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* These authors contributed equally
An appropriate animal model is needed to understand the pathologic mechanisms underlying aortic valve stenosis (AVS) and to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. The present protocol describes a new procedure for developing the AVS rabbit model via a direct balloon injury in vivo.
Animal models are emerging as an important tool to understand the pathologic mechanisms underlying aortic valve stenosis (AVS) because of the lack of access to reliable sources of diseased human aortic valves. Among the various animal models, AVS rabbit models are one of the most commonly used in large animal studies. However, traditional AVS rabbit models require a long-term period of dietary supplementation and genetic manipulation to induce significant stenosis in the aortic valve, limiting their use in experimental studies. To address these limitations, a new AVS rabbit model is proposed, in which stenosis is induced by a direct balloon injury to the aortic valve. The present protocol describes a successful technique for inducing AVS in New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits, with step-by-step procedures for the preparation, the surgical procedure, and the post-operative care. This simple and reproducible model offers a promising approach for studying the initiation and progression of AVS and provides a valuable tool for investigating the underlying pathological mechanisms of the disease.
It is increasingly recognized that the use of appropriate animal models can contribute to a better understanding of the pathological mechanisms underlying aortic valve stenosis (AVS) due to the lack of access to reliable sources of diseased human aortic valves associated with the progression of aortic stenosis (AS). Among the various animal models for studying AVS, rabbits are one of the most commonly used large-animal AVS models, and the AVS rabbit model is induced either through cholesterol/vitamin D2 supplementation or genetic manipulation1,2,3,
All animal research procedures were approved and performed in accordance with the Laboratory Animals Welfare Act, the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, and the Guidelines and Policies for Animal Experiments provided by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at the College of Medicine of The Catholic University of Korea (approval number: CUMC-2021-0176-05). The present study utilized 3 month old male New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits weighing 3.5-4.0 kg, which were maintained under standard .......
Rabbit AVS model induced by aortic valve injury
To induce the rabbit AVS model, male NZW rabbits weighing 3.5-4.0 kg were used for this study. According to the surgical procedures described in step 2 (Figure 2), the AVS model was established by aortic valve injury, which resulted in mechanical aortic valve degeneration and calcification. The control group included rabbits fed with a 0.5% cholesterol-enriched diet (high-cholesterol, HC) and 50,000 U of vitamin D2 (VitD2.......
Animal AVS models are commonly used to study the pathological aspects of AVS, including the initiation and progression of AVS. This protocol introduces a new rabbit AVS model induced by a direct balloon injury to the aortic valve. In this study, the aortic valve injury model showed significant leaflet thickening and calcification. Compared to the mild AVS model induced by dietary supplementation, the aortic valve in the direct balloon injury model was selectively injured, leading to thickened cusps and restricted motion,.......
This work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (No. 2020R1A4A3079570), the Ministry of Education (No. 2021R1I1A1A01051425), and the Industrial Strategic Technology Development Program (No. 20014873) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy, Republic of Korea.
....Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
3-0 Silk suture | AILEE | SK312 | |
4% paraformaldehyde(PFA) | Intron | IBS-BP031-2 | |
Alizarin red Solution | Millpore | TMS-008-C | |
ASAHI SION BLUE | ASAHI | Guide wire | |
Back Table Cover | Yuhan kimberly | 80101-30 | |
Balloon In-deflation Device | Demax Medical | DID30s | |
Bionet Veterinary monitor | BIONET | BM3 VET | |
C-Arm | SIEMENS Healthcare GmbH | Cios alpha | |
Certified Rabbit Diet | Purina | 5322 | 4.7% Hydrogenated Coconut Oil, 0.5% Cholesterol, & 1% Molasse |
Curadle Smart Incubator | Autoelex | CS-CV206 | Intensive Care Unit (ICU) |
Ergocalciferol | Sigma-aldrich | E5750 | Vitamin D2 |
Fechtner conjunctiva forceps titanium | WORLD PRECISSION Instrument | WP1820 | |
Forceps | HEBU | HB203 | |
Gentamicin | Shin Poong | ||
Glycopyrrolate | SamChunDang | ||
Greenflex NS | DAI HAN PHARM | Normal saline 500 mL | |
Hematoxylin solution | Sigma-aldrich | HT1079-1 SET | |
Heparin | JW pharmaceutical | 25,000 U | |
Infusion set for single use | SWOON MEDICAL | ||
Iodine | Green pharmaceutical | ||
Iodixanol | GE Healthcare | Visipaque | Inflation solution (contrast agent) |
IV catheter 22 G | BD | 382423 | |
IV catheter 24 G | BD | 382412 | |
Ketoprofen | SamChunDang | ||
Luer-Lok syringe 10 mL | Becton Dickinson Medical | ||
Luer-Lok syringe 3 mL | Becton Dickinson Medical | ||
Microscope | OLYMPUS | SZ61 | |
Microtome | ThermoFisher Scientific | HM 325 | |
MT stain kit | Sigma-aldrich | HT15-1kt | |
Needel holder | Solco | 009-1304 | |
Needle Holder with Lock and Suture | JEUNGDO BIO & PLANT | H-1222-18 | |
Paraffin | LK LABKOREA | H06-660-107 | |
PBS | Gibco | 10010-023 | |
Potassium chloride 40 | Daihan Pharm | KCl | |
Prelude Ideal Hydrophilic Sheath | MERIT MEDICAL | PID4F11018SS | Sheath 4F |
PTA Balloon Dilatation catheter | Boston Scientific | H749-3903280208-0 | Balloon catheter 8.0 mm |
Rompun | Elanco | Xylaxine | |
sterile Gauze | DAE HAN Medical | 10 cm x 20 cm | |
Surgical Gloves | Ansell | Ansell | |
Surgical Gown | Yuhan kimberly | 90002-02 | |
Surgical Scissors | Nopa, Germany | AC020/16 | |
Surgical Tape | 3M micopore | 1530-1 | |
Syringe 1 mL | Shin Chang Medical | ||
Syringe 10 mL | Shin Chang Medical | ||
Tissue cassette | Scilav korea | Cas3003 | |
Transducer gel | SUNGHEUNG | SH102 | |
Tridol | Yuhan Corp. | Tramadol HCl | |
Ultrasound system | Philps | Affiniti 50 | |
Von Kossa stain kit | Abcam | ab105689 | |
Zoletil 50 | Virbac korea | Tiletamine & zolazepam |
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