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Summary

Abstract

Introduction

Protocol

Representative Results

Discussion

Acknowledgements

Materials

References

Neuroscience

Itoforese em tempo real com tetrametilamônio para quantificar fração de volume e tortuosidade do espaço extracelular cerebral

Published: July 24th, 2017

DOI:

10.3791/55755

1Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, 2Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 3Neural and Behavioral Science Graduate Program, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 4Division of Neonatology, University of Virginia, 5Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine
* These authors contributed equally

Este protocolo descreve a iontoforese em tempo real, um método que mede os parâmetros físicos do espaço extracelular (ECS) dos cérebros vivos. A difusão de uma molécula inerte liberada no ECS é utilizada para calcular a fração de volume ECS e tortuosidade. É ideal para estudar alterações reversíveis agudas na ECS cerebral.

Esta revisão descreve os conceitos e protocolos básicos para executar o método de iontoforese em tempo real (RTI), o padrão-ouro para explorar e quantificar o espaço extracelular (ECS) do cérebro vivo. O ECS envolve todas as células cerebrais e contém fluido intersticial e matriz extracelular. O transporte de muitas substâncias necessárias para a atividade cerebral, incluindo neurotransmissores, hormônios e nutrientes, ocorre por meio da difusão através do ECS. Mudanças no volume e geometria deste espaço ocorrem durante processos cerebrais normais, como o sono e condições patológicas, como a isquemia. No entanto, a estrutura e a regulação das ECS cerebrais, particularmente em estados doentes, permanecem largamente inexploradas. O método RTI mede dois parâmetros físicos do cérebro vivo: fração volumétrica e tortuosidade. A fração de volume é a proporção de volume de tecido ocupado pela ECS. A tortuosidade é uma medida do impedimento relativo que uma substância encontra ao difundir através de um cérebro reEm comparação com um meio sem obstruções. Em RTI, uma molécula inerte é pulsada a partir de um microeletrodo de origem no ECS do cérebro. À medida que as moléculas se difundem para longe desta fonte, a mudança da concentração do íon é medida ao longo do tempo usando um microeletrodo seletivo de íons, localizado a aproximadamente 100 um de distância. A partir da curva de difusão resultante, tanto a fração de volume quanto a tortuosidade podem ser calculadas. Esta técnica tem sido utilizada em fatias de cérebro de múltiplas espécies (incluindo seres humanos) e in vivo para estudar alterações agudas e crônicas para ECS. Ao contrário de outros métodos, RTI pode ser usado para examinar mudanças reversíveis e irreversíveis no ECS do cérebro em tempo real.

O espaço extracelular (ECS) é a rede de canais interligados para todas as células cerebrais e contém fluido intersticial e matriz extracelular ( Figura 1a e Figura 1b ). A distribuição de muitas substâncias necessárias para a função das células cerebrais, incluindo nutrientes, hormônios e neurotransmissores, ocorre por difusão através da ECS. As mudanças nos parâmetros físicos deste espaço, incluindo o volume, a geometria e a matriz extracelular, podem afetar drasticamente a difusão através do ECS e as concentrações de íons locais que banham as células cerebrais, que têm um impacto profundo na função c....

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Todos os procedimentos de animais, usados ​​para obter amostras de tecido, foram aprovados pelo comitê de ética animal no SUNY Downstate Medical Center.

1. Preparação de soluções e equipamentos

  1. Prepare uma solução de enchimento de NaCl 150 mM para o barril de referência do ISM. Armazene-o em uma seringa de 10 mL anexada a um filtro de 0,22 μm (para remover bactérias ou partículas).
  2. Prepare uma solução de aterramento de cloreto de TMA 150 mM (TMA-Cl) par.......

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A utilidade da técnica RTI é demonstrada em um experimento projetado para medir as mudanças em α e durante um desafio hipoosmolar ( Figura 8 e Figura 9 ). Já foi demonstrado que a redução da osmolaridade do ECS por lavagem na ACSF hipotônica produzirá uma diminuição em α e um aumento em λ 13 .

Nesta exper.......

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Figura 10
Figura 10: Dados não ideais que demonstram problemas técnicos comuns. (A) Diagramas de problemas técnicos comuns com microeletrodos de iontoforese: Comparação da versão normal do TMA de um microeletrodo funcionamento iontoforese com três fontes demonstrando questões técnicas. [Ampliação alta, a1] A corrente em uma fonte iontoforética ideal é carregada igualmente pela liberação de TMA.......

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O trabalho foi apoiado pelo NIH NINDS concessão R01 NS047557.

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NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
A/D and D/A converterNational Instruments CorporationNI USB-6221 DAQThe NI USB-6221 is still sold as a 'Legacy' device by NI. They recommend using NI USB-6341 X Series DAQs for new installations, however we have not tested the newer units. We describe the use of the NI USB-6221 with MATLAB and Windows 7 (32-bit). Alternatives: the much older PCI-MIO-16E-4 A/D converter (Used under Windows XP or older OS only) with BNC-2090 BNC connector panel and SH68-68-EP cable. As noted in the Wanda Manual, an experimental MATLAB program to use Axon Binary Files is available.
agaroseLonzaNuSieve GTG Agarose #50081to prepare dilute agarose gel for RTI measurements
amplifier for ISMDaganModel IX2-700 Dual Intracellular Preamplifierion and reference voltage amplifier with N=0.1 (for reference barrel) and N=0.001 (for ion barrel) headstages
biological compound miscroscope (with 4x and 10x objective)for chipping the microelectrode tips and inspecting microelectrodes; various suppliers, e.g. AmScope
borosilicate theta capillary glass tubingHarvard ApparatusWarner Instruments model TG200-4; order #64-0811double-barreled glass tubing for ion-selective microelectrodes and iontophoretic microelectrodes; O.D. 2.0 mm, I.D. 1.4 mm, septum 0.2 mm, length 10 cm
brushWinsor & NewtonUniversity Series 233, size 0round shoft handle brush, available from Amazon
bunsen burnerFisher
camera for visualizing micropipettesOlympusOLY-150requires monitor, IR filter on substage illuminator is optional
chart recorderto record continuously voltages on ion-selective microelectrode during calibration in tetramethylammonium standards and during RTI experiment; e.g. Kipp & Zonen type BD112 dual-cannel chart recorded, available refurbished
chlorotrimethylsilane, puriss., > 99%Sigma-Aldrichcatalog # 92360for silanization; CAUTION: flammable, acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation), skin corrosion, eye damage, reacts violently with water, see Sigma-Aldrich Safety Information for full description
Commercial SoftwareThe MathWorksMATLAB, Data acquisition toolboxfor data acquisition and analysis using Wanda and Walter programs. Note that an academic license is available.
eye protective gogglesFisher
fixed-stage compound microscopeOlympusBX51WIcan use other compound microscopes with fixed stages
forcepsFine Science Tools#11251-10to chip glass capillary; Dumond #5, preferably used and no longer needed for fine work
fume hoodfor silanization and filling the tip of ion-selective barrel with liquid ion exchanger; various supliers, e.g. Captair with approriate filter sold by Erlab
glass microscope slideFisher#12-550Ato chip microelectrode tips
heater/stirrerFisherCorning PC-420Dto prepare dilute agarose gel and stir solutions
iontophoretic unitDaganION-100 and PS-100ION-100 is a single channel iontophoresis unit +/- 130 V compliance; PS-100 is an external power supply; alternatives: e.g. Axoprobe-1A made by Axon Instruments (now Molecular Devices), out of production, check for availability of refurbished units (eBay and other sites)
liquid ion exchanger (LIX) for tetramethylammoniumWorld Precision InstrumentsIE190 Potassium Ion ExchangerNote: this is equivalent to the original Corning potassium exchanger 477317 based on tetraphenlyborate - do not confuse with neutral carrier potassium exchanger originating from the laboartory of Dr. Simon, ETH, Zurich, which does not sense tetramethylammonium, and is sold by Fluka. You can also make liquid ion exchanger for tetramethylammonium yourself: 3% by weight potassium tetrakis = (p-chlorophenyl) borate dissolved in 2,3-dimethylnitrobenzene. Buy chemicals from Fluka (now part of Sigma). See Oehme and Simon (1976) Anal. Chim. Acta 86: 21-25; CAUTION: The toxicological properties of this liquid ion exchanger have not been fully determined. Ingestion or contact with the human body may be harmful. Exercise due care! Liquid ion exchangers should be stored in a cool place out of direct sunlight.
microelectrode holderWPIM3301EHto hold ion-selective microeletrode prefabricate for silanization and filling the tip of ion-selective barrel with liquid ion exchanger; WPI sells two versions of this holder, clear M3301EH and black M3301EH. In our experience, the clear M3301EH appears to be sturdier then the black M3301EH.
micromanipulatorNarishigeMM-3to position ion-selective microelectrode prefabricate during silanization and filling the tip of ion-selective barrel with liquid ion exchanger; can be substituted with any three-axis micromanipulator in good working condition
micropipette pullerSutter InstrumentsModel P-97to pull double-barreled glass tubing; other pullers can be used as long as they can accommodate large diameter double-barreled glass tubing
microprobe thermometerPhysiotempModel BAT-12Rfine probe of this thermometer is placed close to recording site
needleBDSyringes and Needles # 305122 (25 gauge)for silanization; BD PrecisionGlide needles 25 G x 5/8 in (0.5mm x 16mm)
objective 5x dryOlympusMPlan N
objective 10x water immersionOlympusUMPlan FL N10x objective is water immersion, numerical aperture is 0.3, working distance is 3.3 mm
plastic containers (with lids)Fisher#14-375-148to store tetramethylammonium standard solutions and microelectrodes
platform and x-y translation stage for fixed-stage microscopeEXFOGibraltar Burleighplatform holds slice chamber, micromanipulators and accesorries, x-y translational stage moves microscope without compromising recording stability
porous minicupfor RTI measurements in a dilute agarose gel; homemade
reusable adhesiveBostikBlu-Tackfor securing microelectrodes to holding vessel and other uses; various suppliers, available from Amazon
robotic micromanipulator with precise x,y,z positioningSutter InstrumentsMP-285two mircomanipulators are needed to hold separately ion-selective microelectrode and iontophoretic microelectrode. Also possible to glue micropipettes in a spaced array (see text).
signal conditioning unit with low-pass filterAxon InstrumentsCyberAmp 320 or 380no longer available from the manufacturer but may be available from E-Bay; alternatives: e.g. FLA-01 Filter/Amplifier from Cygnus Technology. This is a single channel instrument with a minimum cutoff at 10 Hz using a multipole Bessel filter but the company may be willing to modify it for a lower cutoff frequency (2 Hz) if needed.
silver wireA-M Systems#7830diameter 0.015", bare (no coating)
slice chamberHarvard ApparatusWarner Model RC-27Lthis is submersion slice chamber; do not use interface slice chamber
stereomicroscopefor silanization and filling the tip of ion-selective barrel with liquid ion exchanger; horizontally mounted; various suppliers
syringe, 10 mLBDSyringes and Needles #309604to backfill microelectrodes and for silanization; BD Luer-Lok tip
syringe filter 0.22µm poreWhatman#6780-1302to filter backfill solutions; available from Fisher
syringe needle, 28 gauge, 97mmWorld Precision InstrumentsMicroFil MF28G-5to backfill microelectrodes
Teflon (=PTFE) tubingComponent SupplySTT-28 PTFE tube light wall (28 gauge)for silanization of ion-selective barrel; fits on BD PrecisionGlide needles 25 G x 5/8 in. Note: Teflon is essential, PVC tubing would melt by hot wax.
temperature control systemHarvard ApparatusWarner Models TC-344B and SH-27ATC-344B is a dual automatic temperature controller, SH-27A is an in-line heater; controller and heater work with Warner slice chambers
tetramethyammonium (TMA) chlorideSigma-AldrichT-34115 M solution; CAUTION: acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation), carcinogenicity, hazardous to the aquatic environment, see Sigma-Aldrich Safety Information for full description
vibrating blade microtomeLeicaVT1000Sto cut brain slices
xylenesFisherX5-1for silanization; CAUTION: flammable, acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation), skin corrosion, eye damage, carcinogenicity, see Fisher Safety Information for full description

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