1) Hazırlık <ol><li> Bir bilgisayar ekranı önünde rahat bir sandalyede koltuk konusu, başlamak için. </li><li> Ekran ve konu nasion 60 cm arasındaki mesafe sağlamak için bir mezura kullanın. </li><li> Son olarak, konu gözleri üzerinde hafif bir engelleme maske yerleştirin. </li></ol> 2) V1/V2 üzerinde Phosphene Eşik belirlenmesi <ol><li> Daha sonra bu protokol phosphenic davranışı keşfetmek konu phosphene eşik bilmek önemli olacaktır. Bu eşik değerini belirlemek için, ilk olarak% 70 güç TMS makine ayarlayın. </li><li> Bobin tutun, böylece şekil-8 yüzü kafatası orta hatta üst. </li><li> Inion 3 cm yukarıda bir noktada tek-darbe uyarımı başlayın. </li><li> Her darbe sonrasında, bu konuda herhangi bir phosphenic deneyimi rapor isteyin. </li><li> Bu bölgede etrafında küçük bir arama ızgara (V1/V2) bobin hareket etmeye başlar. </li><li> Stimülasyon, bu konuda tutarlı ve net phosphene raporları ortaya çikaran konumunu belirlemek. TMS, nüfusun yaklaşık% 40 phosphenes ortaya çıkarmak mümkün olacak teorize edilmiştir, bu yüzden bu konuda hiçbir şey bildirmez bir şansı yoktur. Bu durumda, ne yazık ki, bu deney işe olmaz. Ayrılmak için izin verilmelidir. </li><li> &quot;Hotspot&quot; phosphenic bulunduktan sonra, söz konusu raporlar phosphenes kadar tam 3 6 üst üste darbeler için TMS güç çıkışı ayarlamak ve aşağı. Bu güç seviyesi konusu V1/V2 eşik. Varsa, nöronavigasyon V1/V2 hotspot bulma ve hedefleme yaparken büyük mekansal hassasiyet elde etmek için kullanılabilir. </li></ol> 3) V5/MT + Kompleks içinde Phosphenic Eşik Belirlenmesi <ol><li> Aynı yukarıda belirtilen usul ve parametreleri kullanarak, şimdi üzerinde phosphene eşik V5/MT + kompleks belirleyecektir. Bu bölgeyi bulmak için, konu inion 3 cm ve 5 cm sırt yanal bir noktada başlar. </li><li> Her darbe sonrasında, bu konuda herhangi bir phosphenic deneyimi rapor isteyin. </li><li> Yine, net ve tutarlı phosphenes ortaya çıkardı kadar tek darbeleri kullanarak, küçük bir arama ızgara deseni başlamak. </li><li> Son olarak, söz konusu raporlar phosphenes kadar tam 3 6 üst üste darbeler için TMS güç çıkışı ayarlamak ve aşağı. Bu güç seviyesi konu V5/MT + karmaşık eşik. Yine, eğer, nöronavigasyon V5/MT + hotspot bulma ve hedefleme yaparken daha fazla mekansal hassas elde etmek için kullanılabilir. </li></ol> 4) Temel Phosphene Davranışı Belirlenmesi <ol><li> Phosphene eşik hem de görsel alanlarda tespit edildikten sonra, biz başlangıç ​​phosphenic davranışı ölçmek gerekir. Bunu yapmak için, ilk önce konuya ışık engelleme maskesini kaldırmak. </li><li> Daha sonra, 60 saniye süreyle bilgisayar ekranı merkezinde sunulan bir stabil fiksasyon çapraz bakıyorum konu kapatın. </li><li> Maske değiştirin ve V1/V2 sıcak nokta üzerinde,% 120 3 saniye boyunca tek bir darbe katarı V1/V2 eşik oluşturmak. </li><li> Beş saniye bekleyin ve bir tren yürütmek. </li><li> Yine, beş saniye bekleyin ve üçüncü bir tren yürütmek. </li><li> Üçüncü tek puls sonra, konu, herhangi bir yeri ve motif özellikleri ortaya çıkardı phosphenes tarif etmek için isteyin. Bu temel olacaktır. </li><li> V5/MT üzerinde aynı prosedürü tekrarlayın + hot spot (V5/MT + eşik% 120 TMS gücü sıfırlamak için hatırlayın). </li></ol> 5) Durum Number One <ol><li> Phophenic temel tespit edildikten sonra, bir kez daha konuya ışık engelleme maske çıkarın. </li><li> 60 saniye süreyle bilgisayar ekranı merkezinde sunulan bir stabil fiksasyon çapraz bakıyorum bu konuda bilgilendirin. Bu sefer değil, boş bir ekran daha, çapraz etrafında birkaç noktada hareket eden noktaların bir dizi gömmek olacaktır. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2273/2273fig1.jpg" alt="Şekil 1" /> Şekil 1 uyaranlara uyarlanması durumu biri için: ötelenme hareketi basit. Tüm nokta, sol veya sağ ya da tutarlı bir hareket. Tüm noktalar aynı yönde hareket ediyor emin olun. Bir uyarana uzun süre maruz kalma ile indüklenen gibi nöral uyarılabilirliği değişiklikler önyargı, sonradan sunulan uyaranların algı hizmet olan bir olgu: Bu teşvik doğuracağı görsel adaptasyon hizmet etmelidir. </li><li> 60 saniye sonra, maske değiştirin ve V1/V2 hotspot üzerinden,% 120 az 3 saniye boyunca tek bir darbe katarı V1/V2 eşik oluşturmak. </li><li> Beş saniye bekleyin ve iki kez daha tekrarlayın. </li><li> Sonra, üç trenlerin konumları ve herhangi bir motif özellikleri ortaya çıkardı phosphenes raporuna konu isteyin. Varsa, karanlık bir odada bir göz hareketi izleme sistemi kullanımı phosphene elicitations içinde bireyler tarafından yapılan göz hareketleri daha hassas ve kantitatif izleme elde etmenize yardımcı olabilir. </li><li> Bu three-train/report basmaya devam phosp kadarHeNe davranış bazal aktivite döner. </li><li> V5/MT + karmaşık bir hotspot için bu yordamı tekrarlayın. </li></ol> 6) Durum Number Two <ol><li> Bu ikinci durumda, durumu biri için kullanılan aynı prosedürü tekrarlayın. Benzer bir &quot;yıldız patlaması&quot; desen - Bu kez, ancak, tekil bir yönde hareket eden bir dizi nokta, bu konuda daha ziyade, her biri merkezi bir noktadan uzak nokta göreceli kardinal yönde hareket bir dizi konu mevcut . <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2273/2273fig2.jpg" alt="Şekil 2" /> Şekil 2 iki durum için uyarı Uygulanması: radyal hareket. Nokta ya doğru ya da merkezi bir noktadan uzakta ilgili ana yöne hareket. </li><li> Daha önce olduğu gibi, 60 saniye sonra, V1/V2 üzerinde üç,% 120 barajını trenler bir dizi yapmak, maske yerine, tabi bir rapor için sormak ve taban dönene kadar devam eder. </li><li> V5/MT + tekrarlayın. </li></ol> 7) Diyagramı <ol><li> Bir seçenek olarak, her bir durum sonra (ya da tüm şartlar tamamlandıktan sonra), bir grafik üzerine bölge ve motif davranış phopsphenes her dizi çekmek için konuyu sormak. Bu ayrılmaz bir adım değildir, ancak başka bir yorumlanabilir veri seti ile size tedarik edecek. </li></ol> 8) Temsilcisi Sonuçlar Tek yönlü itici uyaranlara Visual uyum V1/V2 üzerinde benzer bir phosphenic hareket ortaya çıkarmak gerekir. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2273/2273fig3.jpg" alt="Şekil 3" /> Şekil 3. durum (konularda çizimleri dayalı) sırasında sağ ve sol yarımkürede V1/V2 indüklenen phosphenes örnekleri. V5/MT + karmaşık phosphenes, aynı zamanda, etkilenen olmalıdır phosphene adapte uyarıcı ve temel phosphene hareket yönünde bir toplamı olarak görünecektir. Ancak, dolup taşan desen görsel uyum V5/MT + karmaşık bir aynı dolup taşan phosphenic hareketi ortaya çıkarmak gerektiğini, ancak V1/V2 temel değişmemesi gerekir. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2273/2273fig4.jpg" alt="Şekil 4" /> Şekil 4 V5/MT indüklenen phosphenes örnekleri + durum iki (konularda çizimleri dayalı) sırasında sağ ve sol hemisfer karmaşık.

<ol>
	<li>Pascual-Leone, A., Davey, M., Wassermann, E. M., Rothwell, J., Puri, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. , (2002).</li><li>Walsh, V., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Neurochronometrics of Mind. , (2005).</li><li>Silvanto, J., Muggleton, N. G., Cowey, A., Walsh, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+adaptation+reveals+state-dependent+effects+of+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation.">Neural adaptation reveals state-dependent effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 25, 1874-1881 (2007).</li><li>Silvanto, J., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=State-Dependency+of+Transcranial+Magnetic+Stimulation.">State-Dependency of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.</a> Brain Topography. 21, 1-10 (2008).</li><li>Silvanto, J., Cattaneo, Z., Battelli, L., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Baseline+cortical+excitablility+determines+whether+TMS+disrupts+or+facilitates+behavior.">Baseline cortical excitablility determines whether TMS disrupts or facilitates behavior.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 99, 2725-2730 (2008).</li><li>Silvanto, J., Muggleton, N. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Testing+the+validity+of+the+TMS+state-dependency+approach:+targeting+functionally+distinct+motion-selective+neural+populations.">Testing the validity of the TMS state-dependency approach: targeting functionally distinct motion-selective neural populations.</a> Neuroimage. 40, 1841-1848 (2008).</li><li>Tootell, R. B., Rappas, J. B., Kwong, K. K., Malach, R., Born, R. T., Brady, T. J., Rosen, B. R., Belliveau, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+analysis+of+human+MT+and+related+visual+cortical+areas+using+magnetic+resonance+imaging.">Functional analysis of human MT and related visual cortical areas using magnetic resonance imaging.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 15, 3215-3230 (1995).</li><li>Singh, K. D., Smith, A. T., Greenlee, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatiotemporal+frequency+and+direction+sensitivities+of+human+visual+areas+measured+using+fMRI.">Spatiotemporal frequency and direction sensitivities of human visual areas measured using fMRI.</a> Neuroimage. 12, 550-564 (2000).</li><li>Rutchmann, R. M., Schrauf, M., Greenlee, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+activation+during+dichoptic+presentation+of+optic+flow+stimuli.">Brain activation during dichoptic presentation of optic flow stimuli.</a> Exp Brain Res. 134, 533-537 (2000).</li><li>Morrone, M. C., Tosetti, M., Montanaro, D., Fiorentini, A., Cioni, G., Burr, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cortical+area+that+responds+specifically+to+optic+flow+revealed+by+fMRI.">A cortical area that responds specifically to optic flow revealed by fMRI.</a> Nat. Neuroscience. 3, 1322-1328 (2000).</li></ol>

Bu deney, devletin bağımlılık kalbinde yer alır. V1/V2 nöronların basit, yönlü hareketi ile haberleşmek için düşünülen 7,8 Bu nedenle, tek yönlü itici uyarana uyum bu hareketin kayıt nöronların eksitabilite artış gibi, onlar TMS tepki vermek için ilk olarak darbe. V5/MT + kompleks de bu yüzden bu bölgeden kaynaklanan phosphenes de adapte uyaran etkilenen olmalıdır, ötelenme hareketi basit ayarlı nöron içerir. Ancak, V5/MT + kompleksi de radyal hareketi kayıt farklı nöron içeren düşünülmektedir. 9,10 Bu nedenle, dolup taşan deseni V5 devlet değil V1/V2 olmalıdır. Basit veya karmaşık translasyonel radyal hareket adapte olarak, etkili bir V5/MT nöronal nüfus kontrol + kompleksi TMS nabız hızlı tepki verir. Belirli bir nöronal nüfus nöronal nüfus çevreleyen daha TMS daha duyarlı olması astarlanmalıdır bilerek bilişsel sinirbilim alanları ve terapötik tedavi için inanılmaz bir söz sahibidir. Belki de bir argüman, tedavi TMS trenler uygulanmadan önce, fizyoterapi, psikoterapi, veya diğer davranışsal &quot;priming&quot; terapiler reçete için yapılmış olabilir, devlet bağımlılık etkileri istismar.

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Light Blocking Eye Mask</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Ear Plugs</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Swim Cap</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Marker</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tape Measure</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Blank Graph Paper</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Stimuli Developed &amp; Presented on Computer using Adobe Photoshop</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Any Single Pulse Capable TMS Device</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Any Figure-of-Eight Coil</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

state-dependency effects on tms:  a look at motive phosphene behavior

Transkranial manyetik stimülasyon (TMS), geçici ya da uzun süreli lokalize manyetik alan bakliyat uygulama ile kortikal eksitabilite (ya artan ya da bu azalan) modüle bir non-invaziv neurostimulatory ve nöromodülatör tekniği TMS alanında, dönem içinde 1,2 devlet bağımlılığı uyarılması için hedeflenen belirli bir nöral bölge ilk, başlangıç ​​durumuna ifade eder . Anlaşılacağı gibi, etkileri TMS (ve) hedeflenen kortikal alanda bu birincil duyarlılık ve tepki göre değişir. 3,4,5 Bu deneyde, biz devlet bağımlılık ortaya çıkarma ve itici phosphenes öznel deneyimi ile bu kavramı inceleyeceğiz. Phosphenes görsel, görsel kortekse elektromanyetik bakliyat tarafından tetiklenir küçük ışıklar yanıp söner algılanmaktadır. Bu küçük ışıklar görsel korteks tipi teşvik edildiği bağlı çeşitli özellikleri varsayabiliriz. Bu özel çalışmada, motif phosphenes hedef olacak gibi V1/V2 uyarılması ve V5/MT + karmaşık görsel bölgeleri ile ortaya çıkardı. 6

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about State-Dependency Effects on TMS:  A Look at Motive Phosphene Behavior at JoVE.com

State-Dependency Effects on TMS:  A Look at Motive Phosphene Behavior

Bu makalede, motif phosphenic sunumlar indüklenen TMS görsel olarak ilgili devlet bağımlılık etkisini incelemek.

TMS Devlet Bağımlılık Etkileri: Motive Phosphene Davranış Bir Bakış

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate ...

state-dependency-effects-on-tms-a-look-at-motive-phosphene-behavior

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

10.5K Görüntüleme.  Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Bu makalede, motif phosphenic sunumlar indüklenen TMS görsel olarak ilgili devlet bağımlılık etkisini incelemek.

Video: State-Dependency Effects on TMS:  A Look at Motive Phosphene Behavior

The NeuroStar TMS Device: Conducting the FDA Approved Protocol for Treatment of Depression

The Neuronetics NeuroStar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) System is a class II medical device that produces brief duration, pulsed magnetic fields. These rapidly alternating fields induce electrical currents within localized, targeted regions of the cortex which are associated with various physiological and functional brain changes.1,2,3
In 2007, O'Reardon et al., utilizing the NeuroStar device, published the results of an industry-sponsored, multisite, randomized, sham-stimulation controlled clinical trial in which 301 patients with major depression, who had previously failed to respond to at least one adequate antidepressant treatment trial, underwent either active or sham TMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The patients, who were medication-free at the time of the study, received TMS five times per week over 4-6 weeks.4
The results demonstrated that a sub-population of patients (those who were relatively less resistant to medication, having failed not more than two good pharmacologic trials) showed a statistically significant improvement on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale (MADRS), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), and various other outcome measures. In October 2008, supported by these and other similar results5,6,7, Neuronetics obtained the first and only Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for the clinical treatment of a specific form of medication-refractory depression using a TMS Therapy device (FDA approval K061053).
In this paper, we will explore the specified FDA approved NeuroStar depression treatment protocol (to be administered only under prescription and by a licensed medical profession in either an in- or outpatient setting).

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the FDA approved depression treatment protocol using the Neuronetics NeuroStar TMS device.

NeuroStar TMS Aygıt: FDA yürütülmesi Depresyon Tedavisinde Protokolü Onaylandı

The Neuronetics NeuroStar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) System is a class II medical device that produces brief duration, pulsed magnetic ...

Nörobilim

Cryopreservation of Cortical Tissue Blocks for the Generation of Highly Enriched Neuronal Cultures

In this study, we outline a standardized protocol for the successful cryopreservation and thawing of cortical brain tissue blocks to generate highly enriched neuronal cultures. For this protocol the freezing medium used is 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) diluted in Hank's Buffered Salt Solution (HBSS). Blocks of cortical tissue are transferred to cryovials containing the freezing medium and slowly frozen at -1&deg;C/min in a rate-controlled freezing container. Post-thaw processing and dissociation of frozen tissue blocks consistently produced neuronal-enriched cultures which exhibited rapid neuritic growth during the first 5 days in culture and significant expansion of the neuronal network within 10 days. Immunocytochemical staining with the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the neuronal marker beta-tubulin class III, revealed high numbers of neurons and astrocytes in the cultures. Generation of neural precursor cell cultures after tissue block dissociation resulted in rapidly expanding neurospheres, which produced large numbers of neurons and astrocytes under differentiating conditions. This simple cryopreservation protocol allows for the rapid, efficient, and inexpensive preservation of cortical brain tissue blocks, which grants increased flexibility for later generation of neuronal, astrocyte, and neuronal precursor cell cultures.

Here, we describe a method for efficient cryopreservation and thawing of cortical brain tissue blocks to generate highly enriched neuronal cultures. This simple protocol provides flexibility for later generation of neuronal, astrocyte, and neuronal precursor cell cultures.

Yüksek zenginleştirilmiş Nöronal Kültürlerin Üretimi için Kortikal Doku Blokları, Kriyoprezervasyon

In this study, we outline a standardized protocol for the successful cryopreservation and thawing of cortical brain tissue blocks to generate highly ...

Studying the Integration of Adult-born Neurons

Neurogenesis occurs in adult mammalian brains in the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and in the sub-granular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus throughout life. Previous reports have shown that adult hippocampal neurogenesis is associated with diverse brain disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, depression and anxiety (1). Deciphering the process of normal and aberrant adult-born neuron integration may shed light on the etiology of these diseases and inform the development of new therapies.
SGZ adult neurogenesis mirrors embryonic and post-natal neuronal development, including stages of fate specification, migration, synaptic integration, and maturation. However, full integration occurs over a prolonged, 6-week period. Initial synaptic input to adult-born SGZ dentate granule cells (DGCs) is GABAergic, followed by glutamatergic input at 14 days (2). The specific factors which regulate circuit formation of adult-born neurons in the dentate gyrus are currently unknown.
Our laboratory uses a replication-deficient retroviral vector based on the Moloney murine leukemia virus to deliver fluorescent proteins and hypothesized regulatory genes to these proliferating cells. This viral technique provides high specificity and resolution for analysis of cell birth date, lineage, morphology, and synaptogenesis.
A typical experiment often employs two or three viruses containing unique label, transgene, and promoter elements for single-cell analysis of a desired developmental process in vivo. The following protocol describes a method for analyzing functional newborn neuron integration using a single green (GFP) or red (dTomato) fluorescent protein retrovirus and patch-clamp electrophysiology.

A way to study the integration of newborn dentate granule cells in adult animals is described. This technique uses an engineered retrovirus to label newborn neurons, followed by electrophysiological recordings to determine in vivo functional integration.

Yetişkin doğmuş Nöronlar Entegrasyon incelenmesi

Neurogenesis occurs in adult mammalian brains in the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and in the sub-granular zone (SGZ) of the ...

Investigations on Alterations of Hippocampal Circuit Function Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) afflicts more than 1.7 million people in the United States each year and even mild TBI can lead to persistent neurological impairments 1. Two pervasive and disabling symptoms experienced by TBI survivors, memory deficits and a reduction in seizure threshold, are thought to be mediated by TBI-induced hippocampal dysfunction 2,3. In order to demonstrate how altered hippocampal circuit function adversely affects behavior after TBI in mice, we employ lateral fluid percussion injury, a commonly used animal model of TBI that recreates many features of human TBI including neuronal cell loss, gliosis, and ionic perturbation 4-6.
	Here we demonstrate a combinatorial method for investigating TBI-induced hippocampal dysfunction. Our approach incorporates multiple ex vivo physiological techniques together with animal behavior and biochemical analysis, in order to analyze post-TBI changes in the hippocampus. We begin with the experimental injury paradigm along with behavioral analysis to assess cognitive disability following TBI. Next, we feature three distinct ex vivo recording techniques: extracellular field potential recording, visualized whole-cell patch-clamping, and voltage sensitive dye recording. Finally, we demonstrate a method for regionally dissecting subregions of the hippocampus that can be useful for detailed analysis of neurochemical and metabolic alterations post-TBI.
	These methods have been used to examine the alterations in hippocampal circuitry following TBI and to probe the opposing changes in network circuit function that occur in the dentate gyrus and CA1 subregions of the hippocampus (see Figure 1). The ability to analyze the post-TBI changes in each subregion is essential to understanding the underlying mechanisms contributing to TBI-induced behavioral and cognitive deficits. 
	The multi-faceted system outlined here allows investigators to push past characterization of phenomenology induced by a disease state (in this case TBI) and determine the mechanisms responsible for the observed pathology associated with TBI.

A multi-faceted approach to investigating functional changes to hippocampal circuitry is explained. Electrophysiological techniques are described along with the injury protocol, behavioral testing and regional dissection method. The combination of these techniques can be applied in similar fashion for other brain regions and scientific questions.

Hafif Travmatik Beyin Hasarı takiben Hipokampal Devre İşlev değişimler üzerine araştırmalar

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) afflicts more than 1.7 million people in the United States each year and even mild TBI can lead to persistent neurological ...

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

Studies in the mammalian neocortex have enabled unprecedented resolution of cortical structure, activity, and response to neurodegenerative insults by repeated, time-lapse in vivo imaging in live rodents. These studies were made possible by straightforward surgical procedures, which enabled optical access for a prolonged period of time without repeat surgical procedures. In contrast, analogous studies of the spinal cord have been previously limited to only a few imaging sessions, each of which required an invasive surgery. As previously described, we have developed a spinal chamber that enables continuous optical access for upwards of 8 weeks, preserves mechanical stability of the spinal column, is easily stabilized externally during imaging, and requires only a single surgery. Here, the design of the spinal chamber with its associated surgical implements is reviewed and the surgical procedure is demonstrated in detail. Briefly, this video will demonstrate the preparation of the surgical area and mouse for surgery, exposure of the spinal vertebra and appropriate tissue debridement, the delivery of the implant and vertebral clamping, the completion of the chamber, the removal of the delivery system, sealing of the skin, and finally, post-operative care. The procedure for chronic in vivo imaging using nonlinear microscopy will also be demonstrated. Finally, outcomes, limitations, typical variability, and a guide for troubleshooting are discussed.

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

In this video, we describe a procedure for implanting a chronic optical imaging chamber over the dorsal spinal cord of a live mouse. The chamber, surgical procedure, and chronic imaging are reviewed and demonstrated.

Boyuna için bir Spinal Odası implantasyon için bir Prosedürü<em&gt; İn Vivo</em&gt; Fare Omurilik Görüntüleme

Studies in the mammalian neocortex have enabled unprecedented resolution of cortical structure, activity, and response to neurodegenerative insults by ...

Live Imaging of Nicotine Induced Calcium Signaling and Neurotransmitter Release Along Ventral Hippocampal Axons

Sustained enhancement of axonal signaling and increased neurotransmitter release by the activation of pre-synaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) is an important mechanism for neuromodulation by acetylcholine (ACh). The difficulty with access to probing the signaling mechanisms within intact axons and at nerve terminals both in vitro and in vivo has limited progress in the study of the pre-synaptic components of synaptic plasticity. Here we introduce a gene-chimeric preparation of ventral hippocampal (vHipp)&#8211;accumbens (nAcc) circuit in vitro that allows direct live imaging to analyze both the pre- and post-synaptic components of transmission while selectively varying the genetic profile of the pre- vs post-synaptic neurons. We demonstrate that projections from vHipp microslices, as pre-synaptic axonal input, form multiple, reliable glutamatergic synapses with post-synaptic targets, the dispersed neurons from nAcc. The pre-synaptic localization of various subtypes of nAChRs are detected and the pre-synaptic nicotinic signaling mediated synaptic transmission are monitored by concurrent electrophysiological recording and live cell imaging. This preparation also provides an informative approach to study the pre- and post-synaptic mechanisms of glutamatergic synaptic plasticity in vitro.

We developed a gene-chimeric preparation of ventral hippocampal &#8211; accumbens circuit in vitro that allows direct live imaging to analyze presynaptic mechanisms of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) mediated synaptic transmission. This preparation also provides an informative approach to study the pre- and post-synaptic mechanisms of synaptic plasticity.

Nikotin Kaynaklı Kalsiyum Sinyali ve ventral Hipokampal Aksonlar boyunca Nörotransmitter Release Canlı Görüntüleme

Sustained enhancement of axonal signaling and increased neurotransmitter release by the activation of pre-synaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ...

High-Resolution Quantitative Immunogold Analysis of Membrane Receptors at Retinal Ribbon Synapses

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) receive excitatory glutamatergic input from bipolar cells. Synaptic excitation of RGCs is mediated postsynaptically by NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and AMPA receptors (AMPARs). Physiological data have indicated that glutamate receptors at RGCs are expressed not only in postsynaptic but also in perisynaptic or extrasynaptic membrane compartments. However, precise anatomical locations for glutamate receptors at RGC synapses have not been determined. Although a high-resolution quantitative analysis of glutamate receptors at central synapses is widely employed, this approach has had only limited success in the retina. We developed a postembedding immunogold method for analysis of membrane receptors, making it possible to estimate the number, density and variability of these receptors at retinal ribbon synapses. Here we describe the tools, reagents, and the practical steps that are needed for: 1) successful preparation of retinal fixation, 2) freeze-substitution, 3) postembedding immunogold electron microscope (EM) immunocytochemistry and, 4) quantitative visualization of glutamate receptors at ribbon synapses.

The postembedding immunogold method is one of the most effective ways to provide high-resolution analyses of the subcellular localization of specific molecules. Here we describe a protocol to quantitatively analyze glutamate receptors at retinal ribbon synapses.

Retina Şerit Sinapslar at Membran Reseptör Yüksek Çözünürlüklü Sayısal immunogold Analizi

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) receive excitatory glutamatergic input from bipolar cells. Synaptic excitation of RGCs is mediated postsynaptically by NMDA ...

Using Linear Agarose Channels to Study Drosophila Larval Crawling Behavior

Drosophila larval crawling is emerging as a powerful model to study neural control of sensorimotor behavior. However, larval crawling behavior on flat open surfaces is complex,&#160;including: pausing, turning, and meandering. This complexity in the repertoire of movement hinders detailed analysis of the events occurring during a single crawl stride cycle. To overcome this obstacle, linear agarose channels were made that constrain larval behavior to straight, sustained, rhythmic crawling. In principle, because agarose channels and the Drosophila larval body are both optically clear, the movement of larval structures labeled by genetically-encoded fluorescent probes can be monitored in intact, freely-moving larvae. In the past, larvae were placed in linear channels and crawling at the level of whole organism, segment, and muscle were analyzed1. In the future, larvae crawling in channels can be used for calcium imaging to monitor neuronal activity. Moreover, these methods can be used with larvae of any genotype and with any researcher-designed channel. Thus the protocol presented below is widely applicable for studies using the Drosophila larva as a model to understand motor control.

Using Linear Agarose Channels to Study Drosophila Larval Crawling Behavior

The Drosophila larva is a powerful model system to study neural control of behavior. This publication describes the use of linear agarose channels to elicit sustained bouts of linear crawling and methods to quantify the dynamics of larval structures during repetitive crawling behavior.

Doğrusal Agaroz Kanallar kullanarak Okuyacak<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larva Tarama Davranış

Drosophila larval crawling is emerging as a powerful model to study neural control of sensorimotor behavior. However, larval crawling behavior on flat ...

Combining Optogenetics with Artificial microRNAs to Characterize the Effects of Gene Knockdown on Presynaptic Function within Intact Neuronal Circuits

The purpose of this protocol is to characterize the effect of gene knockdown on presynaptic function within intact neuronal circuits. We describe a workflow on how to combine artificial microRNA (miR)-mediated RNA interference with optogenetics to achieve selective stimulation of manipulated presynaptic boutons in acute brain slices. The experimental approach involves the use of a single viral construct and a single neuron-specific promoter to drive the expression of both an optogenetic probe and artificial miR(s) against presynaptic gene(s). When stereotactically injected in the brain region of interest, the expressed construct makes it possible to stimulate with light exclusively the neurons with reduced expression of the gene(s) under investigation. This strategy does not require the development and maintenance of genetically modified mouse lines and can in principle be applied to other organisms and to any neuronal gene of choice. We have recently applied it to investigate how the knockdown of alternative splice isoforms of presynaptic P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) regulates short-term synaptic plasticity at CA3 to CA1 excitatory synapses in acute hippocampal slices. A similar approach could also be used to manipulate and probe the neuronal circuitry in vivo.

This protocol provides a workflow on how to combine artificial microRNA-mediated RNA interference with optogenetics to stimulate specifically presynaptic boutons with reduced expression of selective gene(s) within intact neuronal circuits.

Optogenetics gen nakavt etkileri olduğu gibi nöronal devreler içinde Presynaptic işlevi karakterize etmek için yapay mikroRNA'lar birleştirme

The purpose of this protocol is to characterize the effect of gene knockdown on presynaptic function within intact neuronal circuits. We describe a ...

FM Dye Cycling at the Synapse: Comparing High Potassium Depolarization, Electrical and Channelrhodopsin Stimulation

FM dyes are used to study the synaptic vesicle (SV) cycle. These amphipathic probes have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail, making them water-soluble with the ability to reversibly enter and exit membrane lipid bilayers. These styryl dyes are relatively non-fluorescent in aqueous medium, but insertion into the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane causes a &#62;40X increase in fluorescence. In neuronal synapses, FM dyes are internalized during SV endocytosis, trafficked both within and between SV pools, and released with SV exocytosis, providing a powerful tool to visualize presynaptic stages of neurotransmission. A primary genetic model of glutamatergic synapse development and function is the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ), where FM dye imaging has been used extensively to quantify SV dynamics in a wide range of mutant conditions. The NMJ synaptic terminal is easily accessible, with a beautiful array of large synaptic boutons ideal for imaging applications. Here, we compare and contrast the three ways to stimulate the Drosophila NMJ to drive activity-dependent FM1-43 dye uptake/release: 1) bath application of high [K+] to depolarize neuromuscular tissues, 2) suction electrode motor nerve stimulation to depolarize the presynaptic nerve terminal, and 3) targeted transgenic expression of channelrhodopsin variants for light-stimulated, spatial control of depolarization. Each of these methods has benefits and disadvantages for the study of genetic mutation effects on the SV cycle at the Drosophila NMJ. We will discuss these advantages and disadvantages to assist the selection of the stimulation approach, together with the methodologies specific to each strategy. In addition to fluorescent imaging, FM dyes can be photoconverted to electron-dense signals visualized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to study SV cycle mechanisms at an ultrastructural level. We provide the comparisons of confocal and electron microscopy imaging from the different methods of Drosophila NMJ stimulation, to help guide the selection of future experimental paradigms.

Synaptic vesicle (SV) cycling is the core mechanism of intercellular communication at neuronal synapses. FM dye uptake and release are the primary means of quantitatively assaying SV endo- and exocytosis. Here, we compare all the stimulation methods to drive FM1-43 cycling at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) model synapse.