Methodology to Metabolically Inactivate Bacteria for Caenorhabditis elegans Research

Summary

The food source for Caenorhabditis elegans in the lab is live Escherichia coli. Since bacteria are metabolically active, they present a confounding variable in metabolic and drug studies in C. elegans. A detailed protocol to metabolically inactivate bacteria using paraformaldehyde is described here.

Abstract

Caenorhabditis elegans is a common model organism for research in genetics, development, aging, metabolism, and behavior. Because C. elegans consume a diet of live bacteria, the metabolic activity of their food source can confound experiments looking for the direct effects of various interventions on the worm. To avoid the confounding effects of bacterial metabolism, C. elegans researchers have used multiple methods to metabolically inactivate bacteria, including ultraviolet (UV)-irradiation, heat-killing, and antibiotics. UV treatment is relatively low-throughput and cannot be used in liquid culture because each plate must be examined for successful bacterial killing. A second treatment method, heat-killing, negatively affects the texture and nutritional quality of the bacteria, leading to the developmental arrest of C. elegans. Finally, antibiotic treatment can directly alter C. elegans physiology in addition to preventing bacterial growth. This manuscript describes an alternative method to metabolically inactivate bacteria using paraformaldehyde (PFA). PFA treatment cross-links proteins within bacterial cells to prevent metabolic activity while preserving cellular structure and nutritional content. This method is high-throughput and can be used in liquid culture or solid plates, as testing one plate of PFA-treated bacteria for growth validates the whole batch. Metabolic inactivation through PFA treatment can be used to eliminate the confounding effects of bacterial metabolism on studies of drug or metabolite supplementation, stress resistance, metabolomics, and behavior in C. elegans.

Introduction

Caenorhabditis elegans was originally proposed as a model organism in 1965¹ and has since been widely adopted in studies of genetics, development, behavior, aging, and metabolism². Due to their large brood size and transparent cuticle, C. elegans is particularly well-suited for high-throughput screening with fluorescent reporters³. Their short life cycle, hermaphroditic reproduction, and genetic homology with humans also make C. elegans a valuable model system for studies on development⁴ and aging biology⁵. Moreover, C.....

Protocol

1. Bacteria inoculation

1. Prepare Luria broth (LB) by dissolving 10 g of tryptone, 5 g of yeast extract, and 10 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) in 950 mL of distilled water.
2. Adjust the pH of the LB to 7.0 by adding 5M sodium hydroxide (NaOH). This should only require about 0.2 mL of NaOH.
3. Autoclave the pH-adjusted LB media on a liquid cycle for 45 min at 15 psi. Allow the solution to cool and store at room temperature.
4. Inoculate a single colony of bacteria in 100 mL of.......

Discussion

Benefits of PFA-killing relative to other bacterial-killing methods
PFA-treatment is a high-throughput method to prevent bacterial metabolism while maintaining a nutritious food source for C. elegans. Killing bacteria via PFA-treatment has multiple advantages over other methods. Unlike UV-treatment, where every plate must be tested for successful killing, a single plate from a batch of PFA-treated bacteria can be tested to validate the batch¹⁶. PFA-treatment is also.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Aluminum Foil	Staples	2549291
Bunsen burner	VWR	470121-700
Cell Density Meter	Denville	80-3000-45
Centrifuge	Eppendorg	5430
Chemical fume hood	Labcono	975050411384RG
Conincal tubes (50 mL)	Fisher	339652
Cuvettes	Fisher	14-955-127
E. coli OP50	CGC	OP50
Erlenmyer flasks	Fisher	250 mL: FB501250 500 mL: FB501500 1000 mL: FB5011000
Inoculation loop	Fisher	22-363-605
LB Agar	Fisher	BP1425500
Liquid waste collection bottle	Thomas Scientific	1230G50
Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4)	Sigma	M7506
Paraformaldehyde (32%)	Electron Microscopy Sciences	15714-S	Paraformaldehyde – methanol free solution
Pipettor	Eppendorf	Eppendorf Easypet 3
Plastic dishes (100 mm)	Fisher	FB0875712
Potassium Phosphate Monobasic (KH2PO4)	Fisher	P2853
Seahorse XF Calibrant	Agilent	100840-000
Seahorse XFe96 Extracellular Flux Assay Kit and Cell Culture Microplate	Agilent	101085-004
Serological pipettes (50 mL)	Genesee Scientific	12-107
Shaker incubator	Thermo	11 676 083
Sodium Chloride (NaCl)	Fisher	S640-3
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)	Fisher	S318500
Sodium Phosphate Dibasic Anhydrous (Na2HPO4)	Sigma	S374-500
Solid waste collection bucket	M&M Industries	5.0 Gallon M1 Traditional Pail
Tryptone	Genesee Scientific	20-251
Vortex	Thermo	11676331
Weighing balance	C Goldenwall	HZ10K6B
Yeast Extract	Genesee Scientific	20-255