Designing a Bioreactor to Improve Data Acquisition and Model Throughput of Engineered Cardiac Tissues

Summary

Three-dimensional cardiac tissues bioengineered using stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes have emerged as promising models for studying healthy and diseased human myocardium in vitro while recapitulating key aspects of the native cardiac niche. This manuscript describes a protocol for fabricating and analyzing high-content engineered cardiac tissues generated from human induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes.

Abstract

Heart failure remains the leading cause of death worldwide, creating a pressing need for better preclinical models of the human heart. Tissue engineering is crucial for basic science cardiac research; in vitro human cell culture eliminates the interspecies differences of animal models, while a more tissue-like 3D environment (e.g., with extracellular matrix and heterocellular coupling) simulates in vivo conditions to a greater extent than traditional two-dimensional culture on plastic Petri dishes. However, each model system requires specialized equipment, for example, custom-designed bioreactors and functional assessment devices. Additionally, these protocols are often complicated, labor-intensive, and plagued by the failure of the small, delicate tissues.

This paper describes a process for generating a robust human engineered cardiac tissue (hECT) model system using induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes for the longitudinal measurement of tissue function. Six hECTs with linear strip geometry are cultured in parallel, with each hECT suspended from a pair of force-sensing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) posts attached to PDMS racks. Each post is capped with a black PDMS stable post tracker (SPoT), a new feature that improves the ease of use, throughput, tissue retention, and data quality. The shape allows for the reliable optical tracking of post deflections, yielding improved twitch force tracings with absolute active and passive tension. The cap geometry eliminates tissue failure due to hECTs slipping off the posts, and as they involve a second step after PDMS rack fabrication, the SPoTs can be added to existing PDMS post-based designs without major changes to the bioreactor fabrication process.

The system is used to demonstrate the importance of measuring hECT function at physiological temperatures and shows stable tissue function during data acquisition. In summary, we describe a state-of-the-art model system that reproduces key physiological conditions to advance the biofidelity, efficiency, and rigor of engineered cardiac tissues for in vitro applications.

Introduction

Engineered cardiac tissue models come in a diverse array of geometries and configurations for recapitulating various aspects of the native cardiac niche that are difficult to attain with traditional two-dimensional cell culture. One of the most common configurations is the linear tissue strip^, with flexible anchors at each end to induce tissue self-assembly and providing the tissue with a defined preload and a readout of the resulting twitch forces^1,2,3,4,5,6

Protocol

This protocol used a de-identified iPSC line, SkiPS 31.3 (originally reprogrammed using dermal fibroblasts from a healthy 45 year old male)⁴⁷, and was, thus, exempt from specific Institutional Review Board approval, in concordance with the institution's human research ethics committee guidelines. Perform all the cell and hECT manipulation in aseptic conditions in a HEPA-filtered class II biological safety cabinet or laminar flow work bench. Sterilize all the non-sterile solutions by filtration.......

Discussion

There are numerous linear engineered cardiac tissue models published in the literature, some of which are described in Table 1. Some models involve the direct measurement of the tissue force, but these typically require transferring the construct to a separate muscle bath³⁸. Most models are designed with the tissues permanently anchored at both ends, most commonly to PDMS posts^{1,2,3,.......}

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.25 mm diamete 304 Stainless Steel Wire	McMaster Carr	6517K61
0.25% trypsin-EDTA	Gibco	25200056
1.7 mL Microtubes	Axygen	MCT-175-C
10 cm dishes (20 mm tall)	Corning	353003
10 mL Serological Pipette	Drummond	6-000-010
10 N NaOH	Fisher Scientific	SS225-1	dilute 1:10 in sterile distilled water
10X Modified Eagle Medium	Sigma Aldrich	M0275
20 - 200 μL Micropipette	Eppendorf	3123000055
200 μL MicroPipette Tips	VWR	76322-150
5 mL Serological Pipette	Drummond	6-000-005
50 mL Conical Centrifuge Tubes	Falcon	352070
6 cm Petri Dish	Corning	353002
6 Watt LED Dual Gooseneck Illuminator	AmScope	LED-6W
6-Well Plates	Corning	353046
90 degree angle mirror	Edmund Optics	45-594
Acrylic bonding glue	SCIGRIP	#4
Adjustable 10 cm x 10 cm jack	Fisher Scientific	14-673-50
Aluminum 6061	McMaster Carr	9008K82
A-Plan 10X Objective Lens	ZEISS	1020-863
Autoclave Bags	Propper	21002
B-27 supplement	ThermoFisher	17504044
B-27 supplement (without insulin)	ThermoFisher	A1895601
Benchtop Centrifuge	Eppendorf	5810 R
Black ABS	Ultimaker		2.85 mm wide
Bovine Collagen I	Gibco	A1064401
CHIR99021	Tocris	4423
Class II Biosafety Cabinet	Labconco	3430009
Clear Acrylic Sheeting	estreetplastics	1002502436	6.25 mm thick
CNC Vertical Mill	Haas	VF-1
Conductive Graphite Bars	McMaster Carr	1763T33
Dissection microscope	Olympus	SZ61
Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium/Ham's F-12 Nutrient Mix	ThermoFisher	11330032
Ethanol	Fisher Scientific	A4094	Dilute to 70% in water
EVE Automated Cell counter	NanoEntek	E1000
EVE Cell Counting Slide	NanoEntek	EVS-050
Fetal Bovine Serum	Life Technologies	10438026
Fine Curved Forceps	Fine Science Tools	11253-25
Forma Series II Water Jacketed CO2 Incubator	Thermo Electron Corporation	3110	AKA "incubator". With HEPA class 100 filter
Fusion360 software	Autodesk		AKA "CAD software"
Glass Hemocytometer	Reichert	1475	0.1 mm deep
HEPES	Sigma Aldrich	H3784
hESC qualified matrigel	Corning	354277	AKA "basement membrane matrix". Store in frozen aliquots
High Speed CCD Camera	PixelLINK	P7410
Inverted Microscope	Carl Zeiss Werk	Axiovert 40 CFL	10X phase contrast objective
IWR-1	Selleck Chem	S7086
LabView Software	National Instruments	2016
Laminar flow clean bench	NuAire	NU-201-330	necessary for hECT functional analysis
Laptop	AsusTek	Strix	Intel Core i& processor ,CPU 2.8GHz, 16GB RAM
Laser Cutting Machine	Epilog	Helix 24
Magnification headset	ExcelBlades	70020	Recommended for steps requiring fine manipulations
Matlab	Mathworks	Version 2019b or later	AKA "data analysis software"
Micro Vannas Scissors, 3 mm blade	WPI Instruments	501839
Microscope Boom Stand	Olympus	SZ2-STU1
Penicillin-Streptomycin stock solution	ThermoFisher	15140122	10,000 IU/ml penicillin; 10,000 μg/ml streptomycin
Phosphate-buffered saline without divalent cations	Sigma Aldrich	P3813	Diluted in distilled water to 1X and 10X concentrations
Pipette Controller	Drummond	4-000-100
PixelLINK Capture OEM	PixelLINK	10.2.1.6	AKA "Camera Software"
Polysulfone	McMaster Carr	86735K73	translucent amber color
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)	McMaster Carr	8545K176	Black, molded
ReLeSR	Stem Cell Technologies	5872	AKA "iPSC dissociation media"
Rosewell Park Memorial Institute 1640 Media	ThermoFisher	11875135
Silicone Sheeting	SMI manufacturing		glossy, 0.02 in thickness, durometer 40
Size 10/0 Blue, Green, Red, and Yellow Glass Seed Beads	Michael's		color should withstand autoclaving
Spatula	Fisher Scientific	14-373	used for mixing PDMS
Square Pulse Stimulator	Astro-Med / Grass Technologies	S88X
Stainless Steel Razoblades	GEM	62-0179-CTN	preferred over non-stainless steel due to lower hardness
Stemflex	ThermoFisher	A3349401	AKA "iPSC culture media"
Sterile distilled water	ThermoFisher	5230
Sylgard 170 -  Silicone Elastomer Encapsulant Black 0.9 kg Kit	Dow	DOWSIL 170 2LB KIT	AKA black Polydimethylsiloxane (black PDMS)
Sylgard 184 - Silicone Elastomer Clear 1 lb Kit	Dow	DC 184 SYLGARD 0.5KG 1.1LB KIT	AKA Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)
Temperature-controlled heated stage	Okolab	H401-HG-SMU	Set height to 10 cm
Thermoplastic 3D printer	Ultimaker	Ultimaker 3
Thiazovivin	Selleck Chem	S1459
Trypan Blue	NanoEntek	EBT-001
Vacuum Chamber	Bel-Art Parts	F42027-0000
Variable Speed Mini Band Saw	Micro-Mark	82203
Variable Speed Miniature Drill Press	Micro-Mark	82959
Vibration Isolation Table	Labconco	3618000
Weighing Boats	VWR	10803-140
Talon Cylinder Bench Clamp	VWR	97035-528	AKA screw clamp