eoe sub articles

EoE Sub Articles

All procedures involving human participants have been performed in compliance with the institutional, national, and international guidelines for human welfare and have been reviewed by the local institutional review board.
1. Electroenchephalopgaphy (EEG) Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Measure head size to determine the appropriate EEG cap.</li>
	<li>Identify the location of the vertex by finding the mid-point between nasion and inion with a measuring tape.</li>
	<li>Place the EEG cap on the head using the pre-determined vertex as Cz. Examine the midline central region of the head (Cz) again after placing the cap by using a measuring tape as done in 1.2. Note that the EEG cap is equipped with electrode holders and the placement of the 64 electrodes (or holders) is based on a modified 10-20 system with a pre-specified coordinates system based on Cz. 
	NOTE: This representative application uses a 64-electrode configuration to assess scalp distribution changes and for source analysis. For simpler applications (event-related potential changes in amplitude and latency) using fewer electrodes are possible. There are two additional electrodes for ground in the EEG system used here. Those electrode holders are also included in the cap.</li>
	<li>Apply electrode gel in the electrode holders using a disposable syringe.</li>
	<li>Attach EEG electrodes (including ground electrodes) into the electrodes holders matching the labels of the electrodes and to the electrode holders on the electrode cap.</li>
	<li>Clean the skin surface with alcohol pads. 
	NOTE: For electrodes for detecting eye motion (electro-oculography), the skin locations are above and below the right eye (vertical eye motion), and lateral to the outer canthus of both eyes (horizontal eye motion); for somatosensory stimulation the skin lateral to the oral angle is cleaned.</li>
	<li>Fill the four electro-oculography electrodes with the electrode gel and secure the electrodes with double-sided tape to the sites noted in 1.6.</li>
	<li>Secure all electrode cables using a Velcro strap. If required, tape the cables to the participant&#39;s body or other locations that do not introduce any additional electrical or mechanical noise.</li>
	<li>Position the participant in front of the monitor and the robot for somatosensory stimulation. Secure all electrode cables again as in 1.8.</li>
	<li>Connect the EEG and electro-oculography electrodes (including the ground electrodes) into the appropriate connectors (matching label and connecter shape) on the amplifier box of the EEG system.</li>
	<li>Check to see that the EEG signals are artifact-free and that the offset value is in an acceptable range (&#60;50 &#181;V or smaller). If noisy signals or large offsets that are usually indicative of high impedance are found, correct those electrode signals by adding additional EEG gel and/or repositioning hair that is directly under the electrode.</li>
	<li>Insert the EEG-compatible earphones and confirm that the sound level is in a comfortable range based on the subject report.</li>
</ol>
2. Somatosensory Stimulation
NOTE: The current protocol applies facial skin stretch for the purpose of somatosensory stimulation. The experimental setup with the EEG system is represented in Figure 1. The details of the somatosensory stimulation device have been described in the previous studies. Briefly, two small plastic tabs (2 cm wide and 3 cm height) are attached with double-sided tape to the facial skin. The tabs are connected to the robotic device using string. The robot generates systematic skin stretch loads according to experimental designs. The setup protocol for ERP recording is as follows:
<ol>
	<li>Place the participant&#39;s head in the headrest in order to minimize head motion during stimulation. Remove carefully the electrode cables between the participant&#39;s head and headrest.</li>
	<li>Ask the participant to hold the safety switch for the robot.</li>
	<li>Attach plastic tabs to the target skin location using double-sided tape for somatosensory stimulation. For the representative results, in which the target is the skin lateral to the oral angle, place the center of the tabs on the modiolus, a few mm lateral to the oral angle with the center of the tabs at approximately the same height as the oral angle.</li>
	<li>Adjust the configuration of the string, string supports and the robot in order to avoid EEG electrodes and cables.</li>
	<li>Apply a few facial skin stretches (one cycle sinusoid at 3 Hz with a maximum force of 4 N) to check for artifacts due to the stimulation (usually observed as relatively large amplitude and lower frequency compared with the electrophysiological response). If artifacts are observed in the EEG signals, go back to 2.4.</li>
</ol>
3. ERP Recording
<ol>
	<li>Explain the experimental task to the subject and provide practice trials (one block = 10 trials or less) to confirm if the subject understands the task clearly. 
	NOTE: The experimental task and stimulus presentation for ERP recording are preprogrammed in software for stimulus presentation.
	<ol>
		<li>In the representative test with combined somatosensory and auditory stimulation, apply the somatosensory stimulation associated with skin deformation to the skin lateral to the oral angle. The pattern of stretch is a one cycle sinusoid (3 Hz) with a maximum force of 4 N. A single synthesized speech utterance that is midway in a 10-step sound continuum between &#34;head&#34; and &#34;had&#34; is used for auditory stimulation.</li>
		<li>Present both stimulations separately or in combination. In the combined stimulation, test three onset timings (90 msec lead and lag, and simultaneous in somatosensory and auditory onsets: see Figure 2A).</li>
		<li>Randomize the presentation of five stimulations (somatosensory alone, auditory alone and three combined: lead, simult. and lag). Vary the inter-trial interval between 1,000 and 2,000 msec in order to avoid anticipation and habituation. The experimental task is to identify whether the presented speech sound, which is the sound that is acoustically intermediate between &#34;head&#34; and &#34;had&#39;, was &#34;head&#34; by pressing a key on a keyboard. In the somatosensory alone condition, in which there is no auditory stimulation, the participants are instructed to answer not &#34;head&#34;.</li>
		<li>Record participant judgments and the reaction time from the stimulus onset to the key press using the software for stimulus presentation. Ask the participant to gaze a fixation point on the display screen in order to reduce artifacts due to eye movement.</li>
		<li>Remove the fixation point every 10 stimulations for a short break.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Start the software for ERP recording at 512 Hz sampling, which also records the onset time of stimulation in the timeline of ERP data. Note that the time stamps of the stimulation, which also include the information about the type of stimulation, are sent for every stimulus from the software for stimulus presentation. The two programs (for ERP recording and for the stimulus presentation) are running on two separate PCs that are connected through a parallel port.</li>
</ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG recording system</td>
			<td>Biosemi</td>
			<td>ActiveTwo</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Robotic decice for skin stretch</td>
			<td>Geomagic</td>
			<td>Phantom Premium 1.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG-compatible earphones</td>
			<td>Etymotic research</td>
			<td>ER3A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software for visual and auditory stimulation</td>
			<td>Neurobehavioral Systems</td>
			<td>Presentation</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrode gel</td>
			<td>Parker Laboratories, INC</td>
			<td>Signa gel</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double sided tape</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>1522</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable syringe</td>
			<td>Monoject</td>
			<td>412 Curved Tip</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analog input device</td>
			<td>National Instuments</td>
			<td>PCI-6036E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Degital output device</td>
			<td>Measurement computing</td>
			<td>USB-1208FS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

obtaining somatosensory stimulation-related signals from orofacial skin stretching

Source: Ito, T. et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/53621">Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2015)
This video demonstrates the recording of somatosensory stimulation-related signals through orofacial skin stretch using an electroencephalography (EEG) cap equipped with electrodes to monitor brain activity and a robotic device that produces the skin stretch.

<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/22860/22860_Figure1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Experimental setup.
<img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/22860/22860_Figure2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2. Event-related potentials reflect a somatosensory-auditory interaction in the context of speech perception. (A) temporal pattern of somatosensory and auditory stimulations. (B</str...

Obtaining Somatosensory Stimulation-Related Signals from Orofacial Skin Stretching

All procedures involving human participants have been performed in compliance with the institutional, national, and international guidelines for human ...

Begin with a human participant whose scalp is covered with an electroencephalography or EEG cap containing multiple electrodes to record brain activity. 
Additional electrodes are attached around the eyes to detect eye movements. 
Secure the participant&#39;s head in a headrest to minimize movement and provide a safety switch for emergencies.
Attach plastic tabs with double-sided tape to the facial skin, lateral to the oral angle. 
These tabs are connected to a robotic device via thin strings that control the movement of the facial skin. 
Fix the participant's eyes on a point on the display screen to reduce eye movement artifacts.
Use the robotic device to pull the string, stretching the facial skin. 
This provides somatosensory stimulation and activates the cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the underlying sensory nerves, generating electrical signals that travel to the brain.
 Record the electrical signals from individual electrodes to obtain somatosensory stimulation-related responses.

obtaining-somatosensory-stimulation-related-signals-from-orofacial

Research

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Neuroscience

Neurophysiology

Stimulation and Modulation Techniques

46 Görüntüleme. Kaynak: Ito, T. ve ark., Orofasiyal Deri Germe Stimülasyonundan Somatosensoriyel Olayla İlgili Potansiyeller. J. Vis. Uzm. (2015) Bu video, beyin aktivitesini izlemek için elektrotlarla donatılmış bir elektroensefalografi (EEG) başlığı ve cilt gerilmesini üreten robotik bir cihaz kullanılarak orofasiyal cilt gerilmesi yoluyla somatosensoriyel stimülasyonla ilgili sinyallerin kaydını göstermektedir. 

Video: Orofasiyal Cilt Germeden Somatosensoriyel Stimülasyonla İlgili Sinyallerin Alınması - Kavram

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential (ERP) Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have characteristic deficits in understanding the meaning of language, or semantic processing. However, some evidence indicates that semantic processing of non-linguistic stimuli is intact, suggesting that semantic deficits may be language-specific. To appropriately characterize semantic processing deficits in individuals with ASD, comparison of within-modality linguistic (e.g., written words) and non-linguistic (e.g., pictures) stimuli is required. This paper describes such a methodology that makes use of a semantic priming paradigm during concurrent recording of electroencephalographic (EEG) data. EEG provides a dynamic measure of brain activity that is well-suited to characterize subtle differences in semantic processing that may not be observable at the behavioral level. The semantic priming paradigm presents a prime picture or word (e.g., dog) followed by a target picture or word that is either related (e.g., cat) or unrelated (e.g., pencil) to the prime. This paradigm can thus be used to evaluate semantic processing across different modalities, and to compare lexico-semantic and visuo-semantic processing abilities in individuals with ASD and how they might differ from TD individuals. The specific steps involved in creating the stimuli, performing the EEG testing, and analyzing the EEG data are discussed. Representative results illustrate how the N400 component of the event-related potential (ERP) is reduced following semantically-related prime-target pairs compared to unrelated pairs. Comparisons of the N400 between conditions, modalities, and groups can provide estimates of the success of semantic processing, and can thereby be used to characterize semantic deficits in individuals with ASD or other clinical populations.

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

This paper describes a semantic priming ERP task using within-modality pairs of pictures and words to investigate semantic processing in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Otizm spektrum bozukluğu lexico semantik ve Visuo-anlamsal işlemede çalışmaya bir anlamsal Priming olay-ilişkili potansiyel (ERP) görev

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have characteristic deficits in understanding the meaning of language, or semantic processing. However, ...

JoVE Journal

Davranış

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects

Multisensory integration research investigates how the brain processes simultaneous sensory information. Research on animals (mainly cats and primates) and humans reveal that intact multisensory integration is crucial for functioning in the real world, including both cognitive and physical activities. Much of the research conducted over the past several decades documents multisensory integration effects using diverse psychophysical, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging techniques. While its presence has been reported, the methods used to determine the magnitude of multisensory integration effects varies and typically faces much criticism. In what follows, limitations of previous behavioral studies are outlined and a step-by-step tutorial for calculating the magnitude of multisensory integration effects using robust probability models is provided.

The current study aims to provide a step-by-step tutorial for calculating the magnitude of multisensory integration effects in an effort to facilitate the production of translational research studies across diverse clinical populations.

Davranışsal multisensory entegrasyon efektlerini ölçmek için yarış modeli eşitsizliği kullanma

Multisensory integration research investigates how the brain processes simultaneous sensory information. Research on animals (mainly cats and primates) ...

Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique

This paper examines the application of electroencephalogram-based methods to assess the effects of audio-tactile substitution training in young, profoundly deaf (PD) participants, with the aim of analyzing the neural mechanisms associated with vibrotactile complex sound discrimination. Electrical brain activity reflects dynamic neural changes, and the temporal precision of event-related potentials (ERPs) has proven to be key in studying time-locked processes while performing behavioral tasks that involve attention and working memory. 
The current protocol was designed to study electrophysiological activity in PD subjects while they performed a continuous performance task (CPT) using complex-sound stimuli, consisting of five different animal sounds delivered through a portable stimulator system worn on the right index finger. As a repeated-measures design, electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings in standard conditions were performed before and after a brief training program (five 1 h sessions over 15 days), followed by offline artifact correction and epoch averaging, to obtain individual and grand-mean waveforms. Behavioral results show a significant improvement in discrimination and a more robust P3-like centroparietal positive waveform for the target stimuli after training. In this protocol, ERPs contribute to the further understanding of learning-related neural changes in PD subjects associated with audio-tactile discrimination of complex sounds.

This protocol is designed to explore underlying learning-related electrophysiological changes in subjects with profound deafness after a short training period in audio-tactile sensory substitution by applying the event-related potential technique.

Obtaining Somatosensory Stimulation-Related Signals from Orofacial Skin Stretching

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Obtaining Somatosensory Stimulation-Related Signals from Orofacial Skin Stretching