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Immunology and Infection

Identifikation af caspaser og deres motiver, der spalter proteiner under influenza A-virusinfektion

Published: July 21st, 2022

DOI:

10.3791/64189

1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago

Influenza A-virus (IAV) infektion aktiverer caspaserne, der spalter vært og virale proteiner, som igen har pro- og antivirale funktioner. Ved at anvende hæmmere, RNA-interferens, stedrettet mutagenese og western blotting og RT-qPCR-teknikker blev caspaser i inficerede pattedyrceller, der spalter værtscortactin og histondeacetylaser, identificeret.

Caspases, en familie af cysteinproteaser, orkestrerer programmeret celledød som reaktion på forskellige stimuli, herunder mikrobielle infektioner. Oprindeligt beskrevet at forekomme ved apoptose, er programmeret celledød nu kendt for at omfatte tre sammenkoblede veje: pyroptose, apoptose og nekroptose, sammen opfundet som en proces, PANoptose. Indflydelse En virus (IAV) infektion inducerer PANoptose i pattedyrceller ved at inducere aktivering af forskellige caspaser, som igen spalter forskellige værts- såvel som virale proteiner, hvilket fører til processer som aktivering af værtsmedfødt antiviralt respons eller nedbrydning af antagonistiske værtsproteiner. I denne henseende er caspase 3-medieret spaltning af værtscortactin, histon deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) og histon deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) blevet opdaget i både dyre- og humane epitelceller som reaktion på IAV-infektionen. For at demonstrere dette blev hæmmere, RNA-interferens og stedrettet mutagenese anvendt, og efterfølgende blev spaltningen eller modstanden mod spaltning og genopretning af cortactin, HDAC4 og HDAC6 polypeptider målt ved western blotting. Disse metoder danner sammen med RT-qPCR en enkel, men effektiv strategi til at identificere værten såvel som virale proteiner, der gennemgår caspasemedieret spaltning under en infektion med IAV eller andre humane og animalske vira. Den foreliggende protokol uddyber de repræsentative resultater af denne strategi, og måderne til at gøre den mere effektiv diskuteres også.

Influenza A-virus (IAV) er det prototypiske medlem af Orthomyxoviridae-familien og er kendt for at forårsage globale epidemier og uforudsigelige pandemier. IAV forårsager human respiratorisk sygdom, influenza, almindeligvis kendt som "influenza". Influenza er en akut sygdom, der resulterer i induktion af værtspro- og antiinflammatoriske medfødte immunresponser og død af epitelceller i det menneskelige luftveje. Begge processer styres af et fænomen kaldet programmeret celledød1. Signaleringen for programmeret celledød induceres, så snart forskellige patogengenkendelsesreceptorer registrerer de indkommende viruspartikler i værtsceller. D....

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Lovgivningsmæssige godkendelser blev opnået fra University of Otago Institutional Biological Safety Committee til at arbejde med IAV og pattedyrceller. Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) eller humane lunge alveolære epitel A549 celler og IAV H1N1 undertyper blev anvendt til denne undersøgelse. IAV blev dyrket i hønseæg, som beskrevet andetsteds17. Sterile og aseptiske tilstande blev brugt til at arbejde med pattedyrceller, og et biosikkerhedsniveau 2 (eller fysisk indeslutning 2) anlæg og kla.......

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Behandling med caspase 3-hæmmer
Det er blevet opdaget, at værtscortactin, HDAC4 og HDAC6 polypeptider gennemgår nedbrydning som reaktion på IAV-infektion i både hunde (MDCK) og humane (A549, NHBE) celler 7,8,9. Ved at bruge ovenstående metoder blev det afdækket, at IAV-inducerede værtscaspaser, især caspase 3, forårsager deres nedbrydning 7,8,9

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Det er fastslået, at vira skræddersyr værtsfaktorer og veje til deres fordel. Til gengæld modstår værtscellerne det ved at anvende forskellige strategier. En af disse strategier er PANoptose, som værtsceller bruger som en antiviral strategi mod virusinfektioner. Imidlertid har vira som IAV udviklet deres egne strategier til at imødegå PANoptose og udnytte det til deres fordel 1,3,6. Dette samspil involverer spaltning af.......

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Forfatteren anerkender Jennifer Tipper, Bilan Li, Jesse vanWestrienen, Kevin Harrod, Da-Yuan Chen, Farjana Ahmed, Sonya Mros, Kenneth Yamada, Richard Webby, BEI Resources (NIAID), Health Research Council of New Zealand, Maurice og Phyllis Paykel Trust (New Zealand), HS og J.C. Anderson Trust (Dunedin) og Institut for Mikrobiologi og Immunologi og School of Biomedical Sciences (University of Otago).

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NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
A549 cellsATCCCRM-CCL-185Human, epithelial, lung
Ammonium chlorideSigma-AldrichA9434
Caspase 3 InhibitorSigma-Aldrich264156-MAlso known as 'InSolution Caspase-3 Inhibitor II - Calbiochem'
cOmplete, Mini Protease Inhibitor CocktailRoche11836153001
Goat anti-NP antibodyGift from Richard Webby (St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, USA) to MH
Lipofectamine 2000 Transfection ReagentThermoFisher Scientific31985062
Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection ReagentThermoFisher Scientific13778150
MDCK cellsATCCCCL-34Dog, epithelial, kidney
MG132Sigma-AldrichM7449
Minimum Essential Medium (MEM)ThermoFisher Scientific11095080Add L-glutamine, antibiotics or other supplements as required
MISSION siRNA Universal Negative Control #1Sigma-AldrichSIC001
Odyssey Fc imager with Image Studio Lite software 5.2 LI-COROdyssey Fc has been replaced with Odyssey XF and Image Studio Lite software has been replaced with Empiria Studio software.
Pierce BCA Protein Assay KitThermoFisher Scientific23225
Plasmid expressing human cortactin-GFP fusion Addgene50728Gift from Kenneth Yamada to Addgene
Pre-designed small interferring RNA (siRNA) to caspase 3Sigma-AldrichNM_004346siRNA ID: SASI_Hs01_00139105
Pre-designed small interferring RNA to caspase 6Sigma-AldrichNM_001226siRNA ID: SASI_Hs01_00019062
Pre-designed small interferring RNA to caspase 7Sigma-AldrichNM_001227siRNA ID: SASI_Hs01_00128361
Pre-designed SYBR Green RT-qPCR Primer pairsSigma-AldrichKSPQ12012Primer Pair IDs: H_CASP3_1; H_CASP6_1; H_CASP7_1
Protran Premium nitrocellulose membraneCytiva (Fomerly GE Healthcare)10600003
Rabbit anti-actin antibodyAbcamab8227
Rabbit anti-cortactin antibodyCell Signaling3502
Rabbit anti-GFP antibodyTakara632592
SeeBlue Pre-stained Protein StandardThermoFisher ScientificLC5625
Transfection medium, Opti-MEMThermoFisher Scientific11668019
Tris-HCl, NaCl, SDS, Sodium Deoxycholate, Triton X-100Merck
Trypsin, TPCK-TreatedSigma-Aldrich4370285

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