-12Rfine probe of this thermometer is placed close to recording site
needleBDSyringes and Needles # 305122 (25 gauge)for silanization; BD PrecisionGlide needles 25 G x 5/8 in (0.5mm x 16mm)
objective 5x dryOlympusMPlan N
objective 10x water immersionOlympusUMPlan FL N10x objective is water immersion, numerical aperture is 0.3, working distance is 3.3 mm
plastic containers (with lids)Fisher#14-375-148to store tetramethylammonium standard solutions and microelectrodes
platform and x-y translation stage for fixed-stage microscopeEXFOGibraltar Burleighplatform holds slice chamber, micromanipulators and accesorries, x-y translational stage moves microscope without compromising recording stability
porous minicupfor RTI measurements in a dilute agarose gel; homemade
reusable adhesiveBostikBlu-Tackfor securing microelectrodes to holding vessel and other uses; various suppliers, available from Amazon
robotic micromanipulator with precise x,y,z positioningSutter InstrumentsMP-285two mircomanipulators are needed to hold separately ion-selective microelectrode and iontophoretic microelectrode. Also possible to glue micropipettes in a spaced array (see text).
signal conditioning unit with low-pass filterAxon InstrumentsCyberAmp 320 or 380no longer available from the manufacturer but may be available from E-Bay; alternatives: e.g. FLA-01 Filter/Amplifier from Cygnus Technology. This is a single channel instrument with a minimum cutoff at 10 Hz using a multipole Bessel filter but the company may be willing to modify it for a lower cutoff frequency (2 Hz) if needed.
silver wireA-M Systems#7830diameter 0.015", bare (no coating)
slice chamberHarvard ApparatusWarner Model RC-27Lthis is submersion slice chamber; do not use interface slice chamber
stereomicroscopefor silanization and filling the tip of ion-selective barrel with liquid ion exchanger; horizontally mounted; various suppliers
syringe, 10 mLBDSyringes and Needles #309604to backfill microelectrodes and for silanization; BD Luer-Lok tip
syringe filter 0.22µm poreWhatman#6780-1302to filter backfill solutions; available from Fisher
syringe needle, 28 gauge, 97mmWorld Precision InstrumentsMicroFil MF28G-5to backfill microelectrodes
Teflon (=PTFE) tubingComponent SupplySTT-28 PTFE tube light wall (28 gauge)for silanization of ion-selective barrel; fits on BD PrecisionGlide needles 25 G x 5/8 in. Note: Teflon is essential, PVC tubing would melt by hot wax.
temperature control systemHarvard ApparatusWarner Models TC-344B and SH-27ATC-344B is a dual automatic temperature controller, SH-27A is an in-line heater; controller and heater work with Warner slice chambers
tetramethyammonium (TMA) chlorideSigma-AldrichT-34115 M solution; CAUTION: acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation), carcinogenicity, hazardous to the aquatic environment, see Sigma-Aldrich Safety Information for full description
vibrating blade microtomeLeicaVT1000Sto cut brain slices
xylenesFisherX5-1for silanization; CAUTION: flammable, acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation), skin corrosion, eye damage, carcinogenicity, see Fisher Safety Information for full description

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