Creation of a Knee Joint-on-a-Chip for Modeling Joint Diseases and Testing Drugs

Summary

We provide detailed methods for generating four types of tissues from human mesenchymal stem cells, which are used to recapitulate the cartilage, bone, fat pad, and synovium in the human knee joint. These four tissues are integrated into a customized bioreactor and connected through microfluidics, thus generating a knee joint-on-a-chip.

Abstract

The high prevalence of debilitating joint diseases like osteoarthritis (OA) poses a high socioeconomic burden. Currently, the available drugs that target joint disorders are mostly palliative. The unmet need for effective disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs) has been primarily caused by the absence of appropriate models for studying the disease mechanisms and testing potential DMOADs. Herein, we describe the establishment of a miniature synovial joint-mimicking microphysiological system (miniJoint) comprising adipose, fibrous, and osteochondral tissue components derived from human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). To obtain the three-dimensional (3D) microtissues, MSCs were encapsulated in photocrosslinkable methacrylated gelatin before or following differentiation. The cell-laden tissue constructs were then integrated into a 3D-printed bioreactor, forming the miniJoint. Separate flows of osteogenic, fibrogenic, and adipogenic media were introduced to maintain the respective tissue phenotypes. A commonly shared stream was perfused through the cartilage, synovial, and adipose tissues to enable tissue crosstalk. This flow pattern allows the induction of perturbations in one or more of the tissue components for mechanistic studies. Furthermore, potential DMOADs can be tested via either "systemic administration" through all the medium streams or "intraarticular administration" by adding the drugs to only the shared "synovial fluid"-simulating flow. Thus, the miniJoint can serve as a versatile in vitro platform for efficiently studying disease mechanisms and testing drugs in personalized medicine.

Introduction

Joint diseases like osteoarthritis (OA) are highly prevalent and debilitating and represent a leading cause of disability worldwide¹. It is estimated that in the US alone, OA affects 27 million patients and occurs in 12.1% of adults aged 60 and above². Unfortunately, most drugs currently used to manage joint diseases are palliative, and no effective disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs) are available³. This unmet medical need primarily stems from the absence of an effective model for studying the disease mechanisms and developing potential DMOADs. The conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture d....

Protocol

The following protocol follows the ethical guidelines of the University of Pittsburgh and the human research ethics committee of the University of Pittsburgh. Information on the materials used in this study is listed in the Table of Materials.

1. Manufacturing 3D-printed bioreactors

1. Use a computer software to design osteochondral (Figure 2A) and miniJoint bioreactors (Figure 2B) that include chambers, inserts, and lids. The dimension information for each part is shown in Figure S1.
2. Transfer the design to a 3D ....

Results

All the tissues of the miniJoint were collected to analyze their phenotypes following 28 days of culture in the miniJoint (Figure 4A). This has been detailed in our previous publication⁷.

Through the use of RT-qPCR, immunostaining, and histological staining, it was confirmed that the tissue-specific phenotypes were well maintained for the individual microtissues (Figure 4). For example, the osseous component of.......

Discussion

In this article, we present a protocol for creating a knee joint-on-a-chip system, in which bone, cartilage, adipose tissue, and synovium-like tissues are formed from MSCs and co-cultured within a customized bioreactor. This multi-component, human cell-derived system with plug-and-play features represents a new tool for studying the pathogenesis of joint diseases and developing drugs.

Given that different tissues favor specific culture media, it is critical to provide the respective medium fo.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine	Sigma -Aldrich	I17018-1G
6 well non-tissue culture plate	Corning Falcon® Plates	351146
24 well non-tissue culture plate	Corning Falcon® Plates	351147
30 mL syringes	BD Syringe Luer Lock Cascade Health	302832
Alcian blue stain	EK Industries	1198	1% w/v, pH 1.0
Advanced DMEM	Gibco	12491-015
αMEM	Gibco	12571-063
Antibiotic-antimycotic	Gibco	15240-062
Biopsy punch	Integra Miltex	12-460-407
BODIPY® fluorophore	Molecular Probes
Bone morphogenic protein 7 (BMP7)	Peprotech
Curved forceps	Fisher Brand	16100110
DMEM	Gibco	11995-065	Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium
Dexmethasome	Sigma -Aldrich	02-05-2002
E-Shell 450 photopolymer in	EnvisionTec	RES-01-4022
Fetal Bovine Serum	Gemini-Bio Products	900-208
GlutaMAX	Gibco	3505-061
gelatin from bovine skin	Hyclone	1003372809
Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution	Sigma -Aldrich	SH30588.02
indomethacin	Sigma -Aldrich	I7378-56
Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium-Ethanolamine (ITS)	Gibco	51500-056
interleukin 1β	Peprotech	200-01B
Leur-loc connectors	Cole-Parmer Instruments	45508-50
L-proline	Sigma -Aldrich	115388-93-7
β-glycerophosphate	Sigma -Aldrich	1003129352
Medium bags	KiYATEC	FC045
Methacrylic Anhydride	Sigma -Aldrich	102378580
Phosphate buffered Saline	Corning	21-040-CM
Pointed forceps	Fisher Brand	12000122
Silicon mold	McMaster-Carr	RC00114P
Silicon o-rings	McMaster-Carr	ZMCCs1X5	1mm x 5mm
SolidWorks	Dassault Systèmes SE, Vélizy-Villacoublay, France
Surgical Blades	Integra Miltex	4-122
Syringe pump	Lagato210P, KD Scientific	Z569631	10 syringe racks
T-182 tissue culture flasks	Fisher Brand	FB012939
Tissue Culture Dish 150 mm	Fisher Brand	FB012925
Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β3)	Peprotech	100-36E
Trypsin	Gibco	25200-056
UV Flashlight	KBS	KB70109	395 nm
Vida Desktop 3D Printer	EnvisionTec
Vitamin D3	Sigma -Aldrich	32222-06-3	1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3