Amplitude-Modulated Electrodeformation to Evaluate Mechanical Fatigue of Biological Cells

Summary

Presented here is a protocol for mechanical fatigue testing in the case of human red blood cells using an amplitude-modulated electrodeformation approach. This general approach can be used to measure the systematic changes in morphological and biomechanical characteristics of biological cells in a suspension from cyclic deformation.

Abstract

Red blood cells (RBCs) are known for their remarkable deformability. They repeatedly undergo considerable deformation when passing through the microcirculation. Reduced deformability is seen in physiologically aged RBCs. Existing techniques to measure cell deformability cannot easily be used for measuring fatigue, the gradual degradation in cell membranes caused by cyclic loads. We present a protocol to evaluate mechanical degradation in RBCs from cyclic shear stresses using amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation-based electrodeformation in a microfluidic channel. Briefly, the interdigitated electrodes in the microfluidic channel are excited with a low voltage alternating current at radio frequencies using a signal generator. RBCs in suspension respond to the electric field and exhibit positive dielectrophoresis (DEP), which moves cells to the electrode edges. Cells are then stretched due to the electrical forces exerted on the two cell halves, resulting in uniaxial stretching, known as electrodeformation. The level of shear stress and the resultant deformation can be easily adjusted by changing the amplitude of the excitation wave. This enables quantifications of nonlinear deformability of RBCs in response to small and large deformations at high throughput. Modifying the excitation wave with the ASK strategy induces cyclic electrodeformation with programmable loading rates and frequencies. This provides a convenient way for the characterization of RBC fatigue. Our ASK-modulated electrodeformation approach enables, for the first time, a direct measurement of RBC fatigue from cyclic loads. It can be used as a tool for general biomechanical testing, for analyses of cell deformability and fatigue in other cell types and diseased conditions, and can also be combined with strategies to control the microenvironment of cells, such as oxygen tension and biological and chemical cues.

Introduction

Red blood cells (RBCs) are the most deformable cells in the human body¹. Their deformability is directly related to their oxygen-carrying functionality. Reduced deformability in RBCs has been found to correlate with the pathogenesis of several RBC disorders². Deformability measurements have led us to a better understanding of RBC-related diseases³. The normal lifespan of RBCs can vary from 70 to 140 day⁴. Therefore, it is important to measure how their deformability decreases along with the aging process, e.g., their fatigue behavior due to cyclic shear stresses

Protocol

Deidentified human whole blood was commercially obtained. Work involving the blood samples was performed in a biosafety level 2 laboratory utilizing protocols approved by the Institutional Biosafety Committee at Florida Atlantic University.

1. Microfluidic device preparation

1. Tape down the SU-8 master silicon wafer for the microfluidic channel design on the inside of a plastic 14 cm Petri dish and clean it with N₂ gas.
2. Weigh 60 g of polydimethyl.......

Discussion

The ASK OOK modulation of a DEP force-inducing sine wave can be used to test the mechanical fatigue of RBCs over a long period of time. In this protocol, we limited the in vitro fatigue testing to 1 hour to prevent the potential adverse metabolic effects on the cell deformability. Comprehensive fatigue testing conditions can be programmed using the ASK-modulated electrodeformation technique. Parameters such as loading frequency, amplitude, and loading rate can all be programmed. The loading frequency can be programmed to.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Balance Scale	ViBRA	HT-224R
Bandpass filter	BRIGHTLINE	414/46 BrightLine HC
BD Disposable Syringes with Luer-Lok™ Tips, 1 mL	Fisher Scientific	14-823-30
Biopsy Punches with Plunger System, 1.5 mm	Fisher Scientific	12-460-403
Biopsy Punches with Plunger System, 3 mm	Fisher Scientific	12-460-407	1.5 mm and 3 mm diameter
Blunt needle, 23-gauge	BSTEAN	X001308N97
Bovin Serum Albumin	RMBIO	BSA-BSH
Centrifuge	SCILOGEX	911015119999
Conical Tube, 50 mL	Fisher Scientific	05-539-13
Dextrose	Fisher Scientific	MDX01455	MilliporeSigma™
EC Low Conductivity meter	ecoTestr	358/03
Eppendorf   Snap-Cap MicrocentrifugeTubes	www.eppendorf.com	05-402-25
Excel	Microsoft		Graph plotting
Function Generator	SIGLENT	SDG830
Glass/ITO Electrode Substrate	OSSILA	S161
ImageJ	NIH		https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/
Inverted Microscope	OLYMPUS	IX81 - SN9E07015
Lab Oven	QUINCY LAB (QL)	MODEL 30GCE	Digital Model
Matlab	MathWorks		Graph plotting
Micro Osmometer - Model 3300	Advanced Instruments Inc.	S/N: 03050397P
Parafilm Laboratory Wrapping Film	Fisher Scientific	13-374-12
Petri dish	FALCON	SKU=351006	ICSI/Biopsydish 50*9 mm
Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)	LONZA	04-479Q
Plasma Cleaner	Harrick plasma PDCOOL	NC0301989
Solidworks	Dassault Systemes		CAD software
Sucrose	Fisher Scientific	50-188-2419
Vacuum Desiccator	SPBEL-ART	F42400-2121
Wooden spatula	Fisher Scientific	NC0304136	Tongue Depressors Wood NS 6"