Mass Production of Genetically Modified <em>Aedes aegypti</em> for Field Releases in Brazil

New techniques and methods are being sought to try to win the battle against mosquitoes. Recent advances in molecular techniques have led to the ...

Universidade De São Paulo (USP)

Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM)

Universidade de São Paulo

&#x57C3;&#x53CA;&#x4F0A;&#x868A; &#xFF08;Stegomyia&#xFF09; &#x662F;&#x5728;&#x4E16;&#x754C;&#x5404;&#x5730;&#x7684;&#x70ED;&#x5E26;&#x548C;&#x4E9A;&#x70ED;&#x5E26;&#x5730;&#x533A;&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x767B;&#x9769;&#x70ED;&#x5A92;&#x4ECB;&#x3002;Ae &#x7684;&#x8F6C;&#x5F55;&#x8FC7;&#x7A0B;&#x3002;&#x6B64;&#x5904;&#x4ECB;&#x7ECD;&#x7684;&#x57C3;&#x53CA; vitellogenic &#x8102;&#x80AA;&#x673A;&#x6784;&#x3002;&#x8102;&#x80AA;&#x4F53;&#x662F;&#x52A8;&#x6001;&#x7684;&#x7EC4;&#x7EC7;&#xFF0C;&#x53C2;&#x52A0;&#x4E86;&#x591A;&#x4E2A;&#x4E2D;&#x95F4;&#x4EE3;&#x8C22;&#x7684;&#x751F;&#x5316;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x3002;&#x5171; 589 &#x968F;&#x673A;&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x6269;&#x589E;&#x4E86;&#x7EC4;&#x88C5;&#x6210;&#x57FA;&#x4E8E;&#x5176;&#x4E3B;&#x5E8F;&#x5217;&#x76F8;&#x4F3C;&#x6027;&#x7684; 262 &#x96C6;&#x7FA4;&#x3002;&#x5047;&#x5B9A;&#x7FFB;&#x8BD1;&#x7684;&#x86CB;&#x767D;&#x8D28;&#x5927;&#x81F4;&#x5206;&#x4E3A;&#x57FA;&#x4E8E;&#x5176;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x5728; NCBI FTP &#x7AD9;&#x70B9;&#x548C; Pfam (&#x8D1D;&#x7279;&#x66FC;&#x7B49;&#x4EBA;&#xFF0C;2000 &#x5E74;&#xFF09; &#x548C;&#x667A;&#x80FD; &#xFF08;&#x8212;&#x5C14;&#x8328;&#x7B49;&#x4EBA;&#xFF0C;2000 &#x5E74;&#xFF09; &#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5E93;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; BlastX &#x6781;&#x4E3A;&#x76F8;&#x4F3C;&#x7684;&#x7C7B;&#x522B;&#x3002;&#x8A8A;&#x672C;&#x4F53;&#x5185;&#x8102;&#x80AA;&#x7684; Ae &#x8868;&#x793A;&#x7684;&#x8868;&#x5F81;&#x3002;&#x4F46;&#x5728; 24 &#x5C0F;&#x65F6;&#x540E;&#x8840;&#x7C89;&#x5BF9;&#x4E8E;&#x4E86;&#x89E3;&#x8FD9;&#x4E00;&#x673A;&#x6784;&#x4E2D;&#x53D1;&#x751F;&#x7684;&#x8FC7;&#x7A0B;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x4E86;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x57FA;&#x672C;&#x7684;&#x5DE5;&#x5177;&#x548C;&#x53EF;&#x786E;&#x5B9A;&#x6307;&#x8BA4;&#x65B0;&#x7684;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#xFF0C;&#x5176;&#x521B;&#x529E;&#x4EBA;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x8F6C;&#x57FA;&#x56E0; Ae &#x8102;&#x80AA;&#x4F53;&#x5185;&#x7279;&#x5F02;&#x6027;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x3002;&#x57C3;&#x53CA;&#x3002;

&#x767D;&#x7EB9;&#x4F0A;&#x868A;&#x57C3;&#x53CA; vitellogenic &#x8102;&#x80AA;&#x4F53;&#x8F6C;&#x5F55;&#x7EC4;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x3002;

Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti is an important dengue vector in tropical and subtropical zones throughout the world. A transcriptome of Ae. aegypti vitellogenic fat bodies is described here. The fat body is a dynamic tissue that participates in multiple biochemical functions of intermediate metabolism. A total of 589 randomly selected cDNAs were assembled into 262 clusters based on their primary sequence similarities. The putative translated proteins were classified into categories based on their function in accordance with significant similarity using the BlastX at NCBI FTP site and Pfam (Bateman et al. 2000) and SMART (Schultz et al. 2000) databases. The characterization of transcripts expressed in the fat body of Ae. aegypti at 24 hours post blood meal provides a basic tool for understanding the processes occurring in this organ and could identify putative new genes whose promoters can be used to specifically express transgenes in the fat bodies of Ae. aegypti.

A transcriptome analysis of the Aedes aegypti vitellogenic fat body.

Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti est un vecteur de la dengue important dans les zones tropicales et subtropicales du monde entier. Un transcriptome de Ae. aegypti vitellog&#xE8;nes corps gras qui est d&#xE9;crit ici. La graisse corporelle est un tissu dynamique qui participe &#xE0; de multiples fonctions biochimiques du m&#xE9;tabolisme interm&#xE9;diaire. Un total de 589 ADNc choisis au hasard ont &#xE9;t&#xE9; assembl&#xE9;s en grappes 262 en fonction de leurs similarit&#xE9;s de s&#xE9;quences primaires. Les prot&#xE9;ines putatives traduits ont &#xE9;t&#xE9; class&#xE9;s en cat&#xE9;gories selon leur fonction conform&#xE9;ment &#xE0; la similarit&#xE9; significative en utilisant le BLASTX au NCBI site FTP et Pfam (Bateman et al. 2000) et SMART (Schultz et al. 2000) bases de donn&#xE9;es. La caract&#xE9;risation de transcrits exprim&#xE9;s dans le corps gras de Ae. aegypti &#xE0; 24 heures repas de sang apr&#xE8;s fournit un outil de base pour la compr&#xE9;hension des processus qui se produisent dans cet organe et pourrait identifier de nouveaux g&#xE8;nes putatifs dont les promoteurs peuvent &#xEA;tre utilis&#xE9;s pour exprimer sp&#xE9;cifiquement des transg&#xE8;nes dans les corps gras de Ae. aegypti.

Une analyse du transcriptome de l&#x26;#39;Organe d&#x26;#39;Aedes aegypti vitellog&#xE8;nes Fat

Gelbfieberm&uuml;cke (Stegomyia) ist eine wichtige Dengue-Vektor in tropischen und subtropischen Zonen in der ganzen Welt. Ein Transcriptome AE. Aegypti vitellogenic Fat Bodies wird hier beschrieben. Der Fett-K&ouml;rper ist ein dynamisches Gewebe, die in mehrere biochemische Funktionen der Mittelstufe-Stoffwechsel beteiligt ist. Insgesamt 589 zuf&auml;llig ausgew&auml;hlte cDNAs wurden in 262 Cluster basierend auf ihrer prim&auml;ren Sequenz &Auml;hnlichkeiten montiert. Die vermeintliche &uuml;bersetzten Proteine wurden in Kategorien, die auf der Grundlage ihrer Funktion gem&auml;&szlig; erhebliche &Auml;hnlichkeit mit der BlastX bei NCBI-FTP-Site und Pfam (Bateman Et Al. 2000) und SMART (Schultz Et Al. 2000) Datenbanken eingestuft. Die Charakterisierung der Transkripte im K&ouml;rper Fett AE ausgedr&uuml;ckt. Aegypti bei 24 Stunden Post Blutmahlzeit stellt ein grundlegendes Werkzeug f&uuml;r das Verst&auml;ndnis der Prozesse, die in diesem Organ und konnte identifizieren vermeintliche neue Gene, deren Promotoren speziell transgene in den Fett-Gremien der Ae Ausdr&uuml;cken verwendet werden k&ouml;nnen. Aegypti.

Eine Transkriptom-Analyse von Aedes Aegypti vitellogenic Fett K&ouml;rper.

Aegypti di Aedes (Stegomyia) &egrave; un vettore di dengue importante nelle zone tropicali e subtropicali in tutto il mondo. Un transcriptome di Ae. vitellogeniche corpi grassi aegypti &egrave; descritto qui. Il corpo di grasso &egrave; un tessuto dinamico che partecipa a molteplici funzioni biochimiche del metabolismo intermedio. Un totale di 589 cDNAs scelti sono stati assemblati in 262 cluster basato sulle loro somiglianze di sequenza principale. Le proteine putative tradotte sono state classificate in categorie basate sulla loro funzione in conformit&agrave; con notevole somiglianza usando il BlastX al sito FTP di NCBI e Pfam (Bateman et al. 2000) e i database SMART (Schultz et al. 2000). La caratterizzazione delle trascrizioni espressa nel corpo grasso di Ae. aegypti al pasto di sangue post 24 ore fornisce uno strumento fondamentale per la comprensione dei processi che si verificano in questo organo e potrebbe identificare i presunti nuovi geni promotori di cui possono essere usate per esprimere specificamente transgeni nei corpi grassi di Ae. aegypti.

Un&#39;analisi del transcriptome del corpo grasso vitellogeniche Aedes aegypti.

&#x30E4;&#x30D6;&#x30AB;&#xFF08;&#x30B7;&#x30DE;&#x868A;&#xFF09;&#x30CD;&#x30C3;&#x30BF;&#x30A4;&#x30B7;&#x30DE;&#x30AB;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x4E16;&#x754C;&#x4E2D;&#x306E;&#x71B1;&#x5E2F;&#xB7;&#x4E9C;&#x71B1;&#x5E2F;&#x306B;&#x304A;&#x3051;&#x308B;&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x306A;&#x30C7;&#x30F3;&#x30B0;&#x71B1;&#x30D9;&#x30AF;&#x30C8;&#x30EB;&#x3067;&#x3042;&#x308B;&#x3002; AE&#x306E;&#x30C8;&#x30E9;&#x30F3;&#x30B9;&#x30AF;&#x30EA;&#x30D7;&#x30C8;&#x30FC;&#x30E0;&#x3002;&#x30CD;&#x30C3;&#x30BF;&#x30A4;&#x30B7;&#x30DE;&#x30AB;&#x5375;&#x9EC4;&#x8102;&#x80AA;&#x4F53;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x3053;&#x3053;&#x3067;&#x8AAC;&#x660E;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x8102;&#x80AA;&#x4F53;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x4E2D;&#x9593;&#x4EE3;&#x8B1D;&#x306E;&#x8907;&#x6570;&#x306E;&#x751F;&#x5316;&#x5B66;&#x7684;&#x6A5F;&#x80FD;&#x306B;&#x95A2;&#x4E0E;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x52D5;&#x7684;&#x306A;&#x7D44;&#x7E54;&#x3067;&#x3042;&#x308B;&#x3002; 589&#x30E9;&#x30F3;&#x30C0;&#x30E0;&#x306B;&#x9078;&#x629E;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;cDNA&#x306E;&#x5408;&#x8A08;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x305D;&#x306E;&#x4E00;&#x6B21;&#x914D;&#x5217;&#x306E;&#x985E;&#x4F3C;&#x6027;&#x306B;&#x57FA;&#x3065;&#x3044;&#x3066;&#x3001;262&#x306E;&#x30AF;&#x30E9;&#x30B9;&#x30BF;&#x306B;&#x7D44;&#x307F;&#x7ACB;&#x3066;&#x3089;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x63A8;&#x5B9A;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x308B;&#x7FFB;&#x8A33;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x30BF;&#x30F3;&#x30D1;&#x30AF;&#x8CEA;&#x306F;&#x3001;NCBI&#x306E;FTP&#x30B5;&#x30A4;&#x30C8;&#x3068;&#x306B;&#x3088;&#x308B;&#x30A2;&#x30DF;&#x30CE;&#x9178;&#x914D;&#x5217;&#xFF08;&#x30D9;&#x30A4;&#x30C8;&#x30DE;&#x30F3;&#x3089;&#x3001;2000&#xFF09;&#x3068;SMART&#xFF08;&#x30B7;&#x30E5;&#x30EB;&#x30C4;&#x3089;&#x3001;2000&#xFF09;&#x306E;&#x30C7;&#x30FC;&#x30BF;&#x30D9;&#x30FC;&#x30B9;&#x3067;BLASTX&#x3092;&#x7528;&#x3044;&#x3066;&#x6709;&#x610F;&#x306A;&#x985E;&#x4F3C;&#x6027;&#x306B;&#x57FA;&#x3065;&#x304D;&#x3001;&#x305D;&#x306E;&#x6A5F;&#x80FD;&#x306B;&#x57FA;&#x3065;&#x3044;&#x3066;&#x30AB;&#x30C6;&#x30B4;&#x30EA;&#x306B;&#x5206;&#x985E;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x8EE2;&#x5199;&#x7523;&#x7269;&#x306E;&#x7279;&#x5FB4;&#x4ED8;&#x3051;&#x306F;&#x3001;AE&#x306E;&#x8102;&#x80AA;&#x4F53;&#x3067;&#x8868;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002; 24&#x6642;&#x9593;&#x5F8C;&#x306E;&#x8840;&#x6DB2;&#x306E;&#x98DF;&#x4E8B;&#x3067;&#x30CD;&#x30C3;&#x30BF;&#x30A4;&#x30B7;&#x30DE;&#x30AB;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x81D3;&#x5668;&#x306B;&#x767A;&#x751F;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x30D7;&#x30ED;&#x30BB;&#x30B9;&#x3092;&#x7406;&#x89E3;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306E;&#x57FA;&#x672C;&#x7684;&#x306A;&#x30C4;&#x30FC;&#x30EB;&#x3092;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x305D;&#x306E;&#x30D7;&#x30ED;&#x30E2;&#x30FC;&#x30BF;&#x30FC;&#x304C;&#x7279;&#x306B;AE&#x306E;&#x8102;&#x80AA;&#x4F53;&#x306B;&#x5C0E;&#x5165;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x3092;&#x767A;&#x73FE;&#x3055;&#x305B;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x304C;&#x3067;&#x304D;&#x308B;&#x63A8;&#x5B9A;&#x306E;&#x65B0;&#x3057;&#x3044;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x3092;&#x540C;&#x5B9A;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x304C;&#x3067;&#x304D;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x30CD;&#x30C3;&#x30BF;&#x30A4;&#x30B7;&#x30DE;&#x30AB;&#x3002;

&#x30CD;&#x30C3;&#x30BF;&#x30A4;&#x30B7;&#x30DE;&#x30AB;&#x5375;&#x9EC4;&#x8102;&#x80AA;&#x30DC;&#x30C7;&#x30A3;&#x306E;&#x30C8;&#x30E9;&#x30F3;&#x30B9;&#x30AF;&#x30EA;&#x30D7;&#x30C8;&#x30FC;&#x30E0;&#x89E3;&#x6790;

(Stegomyia) aedes aegypti &#xC138;&#xACC4; &#xC5F4; &#xB300;&#xC640; &#xC544;&#xC5F4;&#xB300; &#xC9C0;&#xC5ED;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC911;&#xC694; &#xD55C; &#xB385;&#xAE30;&#xC5F4; &#xBCA1;&#xD130; &#xC774;&#xB2E4;. Ae transcriptome&#xC785;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. aegypti vitellogenic &#xC9C0;&#xBC29; &#xC2DC;&#xCCB4;&#xB294; &#xC5EC;&#xAE30;&#xC5D0; &#xC124;&#xBA85; &#xB418;&#xC5B4; &#xC788;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xB6B1;&#xB6B1;&#xD55C; &#xBAB8; &#xC911;&#xAC04; &#xB300;&#xC0AC;&#xC758; &#xC5EC;&#xB7EC; &#xC0DD; &#xD654; &#xD655; &#xC801;&#xC778; &#xAE30;&#xB2A5;&#xC5D0; &#xCC38;&#xC5EC; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xC5ED;&#xB3D9;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xC870;&#xC9C1;&#xC785;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xCD1D; 589 &#xBB34;&#xC791;&#xC704;&#xB85C; &#xC120;&#xD0DD; &#xB41C; cDNAs 262 &#xD074;&#xB7EC;&#xC2A4;&#xD130;&#xC758; &#xAE30;&#xBCF8; &#xC2DC;&#xD000;&#xC2A4; &#xC720;&#xC0AC;&#xC131;&#xC744; &#xAE30;&#xBC18;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC870;&#xB9BD; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. &#xC0C1; &#xBC88;&#xC5ED; &#xB41C; &#xB2E8;&#xBC31;&#xC9C8; NCBI FTP &#xC0AC;&#xC774;&#xD2B8;&#xC640; Pfam (&#xBCA0;&#xC774; &#xD2B8; &#xBA3C; &#xC678;. 2000) &#xBC0F; &#xC2A4;&#xB9C8;&#xD2B8; (&#xC290;&#xCE20; &#xC678;. 2000) &#xB370;&#xC774;&#xD130;&#xBCA0;&#xC774;&#xC2A4;&#xC5D0; &#xC788;&#xB294; Blastx&#xB97C; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; &#xC0C1;&#xB2F9;&#xD55C; &#xC720;&#xC0AC;&#xC131;&#xC5D0; &#xB530;&#xB77C; &#xADF8;&#xB4E4;&#xC758; &#xAE30;&#xB2A5;&#xC5D0; &#xB530;&#xB77C; &#xBC94;&#xC8FC;&#xB85C; &#xBD84;&#xB958; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. Ae&#xC758; &#xC9C0;&#xBC29; &#xBCF8;&#xBB38;&#xC5D0; &#xD45C;&#xD604; &#xB41C; &#xC131;&#xC801; &#xC99D;&#xBA85;&#xC11C;&#xC758; &#xD2B9;&#xC131;. 24 &#xC2DC;&#xAC04; &#xAC8C;&#xC2DC;&#xBB3C; &#xD608;&#xC561; &#xC2DD;&#xC0AC; aegypti&#xC774;&#xC774; &#xC7A5;&#xAE30;&#xC5D0; &#xBC1C;&#xC0DD; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xD504;&#xB85C;&#xC138;&#xC2A4;&#xB97C; &#xC774;&#xD574; &#xD558;&#xAE30; &#xC704;&#xD55C; &#xAE30;&#xBCF8;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xB3C4;&#xAD6C;&#xB97C; &#xC81C;&#xACF5; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4; &#xBC0F; &#xB204;&#xAD6C;&#xC758; &#xBC1C;&#xAE30;&#xC778; &#xD2B9;&#xBCC4;&#xD788; &#xC775;&#xC2A4;&#xD504;&#xB808;&#xC2A4; Ae&#xC758; &#xC9C0;&#xBC29; &#xC2DC;&#xCCB4;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; transgenes&#xB97C; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9;&#xD560; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xB294; &#xC0C1; &#xC0C8;&#xB85C;&#xC6B4; &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790;&#xB97C; &#xD655;&#xC778;&#xD560; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. aegypti&#xC785;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

Aedes aegypti vitellogenic &#xC9C0;&#xBC29; &#xC2E0;&#xCCB4;&#xC758; transcriptome &#xBD84;&#xC11D;.

Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti, vector del dengue es un importante en las zonas tropicales y subtropicales de todo el mundo. Un transcriptoma de Ae. aegypti vitelog&#xE9;nicos cuerpos grasos se describe aqu&#xED;. La grasa corporal es un tejido din&#xE1;mico que participa en m&#xFA;ltiples funciones bioqu&#xED;micas del metabolismo intermedio. Un total de 589 ADNc seleccionados al azar fueron reunidos en 262 grupos en base a sus similitudes de secuencia principal. Las prote&#xED;nas putativas traducidos fueron clasificados en categor&#xED;as basadas en su funci&#xF3;n de acuerdo con una importante similitud con el BlastX en el NCBI sitio FTP y Pfam (Bateman et al. 2000) y SMART (Schultz et al. 2000) las bases de datos. La caracterizaci&#xF3;n de las transcripciones se expresa en la grasa corporal de Ae. aegypti a las 24 horas despu&#xE9;s de la harina de sangre es una herramienta b&#xE1;sica para la comprensi&#xF3;n de los procesos que ocurren en este &#xF3;rgano y podr&#xED;a identificar nuevos genes putativos cuyos promotores se puede utilizar para expresar transgenes espec&#xED;ficamente en los cuerpos grasos de Ae. aegypti.

Un an&#xE1;lisis del transcriptoma del Aedes Aegypti vitelog&#xE9;nico grasa corporal

Kazal-type inhibitors play several important roles in invertebrates, such as anticoagulant, vasodilator and antimicrobial activities. Putative Kazal-type inhibitors were described in several insect transcriptomes. In this paper we characterized for the first time a Kazal unique domain trypsin inhibitor from the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Previously, analyses of sialotranscriptome of A. aegypti showed the potential presence of a Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor, in female salivary glands, carcass and also in whole male, which we named AaTI (A. aegypti trypsin inhibitor). AaTI sequence showed amino acid sequence similarity with insect thrombin inhibitors, serine protease inhibitor from Litopenaeus vannamei hemocytes and tryptase inhibitor from leech Hirudo medicinalis (LDTI). In this work we expressed, purified and characterized the recombinant AaTI (rAaTI). Molecular weight of purified rAaTI was 7 kDa rAaTI presented dissociation constant (K(i)) of 0.15 and 3.8 nM toward trypsin and plasmin, respectively, and it weakly inhibited thrombin amidolytic activity. The rAaTI was also able to prolong prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time. AaTI transcription was confirmed in A. aegypti female salivary gland and gut 3 h and 24 h after blood feeding, suggesting that this molecule can act as anticoagulant during the feeding and digestive processes. Its transcription in larvae and pupae suggested that AaTI may also play other functions during the mosquito's development.

A novel trypsin Kazal-type inhibitor from Aedes aegypti with thrombin coagulant inhibitory activity.

Insect oocytes grow in close association with the ovarian follicular epithelium (OFE), which escorts the oocyte during oogenesis and is responsible for synthesis and secretion of the eggshell. We describe a transcriptome of OFE of the triatomine bug Rhodnius prolixus, a vector of Chagas disease, to increase our knowledge of the role of FE in egg development. Random clones were sequenced from a cDNA library of different stages of follicle development. The transcriptome showed high commitment to transcription, protein synthesis, and secretion. The most abundant cDNA was a secreted (S) small, proline-rich protein with maximal expression in the vitellogenic follicle, suggesting a role in oocyte maturation. We also found Rp45, a chorion protein already described, and a putative chitin-associated cuticle protein that was an eggshell component candidate. Six transcripts coding for proteins related to the unfolded-protein response (UPR) by were chosen and their expression analyzed. Surprisingly, transcripts related to UPR showed higher expression during early stages of development and downregulation during late stages, when transcripts coding for S proteins participating in chorion formation were highly expressed. Several transcripts with potential roles in oogenesis and embryo development are also discussed. We propose that intense protein synthesis at the FE results in reticulum stress (RS) and that lowering expression of a set of genes related to cell survival should lead to degeneration of follicular cells at oocyte maturation. This paradoxical suppression of UPR suggests that ovarian follicles may represent an interesting model for studying control of RS and cell survival in professional S cell types.

Transcriptome and gene expression profile of ovarian follicle tissue of the triatomine bug Rhodnius prolixus.

Controlling the dissemination of malaria requires the development of new drugs against its etiological agent, a protozoan of the Plasmodium genus. Angiotensin II and its analog peptides exhibit activity against the development of immature and mature sporozoites of Plasmodium gallinaceum. In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of angiotensin II linear and cyclic analogs with anti-plasmodium activity. The peptides were synthesized by a conventional solid-phase method on Merrifield's resin using the t-Boc strategy, purified by RP-HPLC and characterized by liquid chromatography/ESI (+) MS (LC-ESI(+)/MS), amino acid analysis, and capillary electrophoresis. Anti-plasmodium activity was measured in vitro by fluorescence microscopy using propidium iodine uptake as an indicator of cellular damage. The activities of the linear and cyclic peptides are not significantly different (p < 0.05). Kinetics studies indicate that the effects of these peptides on plasmodium viability overtime exhibit a sigmoidal profile and that the system stabilizes after a period of 1 h for all peptides examined. The results were rationalized by partial least-square analysis, assessing the position-wise contribution of each amino acid. The highest contribution of polar amino acids and a Lys residue proximal to the C-terminus, as well as that of hydrophobic amino acids in the N-terminus, suggests that the mechanism underlying the anti-malarial activity of these peptides is attributed to its amphiphilic character.

A study of the anti-plasmodium activity of angiotensin II analogs.

When considering a mosquito release programme, one of the first issues to be addressed is how to eliminate/separate the females. The greatest number of options might eventually be available for those who can use transgenic mosquitoes, but the inherent characteristics of the target species may also provide possibilities for interim measures until more efficient methods can be developed. Differences in intrinsic size, in behaviour and in development rate between females and males are often available and useful for sexing. Efficient species-specific systems for eliminating females at the embryo stage have been developed, but most have since been discarded due to lack of use. Ideal systems specifically kill female embryos using some treatment that can be manipulated during production. Such killing systems are far more efficient than using intrinsic sexual differences, but they systems require selectable genetic markers and sex-linkage created by rare random chromosomal rearrangements. While intrinsic sexual differences should not be considered as long-term candidates for the development of robust and efficient sexing approaches, in the absence of these, the accessibility and integration of less efficient systems can provide a stop-gap measure that allows rapid start up with a minimum of investment. The International Atomic Energy Agency is funding over a 5 year period (2013-2018) a new Coordinated Research Project on "Exploring Genetic, Molecular, Mechanical and Behavioural Methods of Sex Separation in Mosquitoes" to network researchers and to address the critical need of genetic sexing strains for the implementation of the sterile insect technique (using radiation-sterilised or transgenic male mosquitoes) and for insect incompatibility technique programmes against disease-transmitting mosquitoes.

Towards mosquito sterile insect technique programmes: Exploring genetic, molecular, mechanical and behavioural methods of sex separation in mosquitoes.

Saliva is a key element of interaction between hematophagous mosquitoes and their vertebrate hosts. In addition to allowing a successful blood meal by neutralizing or delaying hemostatic responses, the salivary cocktail is also able to modulate the effector mechanisms of host immune responses facilitating, in turn, the transmission of several types of microorganisms. Understanding how the mosquito uses its salivary components to circumvent host immunity might help to clarify the mechanisms of transmission of such pathogens and disease establishment.

Margareth L. Capurro

Departamento de Parasitologia,
Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas,
Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas

Universidade De São Paulo (USP)

Mass Production of Genetically Modified Aedes aegypti for Field Releases in Brazil

Margareth L. Capurro

.css-o250i3{font-size:18px;font-family:Open Sans,sans-serif;line-height:21.6px;}Departamento de Parasitologia,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas,Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas

Universidade De São Paulo (USP)

Mass Production of Genetically Modified Aedes aegypti for Field Releases in Brazil

Departamento de Parasitologia,
Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas,
Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas