Quantification of Microglial Engulfment of Synaptic Material Using Flow Cytometry

Summary

Here we present two protocols to quantify microglial engulfment of vGLUT1-positive synapses and pHRodo Red-labeled crude synaptosomes using flow cytometry.

Abstract

Microglia play a pivotal role in synaptic refinement in the brain. Analysis of microglial engulfment of synapses is essential for comprehending this process; however, currently available methods for identifying microglial engulfment of synapses, such as immunohistochemistry (IHC) and imaging, are laborious and time-intensive. To address this challenge, herein we present in vitro and in vivo* assays that allow fast and high-throughput quantification of microglial engulfment of synapses using flow cytometry.

In the in vivo* approach, we performed intracellular vGLUT1 staining following fresh cell isolation from adult mouse brains to quantify engulfment of vGLUT1⁺ synapses by microglia. In the in vitro synaptosome engulfment assay, we used freshly isolated cells from the adult mouse brain to quantify the engulfment of pHrodo Red-labeled synaptosomes by microglia. These protocols together provide a time-efficient approach to quantifying microglial engulfment of synapses and represent promising alternatives to labor-intensive image analysis-based methods. By streamlining the analysis, these assays can contribute to a better understanding of the role of microglia in synaptic refinement in different disease models.

Introduction

Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS)¹. They constantly scan their microenvironment and provide surveillance^1,2. Moreover, they frequently interact with synapses and mediate a fine-tuning of the synaptic activity³. Thus, they have emerged as a key player in the process of synaptic refinement.

The role of microglia in synaptic refinement through the engulfment of synapses has been shown by various research groups^3,4,5,6,7. Disruptions in this process can contribute to the pathology of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease⁸. Aberrant synaptic refinement by microglia has already been detected in various murine models of neurological disorders^5,9,10. Therefore, identification of distinct mechanisms underlying microglial engulfment of synapses is paramount to understanding the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders⁸.

Targeting microglial engulfment of synapses holds great potential for both intervening in disease progression and gaining insights into the underlying mechanisms of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. To facilitate such investigations, there is a need for fast and high-throughput approaches. Current methodological approaches encompass in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro assays that enable the detection of synaptic material within microglia. Generally, the detection of microglial engulfment of synapses relies heavily on immunohistochemistry (IHC) and microscopy-based approaches^5,6,11, which are labor-intensive and show limitations in analyzing a large number of microglia.

Given these technical limitations, the exploration of alternative methodologies is imperative. To overcome this, we have optimized a flow cytometry-based approach, which enables an efficient, unbiased, and high-throughput analysis of microglial engulfment of synapses. We chose the hippocampus as the main region of interest due to its high degree of synaptic remodeling and plasticity¹², but the protocol can be adapted to various brain regions. While flow cytometry has already been used in previous studies to detect microglial engulfment of synapses^13,14,15, we herein provide a step-by-step methodology employing a currently commercially available, fluorophore-conjugated vGLUT1 antibody. We, moreover, provide a complementary in vitro approach for high-throughput screening of microglial engulfment of synaptic material by using crude synaptosomes.

Protocol

A general view of the experimental procedure is graphically illustrated in Figure 1A. All experiments involving the handling of living animals used were performed in strict accordance with the German Animal Protection Law and were approved by the Regional Office for Health and Social Services in Berlin (Landesamt für Gesundheit und Soziales, Berlin, Germany). The mice were group-housed in ventilated cages under standard laboratory conditions with a 12:12 h light/dark cycle at the animal core facility of the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC). Food and water were provided ad libitum. See Table 1 for the composition of buffers and reagents and the Table of Materials for details related to all reagents, instruments, and materials used in this protocol. For the vGLUT1-specific assay, we used the term in vivo* throughout the manuscript to acknowledge that flow cytometry requires tissue homogenization and cell isolation, and microglia exhibit approximately 95% viability after the isolation procedure (Figure 1B and Supplementary Figure S1). Therefore, they retain their ability to engulf synaptic material ex vivo, for a short period, until the fixation. Thus, the quantification of vGLUT1⁺ microglia comprises both in vivo and short-term ex vivo engulfment until the fixation step.

1. Intracellular vGLUT1 staining for the detection of in vivo* engulfment of glutamatergic synapses by microglia

NOTE: The following cell isolation procedure is adapted from¹⁶. All steps of cell isolation should be carried out on ice.

1. Anesthetize the mice using intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital. Perfuse the mice intracardially with 10 mL of ice-cold Dulbecco´s Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS) for ~2 min.
   NOTE: One mouse is used per sample (n).
2. Take the brain out of the skull and preserve it in 1 mL of neural cell medium.
   NOTE: Neural cell medium, such as Hibernate-A medium, is used to ensure high viability of cells following the tissue dissociation process.
3. Transfer the brain to a Petri dish filled with 1 mL of ice-cold neural cell medium and dissect the hippocampi as described previously¹⁷.
4. Transfer the hippocampi to a Dounce homogenizer filled with 1 mL of neural cell medium and dissociate the tissue using the loose pestle with approximately ~25 gentle strokes.
5. Place a 70 µm strainer on a 5 mL polypropylene tube and add 500 µL of neural cell medium. Transfer the tissue homogenate to the 5 mL polypropylene tube through the strainer.
6. Rinse the Dounce homogenizer 2x with 1 mL of cold neural cell medium and centrifuge the samples at 400 × g for 8 min.
7. Aspirate the supernatant and resuspend the pellet in 500 µL of ice-cold DPBS via gentle pipetting. Ensure a homogeneous suspension and complete the final volume to 1.5 mL by using DPBS.
8. Add 500 µL of isotonic Percoll solution to the sample, resuspend it gently, and overlay it with another 2 ml of cold DPBS.
9. Centrifuge the samples at 3,000 × g for 10 min with full acceleration and no brake. Aspirate the top layer as well as the myelin disk in the middle phase.
   NOTE: All following centrifugation steps are carried out at 4 ^oC if not specified otherwise.
10. Add 4 mL of cold DPBS and centrifuge the samples at 400 × g for 10 min. Aspirate the supernatant and resuspend the cells in 100 µL of fixable viability staining solution and incubate the samples for 30 min at 4 °C.
11. Add 1 mL of cold DPBS to the sample and centrifuge the samples at 300 × g for 5 min. Discard the supernatant and add 100 µL of CD16/CD32 staining solution (1/200 in FACS buffer). Vortex for ~5 s and incubate for 10 min at 4 °C.
    NOTE: CD16/CD32 staining is a pretreatment to minimize non-specific binding of antibodies to FcR-bearing cells, such as microglia, prior to applications such as flow cytometry.
12. Add 1 mL of FACS buffer to the sample and centrifuge at 300 × g for 5 min. Aspirate the supernatant and add 100 µL of staining master mix-I (1/100 anti-CD11b/ anti-CD45 + 1/200 anti-Ly6C/ anti-Ly6G in 1x FACS Buffer). Incubate the samples for 20 min at 4°C in the dark.
13. Add 1 mL of FACS buffer to the sample and centrifuge at 300 × g for 5 min.
14. Resuspend the pellet in 250 µL of fixation buffer. Incubate at 4 °C for 25 min.
15. Add 2 mL of 1x permeabilization (PERM) Buffer and centrifuge 300 × g for 5 min.
16. Discard the supernatant and add 100 µL of vGLUT1 or isotype control staining solution. Vortex for ~5 s and incubate the samples at 4 °C for 50 min.
17. Add 2 mL of 1x PERM Buffer and centrifuge 300 × g for 5 min. Discard the supernatant and add 2 mL of FACS buffer to the samples.
18. Centrifuge at 300 × g for 5 min and discard the supernatant. Resuspend the cells in 250 µL of FACS buffer and pass the samples through a 40 µm strainer filter.
19. Analyze vGLUT1 fluorescence intensity from single/viable/CD11b⁺⁺/CD45⁺ microglia using flow cytometry. Use spleen macrophages as a negative control for each experiment.
    1. Isolate splenocytes by gently compressing minced spleen tissue through a 70 µm strainer filter twice. Rinse the filters with 40 mL of DPBS and collect the suspension in a 50 mL conical tube.
    2. Centrifuge 350 × g for 10 min and resuspend the resultant pellet in a 1 mL solution of red blood cells lysis buffer. Incubate for 10 min on ice.
    3. Add 10 mL of DPBS to the sample following the incubation and centrifuge at 350 × g for 10 min.
    4. Proceed with the staining steps explained between steps 1.11 and 1.17.
       NOTE: The gating strategy is provided in Supplementary Figure S2 to define spleen macrophages as CD11b ⁺⁺/ CD45 ⁺⁺/ Viable cell population.
    5. Gating strategy (Figure 1)
       1. Primary gate: Adjust the forward Scatter Area (FSC-A) [x-axis] and Side Scatter Area (SSC-A) [y-axis] to include the microglia population in the gated area and exclude the cellular debris.
       2. Adjust the forward Scatter Area (FSC-A) [x-axis] and Forward Scatter Height (FSC-H) [y-axis] to exclude doublets. Singlets appear as a diagonal on this dot plot.
       3. Adjust CD11b-PECy7 [y-axis] and CD45-APC [x-axis] and gate the population with a high surface level of CD11b and medium-level of CD45 as microglia.
       4. Exclude dead cells in the FITC[y-axis] negative gate. OPTIONAL: Also exclude cells that are positive for Ly6C- and Ly6G-FITC in the FITC-negative gate to exclude CNS-associated macrophages from the analysis.
          NOTE: In contrast to live cells, dead cells with compromised membranes allow the fixable viability dye to enter the cytoplasm, which increases the amount of protein labeling¹⁸. Thus, dead cells will be brighter than live cells, which are included in the defined gate.
       5. Adjust CD45-APC [x-axis] and vGLUT1-PE [y-axis]; the population that is above the threshold gate, where there are no positive events detected in the spleen sample (internal biological negative control, Figure 1E) is regarded as the vGLUT1-positive fraction in the sample.

2. Detection of in vitro engulfment of crude synaptosomes by microglia

1. Crude synaptosome preparation and pHrodo Red labeling
   NOTE: All the following steps should take place on ice.
   1. Follow steps 1.1 to 1.2.
   2. Transfer the brain to a Petri dish filled with 1 mL of ice-cold neural cell medium and carefully dissect the hippocampi. Always keep the Petri dish on ice. Use hippocampi for microglia isolation in the next step.
   3. Transfer the rest of the brain (excluding the cerebellum and olfactory bulb) to a Dounce homogenizer filled with 1 mL of synaptic protein extraction reagent and gently dissociate the tissue using the loose pestle with approximately ~30 strikes. Supplement the one tablet protease inhibitor per 10 mL of the extraction reagent and isolate synaptosomes according to the manufacturer's instructions.
      NOTE: Synaptic protein extraction reagents, such as SynPER¹⁹, are used to prepare synaptosomes that contain biologically active pre- and postsynaptic proteins.
   4. Dissolve the crude synaptosome pellet in 500 µL of 0.1 M Na₂CO₃ solution. Stain the synaptosome sample with 10 µL of 0.2 mM pHrodo Red. Incubate the crude synaptosome samples at room temperature (24-25 °C) for 1.5 h with gentle agitation.
   5. Add 1 mL of cold DPBS onto the sample, centrifuge for 1 min at full speed (20,815 × g), and aspirate the supernatant.
   6. Repeat step 2.1.5 for 7x in total to remove unbound excessive pHrodo Red from the samples.
   7. After the last centrifuge, perform a standard BCA assay to quantify the protein concentrations of the sample.
   8. Optional: snap-freeze synaptosome samples in DPBS with 5% DMSO using liquid nitrogen and preserve them for 3 weeks at -80 °C. Cover the tubes with aluminum foil to keep the light exposure minimum.
2. In vitro crude synaptosome engulfment assay using freshly isolated adult microglia
   1. Prepare aCSF and equilibrate it with 95% O₂:5%CO₂ for 30 min.
      NOTE: For the steps 2.2.2-2.2.4, follow the manufacturer's instructions for preparation of papain-based digestion solution.
   2. Add 4 mL of aCSF to vial 2 in the papain kit. Place the vial in a 37 °C water bath for ~10 min until the papain solution appears clear.
   3. Add 400 µL of aCSF to vial 3 in the papain kit. Mix gently for ~10 times by slow pipetting.
   4. Add 200 µL from vial 3 to vial 2 (reconstructed at step 2.2.3). Save the rest of the vial 3.
   5. Take the hippocampi dissected in step 2.1.2 and mince the dissected hippocampi by using a scalpel.
   6. Transfer the minced hippocampi to a tissue dissociator tube filled with 2 mL of enzyme solution prepared in step 2.2.5. Place the tube into the tissue dissociator and run the program: 37C_ABDK_01 (takes ~30 min).
   7. Place the samples in a water bath at 37 °C for ~20 min and triturate the mixture every 5 min using a 1 mL pipet without making any bubbles.
      NOTE: This process should be continued until the tissue is fully dissociated and appears completely homogeneous to ensure an efficient dissociation. All following centrifugation steps are carried out at 4 ^oC if not specified otherwise.
   8. Carefully remove the cloudy cell suspension to a new 15 mL tube and centrifuge at 300 × g for 5 min.
   9. During this 5 min period, prepare the following wash mix (5 mL) per sample; add 500 µL of reconstituted albumin-ovomucoid inhibitor solution provided in the papain kit to 4.5 mL of aCSF. Add the remaining solution in vial 3 from step 2.2.5 to the wash mix.
   10. Discard the supernatant from step 2.2.8 and immediately resuspend the cell pellet in the wash mix solution.
   11. Pass the sample through a 70 µm filter to a new 5 mL microcentrifuge tube. Centrifuge the samples at 300 × g for 5 min.
   12. Proceed with the Percoll gradient centrifugation step explained previously in steps 1.7-1.9.
   13. Resuspend the cells carefully in MACS staining buffer by pipetting slowly up and down. Incubate the samples for 15 min at 4 °C.
   14. Add 1 mL of MACS buffer to each sample and centrifuge at 300 × g for 8 min.
   15. Resuspend the cells in 500 µL of MACS buffer.
   16. Place the positive selection columns in the magnetic separator. Equilibrate the columns by rinsing them with 3 mL of MACS Buffer.
   17. Gently mix and apply 500 µL of the cell suspension onto the column. Wash the columns 3x with 3 mL of MACS Buffer.
   18. Remove the columns from the magnetic separator and place them on 15 mL conical tubes. Add 5 mL of MACS buffer onto the column and immediately flush out the cells using a plumper. Centrifuge the samples at 300 × g for 10 min.
   19. During this period, prepare 20 mL of 40% FBS in DPBS. Prewarm 1 mL of DMEM per sample up to 37 °C in a water bath.
   20. Dissolve the final cell pellet in 1 mL of prewarmed DMEM. Seed around ~150,000-200,000 cells in 500 µL of prewarmed DMEM per well in a 24-well plate. As a control, seed a similar number of cells in 1-2 extra wells. Check the confluency of cells in all the wells using a light microscope.
       NOTE: If the target brain region is hippocampus or comparably small brain regions, 5 mice can be pooled per sample (n) to isolate ~150,000 microglia. For the whole brain, 1 mouse per n will suffice to obtain similar numbers of cells using both isolation protocols. Alternatively, ~40,000 cells can be plated in 96-well plates in 100 µL final volume to start the engulfment assay. This reduces the number of cells analyzed but also reduces the number of mice used per n. Protein deprivation due to lack of FCS in DMEM will trigger phagocytosis.
   21. Incubate the plate for 1-2 h in the incubator (37 °C and 5% CO₂).
       NOTE: This step aims for the cells to recover from the stress-prone effects of the isolation procedure prior to the start of the functional engulfment assay.
   22. Take 250 µL of medium out of each well very slowly, add 250 µL of fresh prewarmed DMEM to each well, and add 3 µg of pHRodo Red-labeled synaptosomes on the top. Check the cell confluency in all the wells using a light microscope.
       1. For the negative control wells, add the same amount of unlabeled synaptosomes to the extra well seeded with cells.
       2. For test wells, ensure that well 1 contains only cells; well 2 contains cells+ unlabeled synaptosomes; well-3 contains cells+ 3 µg of pHrodo Red; well 4 contains DMEM + 3 µg of pHrodo Red.
   23. Incubate the cells with synaptosomes for 2 h in the incubator (37 °C and 5% CO₂).
   24. Take out the medium and wash the wells with cold DPBS. Add 200 µL of Trypsin/EDTA solution per well to detach the cells for 35 s.
   25. Add 1 mL of 40% FBS in DPBS per well and transfer the cells to a 5 mL polypropylene tube through the strainer. Keep both the plate and the tube on ice during this process to facilitate the detachment of cells.
   26. Wash each well 2x using 500 µL of ice-cold DPBS. Centrifuge the collected samples at 500 × g for 5 min.
   27. Resuspend the cells in the staining solution containing 1/200 CD16/CD32 in 100 µL of FACS buffer and incubate for 10 min on ice.
   28. After the incubation, add CD11b and CD45 to the staining solution with a final concentration of 1/100 from each. Incubate the samples for 20 min at 4 °C in the dark.
   29. Wash the samples with 1 mL of FACS buffer and centrifuge them at 300 × g for 10 min.
   30. Resuspend the pellet in 250 µL of FACS buffer and record at least 100,000 total events using flow cytometry. Analyze pHrodo Red fluorescence intensity from CD11b⁺⁺/CD45⁺ microglia.
   31. Gating strategy (Figure 2C)
       1. Adjust the primary gate: Forward Scatter Area (FSC-A) [x-axis] and Side Scatter Area (SSC-A) [x-axis] to include the microglia population in the gated area and exclude the cellular debris.
       2. Adjust the forward Scatter Area (FSC-A) [x-axis] and Forward Scatter Height (FSC-H) [y-axis] to exclude doublets. Singlets appear as a diagonal on this dot plot.
       3. Adjust CD11b-PECy7 [y-axis] and CD45-APC [x-axis] and gate the population with high surface level CD11b and medium-level of CD45 as microglia.
       4. Calculate the median fluorescence intensity of pHrodo-PE from this population. Use the same cells incubated with unlabeled synaptosomes as the negative control.

Discussion

Synaptic refinement through microglia-synapse interaction is an intriguing area of study within the field of neuroimmunology, offering promising insights into the role of microglia in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. In 2011; Paolicelli et al. provided evidence of the presence of synaptic material within microglia, shedding light on their involvement in the process of synaptic engulfment⁴. Another intriguing study employed time-lapse imaging and an ex vivo organotypic brain slice culture model and reported that microglia engage in a phagocytic process known as trogocytosis, where they engulf presynaptic structures rather than the entire synaptic structure²³. A very recent publication using a new transgenic mouse model that enables measurement of phagocytosis in intact tissue showed pruning by Bergmann-glia in vivo upon motor learning²⁴. Thus, there is sufficient evidence indicating the involvement of glial cells in synaptic engulfment, including microglia. However, the extent to which this microglial function impacts the dynamic, and selective process of synaptic pruning requires further evidence.

Nevertheless, the quantification of microglial engulfment of synapses serves as a valuable indicator and provides partial insight into the complex dynamics of microglia-synapse interactions, especially synaptic refinement. A comprehensive review has summarized current protocols used to investigate microglia engulfment of synapses²⁵. We would like to emphasize that our protocols are optimized based on existing protocols that are already in use. The methods presented in this study provide fast and high-throughput quantification microglial engulfment of synapses in various dissected brain regions. Depending on the brain region, an analysis of at least 10,000 microglial cells in a maximum of two days is possible for both methodologies, making them valuable for testing multiple mouse models in parallel.

We acknowledge that the quantification of vGLUT1⁺ microglia comprises both in vivo and short-term ex vivo engulfment until the fixation step. Therefore, we suggest that our assay presents a fast and reliable way to quantify synaptic material inside microglia as an initial step prior to in vivo validation using approaches such as IHC.

Another disadvantage of the flow cytometry analysis is the limited availability of antibodies for synaptic markers, particularly for inhibitory synapses. It is challenging to find commercially available, directly conjugated antibodies that show a bright signal for these markers. Given the extensive optimization time required to test different antibodies targeting synaptic markers, it is important to share the well-optimized procedures with the scientific community for intracellular staining with different antibodies as we do here with this study.

Regarding data analysis in this study, we used Isotype controls as technical negative controls to account for non-specific bindings of the vGLUT1 antibody, since they provide an estimate for nonspecific binding of an antibody in a sample while optimizing flow cytometry-based assays²⁶. However, isotype controls have been mostly optimized to detect the nonspecific background signal from the surface staining procedures and are not optimal for intracellular staining controls^27,28. Therefore, they should not be relied upon to distinguish between the negative and positive populations when performing intracellular staining, which involves fixation and permeabilization steps that can impact antigen detection, autofluorescence, and fluorophore brightness²⁹. Such intracellular staining procedures require the use of appropriate biological internal controls to define the positive cell population stained for an intracellular marker²⁹. Thus, considering that we use an intracellular staining protocol, we employed an internal biological negative control (spleen macrophages) and defined the boundary between the positive and negative populations according to the spleen macrophages isolated from the same mice. We distinguished the positive population above the gate, at which there are no vGLUT1 positive events from the spleen macrophages that serve as the biological negative control (Figure 1).

Both methods presented in this study offer great potential for initial analysis of microglial engulfment of synapses in a fast and high-throughput manner, analyzing over 10,000 cells from small brain regions and this is not achievable with standard microscopy techniques. Therefore, these methods offer a significant advantage over labor and time-intensive methods and further, provide a more comprehensive analysis of synaptic engulfment by allowing an analysis of a greater number of microglia. Additionally, the in vitro method presented in this study is particularly useful for testing the impact of different treatments on the microglial engulfment of synapses. It enables direct quantification of the effect of treatment on microglia without the confounding factors associated with other cell types. In addition, it serves as an indirect approach to proving a potential effect of microenvironment or other cell types on the process of synaptic engulfment. Therefore, we conclude that these methods, especially when used in parallel, offer intuitive and advantageous alternatives for the analysis of microglial engulfment of synaptic materials.

However, the analysis of freshly isolated microglia by FACS-based phagocytic assays ex vivo may pose a few disadvantages. First, it is critical to employ well-optimized protocols that generate freshly isolated microglia from the adult brain while avoiding ex vivo activation and stress response of microglia. Dissing-Olesen et al. incorporated the use of transcriptional and translational inhibitors to overcome this issue by employing a tissue dissociation procedure at 37 ^oC³⁰. Mattei et al., on the other hand, presented a cold, mechanical tissue dissociation protocol to avoid inducing ex vivo expression of stress associated genes¹⁶ and we adapted this protocol in the first section to avoid ex vivo activation of stress-associated microglia response prior to intracellular vGLUT1 staining. We employed an enzymatic tissue dissociation protocol in the second section prior to the in vitro synaptosome engulfment assay considering the higher yield of microglia following papain-based tissue dissociation (data not shown). Microglia inevitably remain at 37 ^oC under culture conditions when incubated with synaptosomes, and incubation at 37 ^oC can indeed induce changes in microglia as common drawbacks of all in vitro assays and cell culture procedures. Therefore, we suggest the use of both presented protocols in parallel to reach a broader conclusion in terms of microglial engulfment of synapses.

Furthermore, it is important to carefully define the gating strategy to select CD11b⁺⁺/CD45⁺ microglia by taking into account the presence of other immune cells in the brain parenchyma that also express these markers³¹. More importantly, when choosing markers to specifically target microglia (e.g., TMEM119, P2RY12), it is important to consider that they can undergo changes in their expression levels during pathological and inflammatory conditions³², and such changes should be considered prior to establishing the FACS panel to quantify microglial engulfment of synapses. Finally, it is essential to emphasize that neither of the methods discussed earlier, including the IHC- and microscopy-based in vivo approaches, can alone capture the active and selective pruning of synapses by microglia. These methods are not able to discriminate the active pruning by microglia from the passive scavenging of synaptic debris within the brain parenchyma. Therefore, when evaluating and discussing the data, it is imperative to clearly distinguish between these distinct concepts.

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1 mL Dounce Homogenizer	Active Motif	Cat# 40401
5 mL Tubes	Eppendorf	Cat# 0030119452
Anti-CD11b	ThermoFisher Scientific	Cat# 25-0112-82
Anti-CD45	BD	Cat# 559864
Anti-Ly6C	BD	Cat# 553104
Anti-Ly6G	BD	Cat# 551460
BCA Protein Assay Kit	Pierce	Cat# 23227
C-Tubes	Miltenyi Biotech	Cat# 130-096-334
CD11b MicroBeads	Miltenyi Biotech	Cat# 130-093-634
CD16/CD32 Antibody	Thermo Fisher Scientific	Cat#14-0161-82
Cytofix/Cytoperm Kit	BD	Cat# 554714
Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)	Gibco	Cat# 41966029
Dulbecco´s Phosphate Buffered Saline  (DPBS)	Gibco	Cat# 14190144
Falcon Round-Bottom Polystyrene Test Tubes	Thermo Fisher Scientific	Cat# 08-771-23
fixable viability dye	Thermo Fisher Scientific	Cat# L34969
Hibernate A medium	ThermoFisher	Cat# A1247501
LS-columns	Miltenyi Biotech	Cat# 130-042-401
Papain Dissociation System	Worthington	Cat# LK003150
Percoll	Th.Geyer	Cat# 17-0891-02
Petri dishes	Thermo Fisher Scientific	Cat# 11339283
pHrodoRed	Thermo Fisher Scientific	Cat# P36600
Protease inhibitor	Roche	Cat# 5892970001
Red Blood Cell Lysis Buffer	Sigma	Cat# 11814389001
Steritop E-GP Sterile Filtration System	Merck	Cat# SEGPT0038
SynPer Solution	ThermoFisher	Cat# 87793
vGLUT1 Antibody	Miltenyi Biotech	Cat# 130-120-764