tracking axonal transport of organelles in motor neurons using a microfluidic device

Tracking Axonal Transport of Organelles in Motor Neurons Using a Microfluidic Device

Dispose of all medium from the proximal compartment of the MFC. Pick up a single spinal cord explant with a pipette in a total volume of four microliters and inject it as close as possible to the cave. Draw out any excess liquid from the proximal well via the lateral outlets. Repeat the previous step two more times, and make sure that the explants are embedded in the proximal channel. Slowly, add 150 microliters of SCEX medium to the proximal well.
One day after plating, replace the SCEX medium in the proximal compartment, and add rich SCEX medium to the distal compartment, maintaining a volume gradient of at least 15 microliters per well between the distal and proximal wells. After four to six days, the axons should cross to the distal compartment and be ready for axonal transport imaging.
To label the mitochondria and acidic compartments, prepare fresh SCEX medium with 100-nanomolar Mitotracker deep red FM and 100 nanomolar LysoTracker red, and add it to the microfluidic chambers. Incubate them for 30 to 60 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius, then wash three times with warm SCEX medium. Proceed with live imaging of axonal transport, acquiring a 100-time lapse image series at 3-second intervals with a total of 5 minutes per movie.

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All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. Microfluidic chamber or MFC preparation
<ol>
	<li>PDMS casting in primary molds (Figure 1)
	<ol>
		<li>Purchase or create primary molds (wafers) following a detailed protocol.</li>
		<li>Use pressurized air to remove any type of dirt from the wafer platform before proceeding to the coating step. The surface of the wafers should look smooth and clear.</li>
		<li>Fill a container with 50 mL of liquid nitrogen. Prepare a 10 mL syringe and 23 G needle. 
		NOTE: All procedures from this step forward must be performed in a chemical hood.</li>
		<li>In the chemical hood, use the syringe and needle to pool 2 mL of liquid nitrogen. Though it may seem like the air was drawn, the syringe is filled with nitrogen (Figure 1A). Place the wafer-containing plate in a sealable container.</li>
		<li>Screw open a chlorotrimethylsilane bottle, pierce the rubber cap using the nitrogen-filled syringe, and inject the entire contents of the syringe into the bottle. Without pulling out the needle, turn the bottle upside down and draw back 2 mL of chlorotrimethylsilane. 
		NOTE: Because of the syringe pressure, a small amount of chlorotrimethylsilane is sprayed out of the needle. To avoid a hazard, point the needle toward the inner wall of the hood (Figure 1B).</li>
		<li>Spread chlorotrimethylsilane uniformly in the container (from step 1.1.4), but not directly on the wafer or wafer-containing plate. Close the container and incubate for 5 min per wafer. 
		NOTE: If this is the first time the wafer is coated with chlorotrimethylsilane, a 1 h incubation should be allowed for each wafer.</li>
		<li>Do not take the wafers and container out of the chemical hood for 30 min. 
		CAUTION: Chlorotrimethylsilane is highly volatile.</li>
		<li>Weigh the PDMS base (see Table of Materials) in a 50 mL tube and add the PDMS curing agent at a ratio of 16:1, respectively (e.g., 47.05 g of base and 2.95 g of curing agent). Mix for 10 min using a low-speed rotator.</li>
		<li>Pour PDMS into each wafer-containing plate to the desired height (Figure 1C). 
		NOTE: Using thin microfluidic chambers (up to 3-4 mm) improves adherence to the culture dish and prevents leakage.</li>
		<li>Place all plates together inside a vacuum desiccator for 2 h (Figure 1E). This process removes the air trapped within the PDMS, thus eliminating air bubbles and forming a clear, uniform mold.</li>
		<li>Place the plates inside an oven for 3 h (or overnight) at 70 &#176;C (Figure 1E). 
		NOTE: The plates should be level when placed in the oven.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>PDMS casting in epoxy molds 
	NOTE: Because wafer preparation is expensive, requires special equipment, and may damage the fragile wafers, it is possible to generate epoxy replicas of wafers. The replicas are cheaper, more durable, and can be used for the mass production of microfluidic chambers.
	<ol>
		<li>Cast and cure PDMS (as described in 1.1.8-1.1.11) into the original wafer.</li>
		<li>Remove and cut off excess parts of PDMS leaving only the microfluidic elements and the functional area required for processing them into microfluidic chambers.</li>
		<li>Immediately wrap the PDMS with thick, sticky tape to prevent it from accumulating dust.</li>
		<li>Choose a tissue culture-grade plastic dish that fits the entire PDMS inside and leave room for epoxy around it. The distance from the PDMS to the plastic dish should be less than 5 mm.</li>
		<li>Prepare a small amount of PDMS mixed in a ratio of 10:1 (base: curing agent). The fresh liquid PDMS will be used to glue the solid PDMS onto the bottom of the plastic plate.</li>
		<li>Apply a minimal amount of the liquid PDMS to the center bottom of the plastic plate and then remove the sticky tape from the PDMS and adhere it to the plastic dish bottom. Make sure that the microfluidic elements are facing upwards.</li>
		<li>Let the PDMS cure for 30 min in a 70 &#176;C oven.</li>
		<li>Prepare the epoxy resin by mixing the base and curing agent in a ratio of 100:45, respectively in a test tube. Different epoxy resins may have different mixing ratios. The required volume for a regular 100 mm plate is approximately 40 mL.</li>
		<li>Let the epoxy mix well for 10 min in a rotator until the mixture becomes visibly homogenous (i.e., there are no visible fiber-like artifacts in the liquid).</li>
		<li>Centrifuge the epoxy mixture at 400 x g for 5 min to remove air bubbles caught inside.</li>
		<li>During centrifugation, spread a thin layer of silicone grease around the walls and all other exposed plastic parts of the culture dish. This will prevent the epoxy from polymerizing with the dish plastic and will enable the removal of the cured epoxy easily at the end of the protocol.</li>
		<li>Pour the epoxy slowly into the dish until it completely covers the PDMS and goes beyond it by at least 5 mm. Prevent the formation of any bubbles within the epoxy by keeping zero distance between the tube and the plate. Place the plate in a secure place so it will not be moved for the next 48 h.</li>
		<li>After 48 h the epoxy should be completely cured. Insert the plate into a preheated oven at 80 &#176;C for 3 h for final curing.</li>
		<li>Remove the cured epoxy from the plate and the original PDMS mold by gently yanking the plastic wall of the plate until it breaks. It should then easily separate from the epoxy and peel off.</li>
		<li>Once extracted, wipe the remaining grease off the new epoxy replica and inset it upside down (i.e., with the replicated microfluidic elements facing up) into a new culture dish. The epoxy replica is now ready for PDMS casting.</li>
		<li>Use pressurized air or N2 to blow any remains of PDMS or dirt off the epoxy mold and rinse it 2x with isopropanol. Fill it a third time and incubate for 10 min on an orbital shaker plate. Rinse the mold again 3x with isopropanol and discard the remaining liquid. Blow dry with air or N2 or place in a 70 &#176;C oven until dry. 
		NOTE: Follow safety procedures when working with and discarding isopropanol.</li>
		<li>Keep the mold plates closed until casting. Follow steps 1.1.8.-1.1.11.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Punching and sculpting the PDMS into an MFC (Figure 2)
	<ol>
		<li>Cut and remove the PDMS mold from the plate by following the (+) marks on the wafers using a scalpel. Do not use force, as the molds are fragile (Figure 2A).</li>
		<li>Follow the instructions drawn on the sketch to punch and cut the chambers depending on the experimental setup (Figure 2B-F).
		<ol>
			<li>For spinal cord explant culture (Figure 2C, E), punch two 7 mm wells in the distal side of the large MFC. Locate the wells in a way that they will overlap with the channel edges. On the proximal side, punch one 7 mm well in the middle of the channel, with minimal overlap, such that sufficient space will be left for the explants. Punch two additional 1 mm holes in the two edges of the proximal channel. Turn the MFC with the microfluidic elements facing upwards, and using a 20 G needle, carve three small explant caves on the punched 7 mm well.</li>
			<li>For dissociated MN culture (Figure 2D, F), punch four 6 mm wells in the edges of the two channels of a small MFC.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Sterilizing the MFC for tissue culture use
	<ol>
		<li>Spread 50 cm long sticky tape bands on the bench. Press and pull back the chamber to face the sticky tape (both upper and lower faces) and remove crude dirt. Place the clean chambers in a new 15 cm plate. 
		NOTE: Do not press directly on the microfluidic elements when these are facing upwards.</li>
		<li>Incubate the chambers in analytical grade 70% ethanol for 10 min on an orbital shaker.</li>
		<li>Dispose of the ethanol and dry the chambers in a tissue culture hood or in an oven at 70 &#176;C.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Placing the MFC on a glass bottom dish
	<ol>
		<li>Place the chamber in the center of a tissue culture grade 35 mm/50 mm glass bottom dish and apply minor force on the edges to make the PDMS and dish bottom bind. To avoid breaking the glass bottom, always apply force on top of a solid surface.</li>
		<li>Incubate for 10 min at 70 &#176;C. Press the chambers to strengthen adherence to the plate.</li>
		<li>Incubate under UV light for 10 min.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Coating and culturing
	<ol>
		<li>Add 1.5 ng/mL poly-L-ornithine (PLO) to both compartments. Make sure the PLO is running through the channels by pipetting the coating media a few times directly in the channel entrance.</li>
		<li>Examine the microfluidic chamber under a light microscope with 10x magnification to check for the presence of air bubbles. If air bubbles are blocking the microgrooves, place the MFC in a vacuum desiccator for 2 min. Later, remove the excess air that got caught in the channels by pipetting the coating media through them. Incubate overnight.</li>
		<li>Replace PLO with laminin (3 &#181;g/mL in DDW) for overnight incubation in the same manner.</li>
		<li>Prior to plating, wash the laminin with a neuronal culture medium.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Neuronal culture plating
<ol>
	<li>Spinal cord explant culture
	<ol>
		<li>Using straight scissors and fine forceps, dissect a spinal cord out of an E12.5 ICR-HB9:GFP mouse embryo. Work in a 1X HBSS solution with 1% penicillin-streptomycin (P/S) (Figure 3A-C).</li>
		<li>Using microdissection scissors, remove the meninges and the dorsal horns (Figure 3D).</li>
		<li>Cut the spinal cord into 1 mm thick transverse sections (Figure 3E). Dispose of all medium from the proximal compartment of the MFC.</li>
		<li>Pick up a single spinal cord explant with a pipette in a total volume of 4 &#181;L. Inject the explant as close as possible to the cave and draw out any excessive liquid from the proximal well via the lateral outlets (1 mm punches). The explants should be sucked into the proximal channel.</li>
		<li>Slowly add 150 &#181;L of spinal cord explant medium (SCEX, see Table of Materials and Table 3) to the proximal well.</li>
		<li>Spinal cord explant culture maintenance
		<ol>
			<li>Add SCEX medium in the proximal compartment and rich SCEX medium (SCEX with 50 ng/mL of BDNF and GDNF) in the distal compartment. Maintain a volume gradient of at least 15 &#181;L per well between the distal wells (higher volume) and the proximal well.</li>
			<li>Refresh the medium every 2 days. It can take the axons up to 3-5 days to cross distally.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Axonal transport (Figure 4A)
<ol>
	<li>Labeling of mitochondria and acidic compartments
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare fresh SCEX medium (or CNB for dissociated MN) containing 100 nM Mitotracker Deep Red FM and 100 nM LysoTracker Red. Incubate for 30-60 min at 37 &#176;C. Other colors can be used as long as their fluorophores do not overlap.</li>
		<li>Wash 3x with warm CNB/SCEX medium. The plates are ready for imaging.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Live imaging
	<ol>
		<li>Acquire 100 time-lapse image series of axonal transport at 3 s intervals, with a total of 5 min per movie. 
		NOTE: The imaging system used in this study included an inverted microscope equipped with spinning disc confocal, controlled via propriety cell imaging software, 60x oil lens, NA = 1.4, and an EMCCD camera. Movies were acquired in a controlled environment at 37 &#176;C and 5% CO2. 
		NOTE: Longer or shorter time-lapse movies can be imaged, depending on the experiment. Even overnight movies can be recorded if needed. However, it is critical to try and reduce the exposure time and laser power, as well as the number of total images, to decrease phototoxicity and bleaching during movie acquisition.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>35mm Fluodish &#8211; glass bottom dish</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments WPI</td>
			<td>FD35-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50mm Fluodish &#8211; glass bottom dish</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments WPI</td>
			<td>FD5040-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Andor iXon DU-897 EMCCD camera</td>
			<td>Andor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ARA-C (Cytosine &#946;-D-arabinofuranoside)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C1768</td>
			<td>stock of 2mM in filtered DDW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B-27 Supplement (50X)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>17504044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BDNF</td>
			<td>Alomone Labs</td>
			<td>B-250</td>
			<td>Dilute to 10 &#181;g/mL in filtered ddw with 0.01% BSA)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biopsy punch 1.25mm</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments WPI</td>
			<td>504530</td>
			<td>For preperation of large MFC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biopsy punch 6mm</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments WPI</td>
			<td>504533</td>
			<td>For preperation of small MFC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biopsy punch 7mm</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments WPI</td>
			<td>504534</td>
			<td>For preperation of large MFC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bitplane Imaris software - version 8.4.1</td>
			<td>Imaris</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumine (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>#A3311-100G</td>
			<td>5% w/v in ddw</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chlorotrimetylsilane</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>#386529-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CNTF</td>
			<td>Alomone Labs</td>
			<td>C-240</td>
			<td>Dilute to 10 &#181;g/mL in filtered ddw with 0.01% BSA)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Density Gradient Medium - Optiprep</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D1556</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deoxyribonuclease I (DNAse) from bovine pancreas</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>DN-25</td>
			<td>stock 10mg/mL in neurobasal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dow Corning High-vacuum silicone grease</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z273554-1EA</td>
			<td>For epoxy mold preperation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS 10X</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>#14200-067</td>
			<td>dilute 1:10 in ddw</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont fine forceps #55 0.05 &#215; 0.02 mm</td>
			<td>F.S.T</td>
			<td>1125520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epoxy Hardener</td>
			<td>Trias Chem S.R.L</td>
			<td>IPE 743</td>
			<td>For epoxy mold preperation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epoxy Resin</td>
			<td>Trias Chem S.R.L</td>
			<td>RP 026UV</td>
			<td>For epoxy mold preperation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FIJI software</td>
			<td>ImageJ</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GDNF</td>
			<td>Alomone Labs</td>
			<td>G-240</td>
			<td>Dilute to 10 &#181;g/mL in filtered ddw with 0.01% BSA)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamax 100X</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>#35050-038</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HB9:GFP mice strain</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratories</td>
			<td>5029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS 10X</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>#14185-045</td>
			<td>Dilute 1:10 in ddw with addition of 1% P/S and filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iQ software</td>
			<td>Andor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iris scissors, curved, 10 cm</td>
			<td>AS Medizintechnik</td>
			<td>11-441-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iris scissors, straight, 9 cm</td>
			<td>AS Medizintechnik</td>
			<td>11-440-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>#L-2020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leibovitz&#39;s L-15 Medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>11415064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LysoTracker Red</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>L7528</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mitotracker Deep-Red FM</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>M22426</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>21103049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nikon Eclipse Ti micorscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) Solution</td>
			<td>Biological Industries</td>
			<td>03-031-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-Ornithin (PLO)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>#P8638</td>
			<td>Dilute 1:1000 in flitered 1X PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer kit</td>
			<td>DOW Corning Corporation</td>
			<td>#3097358-1004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vannas spring microdissection scissors, 3 mm blade</td>
			<td>F.S.T</td>
			<td>15000-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Source: Altman, T., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/60993">Axonal Transport of Organelles in Motor Neuron Cultures using Microfluidic Chambers System.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2020).
This video demonstrates a method for tracking axonal transport in motor neurons using a microfluidic chamber system. It involves culturing mouse embryonic spinal cord tissues in polymer-coated wells with nutrient medium to induce axonal growth. The movement of fluorescent dye-stained organelles in live imaging, confirms the bidirectional axonal transport.

<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/22363/22363_Figure1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Silicone mold preparation. Schematic drawing describing the procedure of chlorotrimethylsilane wafer cleansing. (A) First, 50 mL of liquid nitrogen were added to an appropriate container. Working in a chemical hood, a syringe and needle were used to draw 8 mL of liquid nitrogen. The entire content of the syringe was injected into the chlorotrimethylsilane bottle. The bo...

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. ...

Begin with a polymer-coated microfluidic chamber with proximal and distal wells connected via multiple microgrooves.
In the proximal well, place mouse embryonic spinal cord tissues rich in developing motor neurons.
Supplement this well with a nutrient medium. Incubate to allow neuron growth and adherence to the polymer-coated surface.
Later, add a growth factor-free nutrient medium to the proximal well.
In distal wells, add a higher volume of nutrient medium containing growth factors to create concentration and volume differences.
These differences cause the axons, the longer neuronal projections, to grow toward the distal wells via the microgrooves.
Add a fluorescent dye solution into both wells.
The dye molecules enter the neurons and stain the mitochondria and acidic organelles at both ends.
In live confocal imaging, fluorescently stained organelles move in both directions between the neural cell bodies and the axons, confirming axonal transport in motor neurons.

17 Görüntüleme. Mikroakışkan Bir Cihaz Kullanarak Motor Nöronlarda Organellerin Aksonal Taşınımının İzlenmesi

Video: Mikroakışkan Bir Cihaz Kullanarak Motor Nöronlarda Organellerin Aksonal Taşınımının İzlenmesi - Deney

Real-time Imaging of Axonal Transport of Quantum Dot-labeled BDNF in Primary Neurons

BDNF plays an important role in several facets of neuronal survival, differentiation, and function. Structural and functional deficits in axons are increasingly viewed as an early feature of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer&#8217;s disease (AD) and Huntington&#8217;s disease (HD). As yet unclear is the mechanism(s) by which axonal injury is induced. We reported the development of a novel technique to produce biologically active, monobiotinylated BDNF (mBtBDNF) that can be used to trace axonal transport of BDNF. Quantum dot-labeled BDNF (QD-BDNF) was produced by conjugating quantum dot 655 to mBtBDNF. A microfluidic device was used to isolate axons from neuron cell bodies. Addition of QD-BDNF to the axonal compartment allowed live imaging of BDNF transport in axons. We demonstrated that QD-BDNF moved essentially exclusively retrogradely, with very few pauses, at a moving velocity of around 1.06 &#956;m/sec. This system can be used to investigate mechanisms of disrupted axonal function in AD or HD, as well as other degenerative disorders.

Axonal transport of BDNF, a neurotrophic factor, is critical for the survival and function of several neuronal populations. Some degenerative disorders are marked by disruption of axonal structure and function. We demonstrated the techniques used to examine live trafficking of QD-BDNF in microfluidic chambers using primary neurons.

Quantum Akson Ulaştırma Gerçek zamanlı Görüntüleme İlköğretim Nöronlar BDNF Dot-etiketli

BDNF plays an important role in several facets of neuronal survival, differentiation, and function. Structural and functional deficits in axons are ...

JoVE Journal

Nörobilim

Expanding the Toolkit for In Vivo Imaging of Axonal Transport

Axonal transport maintains neuronal homeostasis by enabling the bidirectional trafficking of diverse organelles and cargoes. Disruptions in axonal transport have devastating consequences for individual neurons and their networks, and contribute to a plethora of neurological disorders. As many of these conditions involve both cell autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms, and often display a spectrum of pathology across neuronal subtypes, methods to accurately identify and analyze neuronal subsets are imperative.
This paper details protocols to assess in vivo axonal transport of signaling endosomes and mitochondria in sciatic nerves of anesthetized mice. Stepwise instructions are provided to 1) distinguish motor from sensory neurons in vivo, in situ, and ex vivo by using mice that selectively express fluorescent proteins within cholinergic motor neurons; and 2) separately or concurrently assess in vivo axonal transport of signaling endosomes and mitochondria. These complementary intravital approaches facilitate the simultaneous imaging of different cargoes in distinct peripheral nerve axons to quantitatively monitor axonal transport in health and disease.

Expanding the Toolkit for In Vivo Imaging of Axonal Transport

Using transgenic fluorescent mice, detailed protocols are described to assess in vivo axonal transport of signaling endosomes and mitochondria within motor and sensory axons of the intact sciatic nerve in live animals.

Aksonal Taşımacılığın In Vivo Görüntülemesi için Araç Kitinin Genişletilmesi

Axonal transport maintains neuronal homeostasis by enabling the bidirectional trafficking of diverse organelles and cargoes. Disruptions in axonal ...

Microfluidics-Assisted Selective Depolarization of Axonal Mitochondria

Mitochondria are the primary suppliers of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in neurons. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a common phenotype in many neurodegenerative diseases. Given some axons' elaborate architecture and extreme length, it is not surprising that mitochondria in axons can experience different environments compared to their cell body counterparts. Interestingly, dysfunction of axonal mitochondria often precedes effects on the cell body. To model axonal mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro, microfluidic devices allow treatment of axonal mitochondria without affecting the somal mitochondria. The fluidic pressure gradient in these chambers prevents diffusion of molecules against the gradient, thus allowing for analysis of mitochondrial properties in response to local pharmacological challenges within axons. The current protocol describes the seeding of dissociated hippocampal neurons in microfluidic devices, staining with a membrane-potential sensitive dye, treatment with a mitochondrial toxin, and the subsequent microscopic analysis. This versatile method to study axonal biology can be applied to many pharmacological perturbations and imaging readouts, and is suitable for several neuronal subtypes.

The present protocol describes the seeding and staining of neuronal mitochondria in microfluidic chambers. The fluidic pressure gradient in these chambers allows for the selective treatment of mitochondria in axons to analyze their properties in response to pharmacological challenges without affecting the cell body compartment.

Tracking Axonal Transport of Organelles in Motor Neurons Using a Microfluidic Device

TRANSKRIPT