Bu çalışma, FH Andrade Ulusal Göz Enstitüsü (R01 EY12998) bir hibe ile desteklenmiştir.

1. Tamponlar hazırlanması <ol><li> Santrifüj 5804R açın ve ayarı 4 ° C 37 ° C&#39;ye kadar Isotemp 3006D su banyosu ve set açın </li><li> Kas izolasyon önce aşağıdaki çözümleri hazırlayın: <ul><li> PBS: distile su (5 tablet / litre) fosfat tamponlu salin (PBS) tablet eritin. İyice karıştırın. </li><li> PBS artı 10 mM EDTA: 100 ml solüsyon hazırlamak için, 500 mM EDTA 2 ml, 98 ml PBS ekleyin. </li><li> 8X Mitokondri tampon: 10.28 g sakaroz nihai konsantrasyonu 0.6 M, serbest yağ asit 400 mg sığır serum final konsantrasyon% 0.8, 160 mM son bir konsantrasyon için Hepes 2.08 g, pH albumin (BSA) 50 ml distile su ile 7.4 &#39;e ve QS. </li><li> İzolasyon Tampon 1 (IB1): 10, 0,392 için 215 mM son bir konsantrasyon için D-mannitol g, 1.25 ml 8X mitokondri tamponu, pH 7.4 ve QS 10 mM nihai konsantrasyonu 500 mM EDTA 200 ul ekle distile su ile ml. </li><li> İzolasyon Tampon 2 (IB2): 10, 0,392 için 215 mM son bir konsantrasyon için D-mannitol g, 1.25 ml 8X mitokondri tamponu, pH 7.4 ve QS 3 mM nihai konsantrasyonu 500 mM EGTA 60 ul ekle distile su ile ml. </li><li> Deneysel Buffer (EB): son bir konsantrasyon için 5 mM son bir konsantrasyon, D-mannitol 215 mM son bir konsantrasyon için 0.392 gr, 25 ul 2.5 mM KH 2 PO 4 için 500 mM MgCl 2 100 ul ekle 6.25 mcM, 20 mcM nihai konsantrasyonu 100 mM EGTA 2 ul, mitokondriyal tamponu, pH 7.4 &#39;e ve QS 10 ml saf su ile 1.25 ml. </li></ul></li></ol> 2. Kas İzolasyon <ol><li> Bir buz kovası, üç adet 10 ml bardak, Potter-Elvehjem doku öğütücüler ve buz üzerinde aletleri / gereçleri gerekli diğer tüm koydu. Her şey deney boyunca buz kalmalıdır. </li><li> Yapılan ılık su banyosu, buz kovası ve EB IB1 ve IB2 yerleştirin. </li><li> Üç adet 10 ml bardak, aşağıdaki çözümleri eklenmesi gerekmektedir: <ul><li> Beher 1: 10 ml PBS </li><li> Beher 2: 10 ml PBS / EDTA </li><li> Beher 3: IB1 3 ml </li></ul></li><li> Insanca yerel Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Kurulu tarafından onaylanan bir sıçan öldürün. </li><li> Hızla, 250-500 mg iskelet kas izole Beher 1 durulayın, daha sonra 2 Beher aktarın. </li></ol> 3. Homojenizasyon / Mitokondrial İzolasyon <ol><li> Beher 3 kas transferi ve ince makas ile kas kıyma. </li><li> Potter-Elvehjem homojenizatör çözüm aktarın. Havaneli (her zaman buz tüpü tutarak bir motorlu matkap basın iş yapacak) 10 kez kullanarak kas homojenize. </li><li> 4 10 dakika için 700 g ° C önceden soğutulmuş 2 ml mikrosantrifüj tüpleri ve santrifüj Homojenat transfer </li><li> Supernatant yeni bir ön-soğutulmuş mikrosantrifüj tüpüne aktarın. Pelet atın. </li><li> 4 10 dakika 10.500 g supernatant Santrifüj ° C </li><li> Yeni bir ön-soğutulmuş mikrosantrifüj tüp ve etiket SN1 (süpernatantın 1 numara) ve kas tipi supernatant aktarın. </li><li> IB2, 500 ul pelet yeniden askıya. </li><li> 10.500 g 10 dakika boyunca santrifüjleyin 4 ° C </li><li> Transferi öncesi yeni bir soğuk mikrosantrifüj tüp ve etiket SN2 (süpernatantın 2) ve kas tipi supernatant. </li><li> IB2 100 ul final mitokondriyal pelet askıya alınması. </li><li> Birkaç saniye için minifuge Re-spin son mitokondriyal süspansiyon. Bir pelet varsa, yeni bir ön-soğutulmuş mikrosantrifüj tüp süpernatantı transferi ve pelet atın. </li><li> Bradford tahlil 8 kullanarak protein konsantrasyonu belirleyin. </li></ol> 4. Elektrot Kalibrasyonu NOT: mitokondriyal izolasyon sırasında Komple elektrot kalibrasyon. <ol><li> 250 ml&#39;lik şişesi 100 ml distile su ekleyin. Atmosferik gaz ile su denge sağlaması için 20 dakika kuvvetlice karıştırın. </li><li> Oxygraph elektrot KCl% 50 birkaç damla ekleyin. </li><li> Elektrot Mavi Rizla haddeleme kağıt üstünde küçük bir parça yerleştirin. </li><li> PTFE membran bir parça kağıt inişli üstüne yerleştirin. </li><li> Iç halka halka aplikatör kullanarak uygulayın ve sonra elektrot oluk dış halkası. </li><li> Elektrotlar bağlayın ve teçhizatın geri kalanı monte: büyük plastik halka kaideli, mitokondriyal haznesi ve su hortumları. </li><li> Oxygraph kutuları açın ve Oxygraph yazılımını başlatmak. </li><li> Mitokondriyal odasına dengelenmiş su ekleyin. </li><li> Bar karıştırın ve 60 hız açmak ekleyin. </li><li> Yeni bir deneme başlayın. </li><li> Kalibre üzerine tıklayın ve ardından sıvı faz Kutu 1 kalibrasyon. 37 sıcaklık değişimi ° C ve &quot;Tamam&quot; iki kere tıklamanız yeterli. </li><li> &quot;Tamam&quot; &quot;Override&quot; Değişiklikleri tıklatın ve nitrojen gazı tankının açtığınızda. </li><li> Yeri ucu odasına azot tankına bağlı ve sıfır oksijen kurmak. Cgeçtiğinde, &quot;Tamam&quot; yalamak &quot;geçersiz kılın.&quot; </li><li> Aspire su ve mitokondriyal odalarına EB tampon 500 ul eklemek. </li><li> Piston ile Seal odası. </li><li> Birden fazla kutularını kullanarak, tekrar Kutu 2 kalibrasyonu için 11-15 adımları. </li></ol> 5. Mitokondriyal Solunum <ol><li> Yeni bir deneme başlayın; sinyali stabilize etmek için yaklaşık 1 dakika çalışmasına izin. </li><li> Her odasında 150 mcg, mark olay için gerekli ses mitokondriyal süspansiyon (adım 3.11) ekleyin ve 1 dakika boyunca çalışmasına izin. </li><li> 10 ul 250 mM/125 sıcak mM nihai bir konsantrasyon için 5 mM/2.5 mM glutamat / malat. Mark ve 1 dakika boyunca çalışmasına izin. Bu durum 2 olarak tanımlanır. </li><li> 150 mcM, işareti nihai konsantrasyonu 10 mM ADP 7.5 ul ekleyin ve 30 saniye boyunca çalışmasına izin. Devlet 3 olarak tanımlanmıştır. </li><li> 10 mM ADP işaretini başka bir 7.5 ul ekleyin ve 1,5 dakika çalışmasına izin. </li><li> 1 mcM, işareti nihai konsantrasyonu 10 mM soğuk oligomycin 0.5 ul ekleyin ve 3 dakika boyunca çalışmasına izin. Devlet 4 olarak tanımlanır. </li><li> 1 ul soğuk 0,1 mM FCCP son bir konsantrasyon için 0.2 mcM, işareti ekleyin ve 3 dakika boyunca çalışmasına izin. Devlet 5 olarak tanımlanır. </li><li> Bittiğinde, deney sonu ve kaydetmek. </li><li> Oxygraph yazılımı kullanarak solunum oranları edinin. </li><li> Normalizasyon faktörü girin: mitokondriyal protein 150 mg eklenmesi, normalizasyon faktörü 0.15 olacaktır. </li><li> Farklı solunum devletler için normalize solunum oranları hesaplayın. </li><li> Devlet Devlet 4 3 bölerek Solunum Kontrol Oranı (RCR) hesaplayın. </li></ol> 6. Temsilcisi Sonuçlar: <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2452/2452fig1.jpg" alt="Şekil 1" /> Şekil 1. mitokondri iskelet kasında oksijen tüketimi dayanan bir temsilci gösterir. Elektrot sinyali stabilize edildikten sonra, mitokondri örnek Oxygraph odasına eklenir. Eyalet 2 solunum glutamat ve malat ilavesi ile başlar. ADP Toplama tanımlayan devlet 3 solunum, oksijen tüketimini artırır. ATP sentaz devlet 4 solunum almak için oligomycin ek tarafından bloke edilir. Son olarak, mitokondriyal solunum (devlet 5) birbirinden ayırmak için FCCP eklenir. Tablo 1 devletler 2, 3, 4 ve 5 temsilci oksijen tüketimi oranlarını gösterir. Her bir deney için solunum kontrolü oranı (RCR) hesaplanır. RCR ≥ 4, geçerli bir mitokondri hazırlık delil olarak kabul edilir. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Devletleri </td><td> Normalize Oranları </td></tr><tr><td> Eyalet 2 </td><td> 34,74 </td></tr><tr><td> Durum 3 </td><td> 153,40 </td></tr><tr><td> Devlet 4 </td><td> 16,49 </td></tr><tr><td> Devlet 5 </td><td> 143,70 </td></tr><tr><td> RCR </td><td> 9,30 </td></tr></tbody></table> Tablo 1. Mitokondriyal solunum oranları mitokondri iskelet kas Representativeoxygen tüketim oranları. Değerler odasına mitokondri miktarı normalize edilir. Solunum kontrol oranı (RCR), 4 devlet tarafından devlet 3&#39;e bölerek belirlenir. Bir RCR ≥ 4 yaşayabilir bir mitokondri hazırlık dönemini temsil etmektedir.

<ol>
	<li>Frezza, C., Cipolat, S., Scorrano, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organelle+isolation:+functional+mitochondria+from+mouse+liver,+muscle+and+cultured+fibroblasts.">Organelle isolation: functional mitochondria from mouse liver, muscle and cultured fibroblasts.</a> Nat Protoc. 2, 287-295 (2007).</li><li>Duchen, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Roles+of+mitochondria+in+health+and+disease.">Roles of mitochondria in health and disease.</a> Diabetes. 53, S96-S102 (2004).</li><li>Johannsen, D. L., Ravussin, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+mitochondria+in+health+and+disease.">The role of mitochondria in health and disease.</a> Curr Opin Pharmacol. , (2009).</li><li>Pallotti, F., Lenaz, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+subfractionation+of+mitochondria+from+animal+cells+and+tissue+culture+lines.">Isolation and subfractionation of mitochondria from animal cells and tissue culture lines.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 80, 3-44 (2007).</li><li>Pallotti, F., Lenaz, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+subfractionation+of+mitochondria+from+animal+cells+and+tissue+culture+lines.">Isolation and subfractionation of mitochondria from animal cells and tissue culture lines.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 65, 1-35 (2001).</li><li>Gamboa, J. L., Andrade, F. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+content+and+distribution+changes+specific+to+mouse+diaphragm+after+chronic+normobaric+hypoxia.">Mitochondrial content and distribution changes specific to mouse diaphragm after chronic normobaric hypoxia.</a> Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. , (2009).</li><li>Patel, S. P., Gamboa, J. L., McMullen, C. A., Rabchevsky, A., Andrade, F. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lower+respiratory+capacity+in+extraocular+muscle+mitochondria:+evidence+for+intrinsic+differences+in+mitochondrial+composition+and+function.">Lower respiratory capacity in extraocular muscle mitochondria: evidence for intrinsic differences in mitochondrial composition and function.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 50, 180-186 (2009).</li><li>Bradford, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rapid+and+sensitive+method+for+the+quantitation+of+microgram+quantities+of+protein+utilizing+the+principle+of+protein-dye+binding.">A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding.</a> Anal Biochem. 72, 248-254 (1976).</li></ol>

Biz iskelet kaslarının canlı mitokondri izole etmek için bir protokol mevcut. Verimi bir sorun ise, protokol, 30 dakika boyunca buz PBS/10mM EDTA/0.01% tripsin 5 ml izole kas kuluçka tarafından değiştirilebilir. Tripsin ile tam bir kas sindirim sağlamak için, kas tam kıyılmış gerekir. 30 dakika inkübasyondan sonra, PBS/10mM EDTA/0.01% tripsin çözüm tamamen izolasyon tampon 1 (IB1) 3 ml ile değiştirilmesi gerekir. Buna ek olarak, tripsin, mitokondriyal solunum protokol sırasında bazı substratlar en...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>95% CO2 / 5% O2 mix</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Local gas company</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Adenosine 5&#x2032;-diphosphate sodium salt</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>A2754</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Blue Rizla Paper</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Hansatech</td>
<td>890101</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Bradford protein assay</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bio-Rad</td>
<td>500-0006</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>C2920</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Centrifuge 5804R</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Eppendorf</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Compressed nitrogen</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Local gas company</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>D-mannitol</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>M9647</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Ethlyene-glycol-bis-tetraacetic acid (EGTA)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>E3889</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bio-Rad</td>
<td>161-0728</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Free fatty acid bovine serum albumin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>A8806</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glutamic acid</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>G5889</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>HEPES sodium salt</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>H7006</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Isotemp 3006D</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Magnesium chloride</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>M8266</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Male Sprague Dawley Rats</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Harlan</td>
<td>300-500g</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Malic acid</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>M9138</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Minifuge</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>ISC Bioexpress</td>
<td>C1301P</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Oligomycin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>O4876</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Oxygen electrode disc</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Hansatech</td>
<td>S1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Oxygraph</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Hansatech</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Oxygraph Plus V1.01 Software</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Hansatech</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>pH-meter</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Mettler Toledo</td>
<td>1225506149</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P4417</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Potassium chloride</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P3911</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Potassium phosphate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P8416</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Potter-Elvehjem homogenizers</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>08-414-14A</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PTFE (0.0125mm &#215; 25mm) membrane</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Hansatech</td>
<td>S4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>SKIL 3320 drill press</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Hardware store</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sucrose</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>S5016</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

mitochondrial isolation from skeletal muscle

Mitokondri hücrenin yaşam ve ölüm kontrol organelleri. Bunlar önemli metabolik reaksiyonlarda katılmak, ATP sentezlemek ve şelaleri 2,3 sinyal sayısını düzenleyen. Geçmiş ve mevcut araştırmacılar mitokondri, karaciğer, beyin ve 4,5 kalp gibi sıçan ve fareler dokulardan izole var . Son yıllarda, birçok araştırmacı, iskelet kaslarının mitokondriyal fonksiyon eğitimi üzerine odaklanmıştır. Burada, iskelet kaslarının 6 mitokondri izolasyonu için başarılı bir şekilde kullanılan bir yöntem açıklanmaktadır. Bizim prosedür Tüm tamponları ve reaktifler taze ve iskelet kası hakkında 250-500 mg ihtiyacınız olduğunu gerektirir. Biz, sıçan ve fare gastroknemius ve diyafram izole edilen mitokondri okudu ve sıçan ekstraoküler kasları. Mitokondrial Bradford yöntemi ile protein konsantrasyonu ölçülür. Mitokondriyal numunelerin hazırlanması sırasında ve fonksiyonel çalışmalar nispeten kısa bir süre (~ 1 saat) içinde yapılmalıdır buz gibi soğuk tutulması önemlidir. Mitokondriyal solunum 37 Clark-tipi elektrot (Oxygraph sistemi) ° C arasında 7 polarografi kullanarak ölçülür. Oksijen elektrot kalibrasyonu bu protokolü önemli bir adım olduğunu ve günlük olarak yapılmalıdır. İzole mitokondri (150 mikrogram) deneysel tamponu (EB) 0,5 ml eklenir. Eyalet 2 solunum glutamat (5mM) ve malat (2.5 mM) eklenmesi ile başlar. Sonra, adenozin difosfat (ADP) (150 mcM) devletin 3 başlatmak için eklenir. Oligomycin (1 mcM), bir ATPaz sentaz bloker, 4 devlet tahmin etmek için kullanılır. Son olarak, karbonil siyanür p [trifluoromethoxy]-fenil-Hidrazon (FCCP, 0.2 mcM) 5 measurestate eklendi veya solunum 6 Kuplajsız. Solunum kontrolü oranı (RCR), devlet 4 devlet (3) oranı, her bir deney sonrası hesaplanır. Bir RCR ≥ 4, geçerli bir mitokondri hazırlık delil olarak kabul edilir. Özetle, biz, uygulanabilir mitokondrinin biyokimyasal (örneğin, enzim aktivitesi, İmmuno, proteomik) ve fonksiyonel çalışmalar (mitokondrial solunum) kullanılabilir iskelet kaslarının izolasyonu için bir yöntem mevcut.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mitochondrial Isolation from Skeletal Muscle at JoVE.com

Mitochondrial Isolation from Skeletal Muscle

Bu protokol, iskelet kaslarının izole edilen mitokondri solunum çalışması için bir prosedür açıklanmıştır. Bu yöntem Scorrano uyarlanmıştır<em&gt; Ve ark.</em&gt; (2007). Mitokondrial izolasyon prosedürü yaklaşık 2 saat gerektirir. Mitokondriyal solunum yaklaşık 1 saat içinde tamamlanabiliyor.

İskelet Kası Mitokondrial İzolasyon

Mitochondria are organelles controlling the life and death of the cell. They participate in key metabolic reactions, synthesize most of the ATP, and ...

mitochondrial-isolation-from-skeletal-muscle

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28.8K Görüntüleme.  University of Kentucky. Bu protokol, iskelet kaslarının izole edilen mitokondri solunum çalışması için bir prosedür açıklanmıştır. Bu yöntem Scorrano uyarlanmıştır Ve ark. (2007). Mitokondrial izolasyon prosedürü yaklaşık 2 saat gerektirir. Mitokondriyal solunum yaklaşık 1 saat içinde tamamlanabiliyor.

Video: Mitochondrial Isolation from Skeletal Muscle

Adult and Embryonic Skeletal Muscle Microexplant Culture and Isolation of Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells

Cultured embryonic and adult skeletal muscle cells have a number of different uses. The micro-dissected explants technique described in this chapter is a robust and reliable method for isolating relatively large numbers of proliferative skeletal muscle cells from juvenile, adult or embryonic muscles as a source of skeletal muscle stem cells. The authors have used micro-dissected explant cultures to analyse the growth characteristics of skeletal muscle cells in wild-type and dystrophic muscles. Each of the components of tissue growth, namely cell survival, proliferation, senescence and differentiation can be analysed separately using the methods described here. The net effect of all components of growth can be established by means of measuring explant outgrowth rates. The micro-explant method can be used to establish primary cultures from a wide range of different muscle types and ages and, as described here, has been adapted by the authors to enable the isolation of embryonic skeletal muscle precursors.
Uniquely, micro-explant cultures have been used to derive clonal (single cell origin) skeletal muscle stem cell (SMSc) lines which can be expanded and used for in vivo transplantation. In vivo transplanted SMSc behave as functional, tissue-specific, satellite cells which contribute to skeletal muscle fibre regeneration but which are also retained (in the satellite cell niche) as a small pool of undifferentiated stem cells which can be re-isolated into culture using the micro-explant method.

The micro-dissected explants technique is a robust and reliable method for isolating proliferative skeletal muscle cells from juvenile, adult or embryonic muscles as a source of skeletal muscle stem cells. Uniquely, these cells have been clonally derived to produce skeletal muscle stem cell lines used for in vivo transplantation.

Yetişkin ve Embriyonik İskelet, Kas Microexplant Kültür ve İskelet Kası Kök Hücre İzolasyonu

Cultured embryonic and adult skeletal muscle cells have a number of different uses. The micro-dissected explants technique described in this chapter is a ...

Biyoloji

Purification of Progenitors from Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscle contains multiple progenitor populations of distinct embryonic origins and developmental potential. Myogenic progenitors, usually residing in a "satellite cell position" between the myofiber plasma membrane and the laminin-rich basement membrane that ensheaths it, are self-renewing cells that are solely committed to the myogenic lineage1,2. We have recently described a second class of vessel associated progenitors that can generate myofibroblasts and white adipocytes, which responds to damage by efficiently entering proliferation and provides trophic support to myogenic cells during tissue regeneration3,4. One of the most trusted assays to determine the developmental and regenerative potential of a given cell population relies on their isolation and transplantation5-7. To this end we have optimized protocols for their purification by flow cytometry from enzymatically dissociated muscle, which we will outline in this article. The populations obtained using this method will contain either myogenic or fibro/adipogenic colony forming cells: no other cell types are capable of expanding in vitro or surviving in vivo delivery. However, when these populations are used immediately after the sort for molecular analysis (e.g qRT-PCR) one must keep in mind that the freshly sorted subsets may contain other contaminant cells that lack the ability of forming colonies or engrafting recipients.

Method for the enzymatic dissociation, surface labeling and purification by flow cytometry of fibro/adipogenic and myogenic progenitors from murine skeletal muscle.

İskelet Kası progenitörlerin saflaştırılması

Skeletal muscle contains multiple progenitor populations of distinct embryonic origins and developmental potential. Myogenic progenitors, usually residing ...

Isolation and Culture of Individual Myofibers and their Satellite Cells from Adult Skeletal Muscle

Muscle regeneration in the adult is performed by resident stem cells called satellite cells. Satellite cells are defined by their position between the basal lamina and the sarcolemma of each myofiber. Current knowledge of their behavior heavily relies on the use of the single myofiber isolation protocol. In 1985, Bischoff described a protocol to isolate single live fibers from the Flexor Digitorum Brevis (FDB) of adult rats with the goal to create an in vitro system in which the physical association between the myofiber and its stem cells is preserved 1. In 1995, Rosenblattmodified the Bischoff protocol such that myofibers are singly picked and handled separately after collagenase digestion instead of being isolated by gravity sedimentation 2, 3. The Rosenblatt or Bischoff protocol has since been adapted to different muscles, age or conditions 3-6. The single myofiber isolation technique is an indispensable tool due its unique advantages. First, in the single myofiber protocol, satellite cells are maintained beneath the basal lamina. This is a unique feature of the protocol as other techniques such as Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting require chemical and mechanical tissue dissociation 7. Although the myofiber culture system cannot substitute for in vivo studies, it does offer an excellent platform to address relevant biological properties of muscle stem cells. Single myofibers can be cultured in standard plating conditions or in floating conditions. Satellite cells on floating myofibers are subjected to virtually no other influence than the myofiber environment. Substrate stiffness and coating have been shown to influence satellite cells' ability to regenerate muscles 8, 9 so being able to control each of these factors independently allows discrimination between niche-dependent and -independent responses. Different concentrations of serum have also been shown to have an effect on the transition from quiescence to activation. To preserve the quiescence state of its associated satellite cells, fibers should be kept in low serum medium 1-3. This is particularly useful when studying genes involved in the quiescence state. In serum rich medium, satellite cells quickly activate, proliferate, migrate and differentiate, thus mimicking the in vivo regenerative process 1-3. The system can be used to perform a variety of assays such as the testing of chemical inhibitors; ectopic expression of genes by virus delivery; oligonucleotide based gene knock-down or live imaging. This video article describes the protocol currently used in our laboratory to isolate single myofibers from the Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) muscle of adult mice (6-8 weeks old).

Isolation and culture of myofibers is the gold standard in vitro system to study the transition of satellite cells through quiescence, activation and differentiation. Importantly, the single myofiber culture system preserves the myofiber/stem cell association, which is an essential component of the muscle stem cell niche.

Yetişkin İskelet Kası gelen bireysel Myofibers ve Uydu Hücre İzolasyonu ve Kültür

Muscle  regeneration in the adult is performed by resident stem cells called satellite  cells. Satellite cells are defined by  their position between the ...

Isolation of Blood-vessel-derived Multipotent Precursors from Human Skeletal Muscle

Since the discovery of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), the native identity and localization&#160;of MSCs have been obscured by their retrospective isolation in culture. Recently, using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), we and other researchers prospectively identified and purified three subpopulations of multipotent precursor cells associated with the vasculature of human skeletal muscle. These three cell populations: myogenic endothelial cells (MECs), pericytes (PCs), and adventitial cells (ACs), are localized respectively to the three structural layers of blood vessels: intima, media, and adventitia. All of these human blood-vessel-derived stem cell (hBVSC) populations not only express classic MSC markers but also possess mesodermal developmental potentials similar to typical MSCs. Previously, MECs, PCs, and ACs have been isolated through distinct protocols and subsequently characterized in separate studies. The current isolation protocol, through modifications to the isolation process and adjustments in the selective cell surface markers, allows us to simultaneously purify all three hBVSC subpopulations by FACS from a single human muscle biopsy. This new method will not only streamline the isolation of multiple BVSC subpopulations but also facilitate future clinical applications of hBVSCs for distinct therapeutic purposes.

Blood vessels within human skeletal muscle harbor several multi-lineage precursor populations that are ideal for regenerative applications. This isolation method allows simultaneous purification of three multipotent precursor cell populations respectively from three structural layers of blood vessels: myogenic endothelial cells from intima, pericytes from media, and adventitial cells from adventitia.

İnsan İskelet Kası Kan-damar-türevli Multipotent Öncüleri İzolasyonu

Since the discovery of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), the native identity and localization&#160;of MSCs have been obscured by their retrospective ...

Isolation of Mitochondria from Minimal Quantities of Mouse Skeletal Muscle for High Throughput Microplate Respiratory Measurements

Dysfunctional skeletal muscle mitochondria play a role in altered metabolism observed with aging, obesity and Type II diabetes. Mitochondrial respirometric assays from isolated mitochondrial preparations allow for the assessment of mitochondrial function, as well as determination of the mechanism(s) of action of drugs and proteins that modulate metabolism. Current isolation procedures often require large quantities of tissue to yield high quality mitochondria necessary for respirometric assays. The methods presented herein describe how high quality purified mitochondria (~ 450 &#181;g) can be isolated from minimal quantities (~75-100 mg) of mouse skeletal muscle for use in high throughput respiratory measurements. We determined that our isolation method yields 92.5&#177; 2.0% intact mitochondria by measuring citrate synthase activity spectrophotometrically. In addition, Western blot analysis in isolated mitochondria resulted in the faint expression of the cytosolic protein, GAPDH, and the robust expression of the mitochondrial protein, COXIV. The absence of a prominent GAPDH band in the isolated mitochondria is indicative of little contamination from non-mitochondrial sources during the isolation procedure. Most importantly, the measurement of O2 consumption rate with micro-plate based technology and determining the respiratory control ratio (RCR) for coupled respirometric assays shows highly coupled (RCR; &#62;6 for all assays) and functional mitochondria. In conclusion, the addition of a separate mincing step and significantly reducing motor driven homogenization speed of a previously reported method has allowed the isolation of high quality and purified mitochondria from smaller quantities of mouse skeletal muscle that results in highly coupled mitochondria that respire with high function during microplate based respirometirc assays.

Here, we present a modification of a previously reported method that allows for the isolation of high quality and purified mitochondria from smaller quantities of mouse skeletal muscle. This procedure results in highly coupled mitochondria that respire with high function during microplate based respirometirc assays.

Yüksek Verimli Mikroplate Solunum Ölçümler için Fare İskelet Kası Minimal Miktarları gelen Mitokondri İzolasyonu

Dysfunctional skeletal muscle mitochondria play a role in altered metabolism observed with aging, obesity and Type II diabetes. Mitochondrial ...

Isolation of Intact Mitochondria from Skeletal Muscle by Differential Centrifugation for High-resolution Respirometry Measurements

Mitochondria are involved in cellular energy metabolism and use oxygen to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Differential centrifugation at low- and high-speed is commonly used to isolate mitochondria from tissues and cultured cells. Crude mitochondrial fractions obtained by differential centrifugation are used for respirometry measurements. The differential centrifugation technique is based on the separation of organelles according to their size and sedimentation velocity. The isolation of mitochondria is performed immediately after tissue harvesting. The tissue is immersed in an ice-cold homogenization medium, minced using scissors and homogenized in a glass homogenizer with a loose-fitting pestle. The differential centrifugation technique is efficient, fast and inexpensive and the mitochondria obtained by differential centrifugation are pure enough for respirometry assays. Some of the limitations and disadvantages of isolated mitochondria, based on differential centrifugation, are that the mitochondria can be damaged during the homogenization and isolation procedure and that large amounts of the tissue biopsy or cultured cells are required for the mitochondrial isolation.

Here, a quadriceps muscle specimen is taken from an anaesthetized pig and mitochondria are isolated by differential centrifugation. Then, the respiratory rates of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, II and IV are determined using high-resolution respirometry.

Yüksek çözünürlüklü Solunum Ölçümleri için Diferansiyel Santrifüj tarafından İskelet Kası Bozulmamış Mitokondri izolasyonu

Mitochondria are involved in cellular energy metabolism and use oxygen to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Differential ...

Isolation and Characterization of Exosomes from Skeletal Muscle Fibroblasts

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles released by virtually all cells and secreted in all biological fluids. Many methods have been developed for the isolation of these vesicles, including ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, and size exclusion chromatography. However, not all are suitable for large scale exosome purification and characterization. Outlined here is a protocol for establishing cultures of primary fibroblasts isolated from adult mouse skeletal muscles, followed by purification and characterization of exosomes from the culture media of these cells. The method is based on the use of sequential centrifugation steps followed by sucrose density gradients. Purity of the exosomal preparations is then validated by western blot analyses using a battery of canonical markers (i.e., Alix, CD9, and CD81). The protocol describes how to isolate and concentrate bioactive exosomes for electron microscopy, mass spectrometry, and uptake experiments for functional studies. It can easily be scaled up or down and adapted for exosome isolation from different cell types, tissues, and biological fluids.

This protocol illustrates the 1) the isolation and culture of primary fibroblasts from the adult mouse gastrocnemius muscle as well as 2) purification and characterization of exosomes using a differential ultracentrifugation method combined with sucrose density gradients followed by western blot analyses.

İskelet Kası Fibroblastlarından Eksozomların İzolasyonu ve Karakterizasyonu

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles released by virtually all cells and secreted in all biological fluids. Many methods have been developed for the ...

Isolation of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Vibratome-Cut Myocardial Slices

The isolation of ventricular cardiac myocytes from animal and human hearts is a fundamental method in cardiac research. Animal cardiomyocytes are commonly isolated by coronary perfusion with digestive enzymes. However, isolating human cardiomyocytes is challenging because human myocardial specimens usually do not allow for coronary perfusion, and alternative isolation protocols result in poor yields of viable cells. In addition, human myocardial specimens are rare and only regularly available at institutions with on-site cardiac surgery. This hampers the translation of findings from animal to human cardiomyocytes. Described here is a reliable protocol that enables efficient isolation of ventricular myocytes from human and animal myocardium. To increase the surface-to-volume ratio while minimizing cell damage, myocardial tissue slices 300 &#181;m thick are generated from myocardial specimens with a vibratome. Tissue slices are then digested with protease and collagenase. Rat myocardium was used to establish the protocol and quantify yields of viable, calcium-tolerant myocytes by flow-cytometric cell counting. Comparison with the commonly used tissue-chunk method showed significantly higher yields of rod-shaped cardiomyocytes (41.5 &#177; 11.9 vs. 7.89 &#177; 3.6%, p &#60; 0.05). The protocol was translated to failing and non-failing human myocardium, where yields were similar as in rat myocardium and, again, markedly higher than with the tissue-chunk method (45.0 &#177; 15.0 vs. 6.87 &#177; 5.23 cells/mg, p &#60; 0.05). Notably, with the protocol presented it is possible to isolate reasonable numbers of viable human cardiomyocytes (9&#8211;200 cells/mg) from minimal amounts of tissue (&#60;50 mg). Thus, the method is applicable to healthy and failing myocardium from both human and animal hearts. Furthermore, it is possible to isolate excitable and contractile myocytes from human tissue specimens stored for up to 36 h in cold cardioplegic solution, rendering the method particularly useful for laboratories at institutions without on-site cardiac surgery.

Presented is a protocol for the isolation of human and animal ventricular cardiomyocytes from vibratome-cut myocardial slices. High yields of calcium-tolerant cells (up to 200 cells/mg) can be obtained from small amounts of tissue (&#60;50 mg). The protocol is applicable to myocardium exposed to cold ischemia for up to 36 h.

Vibratome-Cut Miyokardiyal Dilimlerden İnsan Ventriküler Kardiyomiyositlerin İzolasyon

The isolation of ventricular cardiac myocytes from animal and human hearts is a fundamental method in cardiac research. Animal cardiomyocytes are commonly ...

Isolation of Mitochondria from Mouse Skeletal Muscle for Respirometric Assays

Most of the cell&#39;s energy is obtained through the degradation of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids by different pathways that converge on the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system, which is regulated in response to cellular demands. The lipid molecule Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is essential in this process by transferring electrons to complex III in the electron transport chain (ETC) through constant oxidation/reduction cycles. Mitochondria status and, ultimately, cellular health can be assessed by measuring ETC oxygen consumption using respirometric assays. These studies are typically performed in established or primary cell lines that have been cultured for several days. In both cases, the respiration parameters obtained may have deviated from normal physiological conditions in&#160;any given organ or tissue.
Additionally, the intrinsic characteristics of cultured single fibers isolated from skeletal muscle impede this type of analysis. This paper presents an updated and detailed protocol for the analysis of respiration in freshly isolated mitochondria from mouse skeletal muscle. We also provide solutions to potential problems that could arise at any step of the process. The method presented here could be applied to compare oxygen consumption rates in diverse transgenic mouse models and study the mitochondrial response to drug treatments or other factors such as aging or sex. This is a feasible method to respond to crucial questions about mitochondrial bioenergetics metabolism and regulation.

Here, we describe a detailed method for mitochondria isolation from mouse skeletal muscle and the subsequent analysis of respiration by Oxygen Consumption Rate (OCR) using microplate-based respirometric assays. This pipeline can be applied to study the effects of multiple environmental or genetic interventions on mitochondrial metabolism.

Respirometrik Testler için Fare İskelet Kasından Mitokondri İzolasyonu

Most of the cell&#39;s energy is obtained through the degradation of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids by different pathways that converge on the ...