Long-Term Imaging of Identified Neural Populations using Microprisms in Freely Moving and Head-Fixed Animals

Summary

When integrated with a head-plate and an optical design compatible with both single- and two-photon microscopes, the microprism lens presents a significant advantage in measuring neural responses in a vertical column under diverse conditions, including well-controlled experiments in head-fixed states or natural behavioral tasks in freely moving animals.

Abstract

With the advancement of multi-photon microscopy and molecular technologies, fluorescence imaging is rapidly growing to become a powerful approach for studying the structure, function, and plasticity of living brain tissues. In comparison to conventional electrophysiology, fluorescence microscopy can capture the neural activity as well as the morphology of the cells, enabling long-term recordings of the identified neuron populations at single-cell or subcellular resolution. However, high-resolution imaging typically requires a stable, head-fixed setup that restricts the movement of the animal, and the preparation of a flat surface of transparent glass allows visualization of neurons at one or more horizontal planes but is limited in studying the vertical processes running across different depths. Here, we describe a procedure to combine a head plate fixation and a microprism that gives multilayer and multimodal imaging. This surgical preparation not only gives access to the entire column of the mouse visual cortex but allows two-photon imaging in a head-fixed position and one-photon imaging in a freely moving paradigm. Using this approach, one can sample identified cell populations across different cortical layers, register their responses under head-fixed and freely moving states, and track the long-term changes over months. Thus, this method provides a comprehensive assay of the microcircuits, enabling direct comparison of neural activities evoked by well-controlled stimuli and under a natural behavioral paradigm.

Introduction

The advent of in vivo two-photon fluorescent imaging^1,2, combining the new technologies in optical systems and genetically modified fluorescence indicators, has emerged as a powerful technique in neuroscience to investigate the intricate structure, function, and plasticity in the living brain^3,4. In particular, this imaging modality offers an unparalleled advantage over traditional electrophysiology by capturing both the morphology and dynamic activities of neurons, thereby facilitating long-term tracking of identified neurons^5....

Protocol

All experiments were conducted according to the UK Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 under personal and project licenses approved and issued by the UK Home Office following appropriate ethics review. Adult transgenic lines CaMKII-TTA; GCaMP6S-TRE²¹ were bred and their offspring used in the experiment. For the safety of the experimenters and the maintenance of sterile conditions, all the procedures were performed under aseptic conditions and with full personal protective equipment.

Discussion

Here, we have shown the ability to observe and directly compare neurons in head-fixed and freely moving conditions in the same neural populations. While we demonstrated the application in the visual cortex, this protocol can be adapted to a multitude of other brain areas, both cortical areas and deep nuclei^{24,25,26,27,28}, as well as other data acquisition and .......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.9% Sodium Chloride solution for infusion (Vetivex 11) 250ml	Dechra	20091607	Saline for hydration and drug reconsitution
18004-1 Trephine 1.8mm diameter bur	FST	18004-18	Drill bit
1ml syringe	Terumo	MDSS01SE	1ml syringe
23G x 5/8 inch 6% LUER needle	Terumo	NN-2316R	23G needle
71000 Automated stereotaxic apparatus w/ built-in software	RWD	-	RWD
Absorbable Haemostatic Gelatin Sponge (10x10x10mm)	Surgispon	SSP-101010	gel-foam
Alcohol pads 70% isopropyl alcohol	Braun	9160612	Alcohol pads
Aluminium foil	Any retailer	-	Foil to cover eyes during surgery
Articifical Cerebrospinal Fluid	Tocris Bioscience a Bio-Techne Brand	3525/25ML	ACSF
Automated microinjection pump	WPI	8091
Betadine solution (10% iodinated Povidone) 500ml	Videne/Ecolab	3030440	Betadine
Bruker Ultime 2Pplus (customised)	Bruker	-	Two-photon imaging system
Cardiff Aldasorber	Vet-Tech	AN006	Anaesthesia absorber
CFI S Plan Fluor ELWD ADM 20XC	Nikon	MRH48230	20x objective lens
Compact Anaesthesia system - single gas - isoflurane K/F, with oxygen concentrator model: ZY-5AC and scavenging unit	Vet-Tech	AN001	Compact anaesthesia system
Contec Prochlor	Aston Pharma	AP2111L1	Disinfectant (hypochlorous acid)
Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Injection, USP, 4mg/ml, NDC: 0641-6145-25	Hikma	Covetrus:70789	Dexamethasone
Dissecting Knife, cutting edge 4mm, thickness 0.5mm, stainless steel	Fine Science Tools	10055-12	Knife for incisino of cortex
Dual-Sided, Non-Puncture Mouse & Neonatal Rat Ear Bars	Stoelting	51649	Ear bar
Dummy microscope	Inscopix	Dummy microscope	To help with implantation
Ethanol (100%)	VWR	40-1712-25	Used to make 70% ethanol
Fisherbrand Nitrile Indigo Disposable Gloves PPE Cat III	FischerScientific	17182182	Gloves
Homeothermic Monitor 50-7222-F	Harvard Apparatus	50-7222-F	Homeothermic monitoring system/heating pad
Image processing software	ImageJ	-	Image processing software
Inscopix Data Processing Software (IDPS)	Inscopix	-	One-photon calcium imaging processing software
Insight Duals-232, S/N 2043	InSight	Insight Spectra X3	Two-photon imaging laser
IsoFlo 250ml 100% w/w inhalation	Zoetis	WM 42058/4195	Isoflurane
Kwik-Sil Low Toxicity Silicone Adhesive	World Precision Intruments (WPI)	KWIK-SIL	Silicone adhesive
MICROMOT mains adapter NG 2/S, w/ Drill unit 60/E	PROXXON	NO 28 515	Handheld drill
nVoke Integrated Imaging and Optogenetics System package	Inscopix	-	One-photon Imaging system and software
ProView Implant Kit	Inscopix	ProView Implant Kit	Dummy microscope, stereotaxic arm and attachment
ProView Prism Probe	Inscopix	1050-002203	Microprism lens
Rimadyl (50mg/ml)	Zoetis	VM 42058/4123	Carprofen
Stereotaxis Microscope on Articulated arm with table clamp	WPI	PZMTIII-AAC	Microscope
Super-Bond Universal kit, SUN Medical	Prestige-Dental	K058E	Adhesive cement
Two-photon calcium image software	Suite2P	-	Two-photon calcium imaging processing software
Vapouriser	Vet-Tech	-	Isoflurane vapouriser
Xailin Lubricating Eye Ointment 5g	Xailin-Night	MLG/28/1551	Ophthalmic ointment