Bu yöntem, el yazması ve video gelişiminde onların yardım için Jessica Jones, Erica Clark, Constance Ducar, Donna Smith, Roy Lewis, Lily Apedaile, Joanne Wiesner, Devin Adams, Corey McBain ve Stephen Voght ederim. Bu çalışma Bill ve Melinda Gates Vakfı CAVD hibe 38645 (MJM) ve Sağlık hibe Ulusal Sağlık Enstitüleri UM1 AI068618 ve U01 AI069481 (MJM) tarafından desteklenmiştir. EA-N. NIH Grant T32 AI007140 tarafından desteklenmektedir. Biz onların cömert donanım bağışı için James B. Pendleton Charitable Trust ederim.

Not: ışıktan fluorofor konjuge antikorlar korumak için, ışığı bir biyo-güvenlik kabini tüm adımları gerçekleştirin. 1. Antikor Boyama Paneli Hazırlama <ol><li> Antikor boyama pano Tablo 1 &#39;de bulunabilir. Antikor konsantrasyonu bütün kan ile titrasyon ile belirlenen ve aynı akış sitometrisi ekipman ve lekeli fenotipleme numuneleri elde etmek için kullanılacak olan prosedürler kullanılarak verilmelidir. </li><li> Uygun boyama titreleri belirlendikten sonra, bir kilit kapaklı tüp içinde tek bir karışımın içine tüm antikorlar birleştirir. 100 ul toplam hacim getirmek için akış yıkama tamponu (% 2 ısı inaktive edilmiş fetal bovin serumu ile Dulbecco PBS) ekleyin. Lekeli olan numune sayısı için karışım Scale. Bu karışım, sekiz hafta boyunca 4 ° C&#39;de muhafaza edilebilir. </li></ol> 2. Lekelenme <ol><li> Toplanan kan reklam da başka amaçlar için kullanılması isteniyorsadaha fazla zaman duyarlı prosedürleri kalan kan gerçekleştirilirken bu testte hiç Buna ilave, kenara bir kısım ayarlayın. Alikot önemli hücre kaybı olmadan Damara sonra 4 saat için oda sıcaklığında kadar saklanabilir. </li><li> Sağlam bir boncuk topak Trucount tüp ve etiket örnek boyanmış olan belirlemek için tüpün alt tabaka olduğundan emin olun. HVTN klinik çalışmalarda, Laboratuvar Bilgi Yönetim Sistemi (Sınır Bilim ve Teknoloji Araştırma Vakfı; Amherst, NY) lekeli örnekleri etiketlemek ve izlemek için kullanılır. </li><li> Lot numaraları ve tüm reaktiflerin son kullanma tarihlerini kaydedin. Tüplerin çanta üreticisi tarafından sağlanan Trucount tüp boncuk saymak numarasını kaydedin; çanta üzerinde çok sayıda tüp üzerinde parti numarası aynı olduğundan emin olun. </li><li> Doğru sadece metal tespit yukarıda Trucount tüpe kan 100 ul Pipeti için pipetleme tersine kullanın. Tüp tarafı aşağı bulaşması kan kaçının. </li><li&gt; Trucount tüpüne düzenli (ileri) pipetleme tekniği, karışık antikor boyama paneli pipet 100 ul (Bakınız Tablo 1) kullanarak. Yaklaşık 15 sn karıştırmak için düşük hızda tüp ve vorteks kapak takın. Görsel olarak boncuk topak tamamen eriyene sağlamak için boru kontrol edin. </li><li> Karanlıkta oda sıcaklığında (15-30 ° C) 15 dakika boyunca Trucount tüp inkübe edin. </li><li> Gerekirse, dih 2 O. kullanarak 1X 10 bir kısım × FACS Lysing çözeltinin 900 ul 1 × tüp FACS Lysing çözüm ekleyin. </li><li> Karıştırmak için yaklaşık 15 saniye düşük hızda iyice tüp ve vorteks kapak takın. Laboratuar film ile boru ve conta konumunu kilitleme sıkıca kapağını aşağı doğru itin. </li><li> -65 De tüp Mağaza ° C -95 ° C Numunenin merkez analiz laboratuvarına sevk veya evde analiz için hazır olana kadar. Numuneler en az dört hafta için bu aşamada stabildir. Derhal nakliye veya assaying varsagörmesini sağlayın, bu adım atlanabilir. </li></ol> 3. Nakliye Not: Aşağıdaki talimatlar özellikle Uluslararası Hava ve Taşımacılığı Birliği (IATA) yönetmeliklerine göre nakliye kategori B muaf biyolojik maddeler için tasarlanmış Saf-T-Pak, Inc bir yalıtımlı nakliye sistemi kullanmaktadır. Boyama oluştu aynı yerde örnekleri analiz, bölüm 4&#39;e gidin. <ol><li> Örnekler hemen boyandıktan sonra sevk edilebilir veya bir kez onlar -65 tek dondurulur ° C -95 ° C Lekeli örnek kutusunda folyo ve yerde tamamen her tüp sarın. Emici malzeme ile sızdırmaz bir poli-çantada lekeli numune kutusu yerleştirin. </li><li> Çanta mümkün olduğunca az hava gibi bir Tyvek çantası ve mühür içine sızdırmaz poli-çanta ve içerikleri yerleştirin. </li><li> Iç kahverengi kutu içindeki numune paketi (ikincil ambalaj içine numune) yerleştirin. </li><li> Iç kahverengi b yerleştirinStrafor göğüs içindeki öküz, değişen önlemek için girinti içine güvence. </li><li> Kuru buz (yaklaşık 8 kg) ile strafor göğüs doldurun ve göğüs üzerinde, kapağı iyice yerleştirin. </li><li> Güvenli bant nakliye kutusunu ve gemi Biyolojik Madde gibi, düzgün Kuru Buz (UN1845) işaretleri ile Kategori B (UN3373); IATA PI-650 yönergeleri izleyin. </li><li> Aldıktan sonra, numuneler -65 saklanır ° C -95 ° C de analiz kadar. </li></ol> 4. Çözülme ve Akış Sitometri Analizi <ol><li> Akış sitometresinde toplama önce karanlıkta oda sıcaklığında çözülmesini dondurucu lekeli örnek çıkarın. Birden fazla numune üzerinde veri toplama ise, tüp 1 saatten daha uzun her biri için oda sıcaklığında oturma değildir, böylece çözülme şaşırtıcı tüm borular için işlem standartlaştırmak. </li><li> Numuneler gibi BD LSR uygun filtreler ile donatılmış dört lazer akış sitometresinin kullanarak elde edilmelidirII. Veri toplama 4 için standart sitometresinin kalibrasyon ve floresans kompanzasyon yöntemleri kullanın. </li></ol> Not: toplama 5 sırasında forward scatter ve yan dağılım eşikleri ayarlamak etmeyin. Trucount boncuk boncuk bir alt grup analizi esnasında hesaba değil neden bu parametreler için mümkün olan en düşük eşik ayarı altına düşebilir. Bir eşik belirlemek için cihaz tarafından Gerekiyorsa, mümkün olan en düşük Am Camgöbeği kanallı eşik ayarlayın. Paneli ile boyandı CD45 + lökositleri Camgöbeği olumlu Am edilecek ve Trucount boncuklar da Am Camgöbeği kanalda floresan Çünkü, bu uygun tahsil edilecek tüm ilgili veriler için izin vermelidir. <ol start="3"><li> Akış sitometresinde yüklemeden önce 5 saniye vorteksleyin numune tüpü. Trucount boncuk birçok kanal son derece floresan. PE Cy5 ve APC (iki Colo için son derece çift pozitif nüfus bularak Kapısı toplama sırasında boncuklarEn kolay hücrelerden ayırt boncuklar rs) araçları bağlı olarak değişebilir. En az 20.000 boncuk edinilen kadar durdurma kapısı olarak boncuk kapı seçin ve kayıt verileri. </li><li> Böyle FlowJo (Treestar; Ashland, OR) gibi uygun bir yazılım kullanarak verileri analiz edin. Şekil 1 bir temsilci kontrol kan beraberlik farklı lökosit popülasyonlarının analizi için kullanılan yolluk planını göstermektedir. </li></ol> 5. Trucount Hesaplamalar <ol><li> Her Trucount tüp floresan boncuk liyofilize pelet içerir. Tüp ile sıvı ekleme ve vorteks sonra boncuklar eşit olarak numune içinde dağılmış hale gelmelidir. Pelet boncuk sayısı lot sayısına göre biraz değişir ve tüpleri için saklama çantası bulunabilir. </li><li> Kapı Trucount boncuklar ve hücre popülasyonu her bir nüfus için olay sayımları belirlemek için Şekil 1 &#39;de gösterildiği gibi. Olayların sayısının karşılaştırılması iN tüp içinde orijinal olarak boncuk toplam sayısı ile boncuk kapı daha sonra her bir nüfus için mutlak konsantrasyonu (yani, hücre / ul) belirlemek için kullanılan örnek toplanan oranı belirlemek için izin verir. Hücre yoğunluğu (# hücre / ul kan) = [/ # nüfus etkinlik (# boncuk etkinlik / # pelet içinde toplam boncuk)] / 100 ul: Aşağıdaki denklem bu amaç için kullanılabilir. </li></ol> 6. Temsilcisi Sonuçlar <img src="/files/ftp_upload/4302/4302fig1.jpg" alt="Şekil 1" fo:content-width="5.5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/4302/4302fig1highres.jpg" /> Şekil 1. Yolluk düzeni sağlıklı gönüllüden temsilcisi verileri gösteren önemli lökosit popülasyonlarının analizi için kullanılmıştır. A) Trucount boncuk (i) Geçitli ve hücreler dışlanmıştır. Granülositler (ii) tarif edilmektedir ve lympohcytes ve monositler 3 popluations ayrılır: CD14negatif lenfositler (iii) tüm CD14 negatif hücrelerde, (iv) ve non-lenfositler (v). B) CD14 negatif lenfositler CD4 + T hücreleri (vi), CD8 + T hücreleri (vii), B hücreleri (viii), CD56 parlak NK hücreleri, (ix), CD56 loş NK hücreleri, (X), ve CD56 negatif NK hücreleri ayırmak için kapı vardır (xi). C) Her CD14 negatif hücrelerde miyeloid (xii) ve plazmasitoid (xiii) dendritik hücreleri ayırmak için kapı vardır. D) Sigara lympocytes klasik olmayan (xiv), orta (xv) ve klasik (xvi) monositler ayırt kapı vardır. <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/4302/4302fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">büyük bir rakam görmek için buraya tıklayın</a> . Şekil 1 (örn., NKT hücreleri veya nötrofiller) gösterilmeyen Daha spesifik hücre alt aynı zamanda mevcut paneli kullanılarak ayırt edilebilir, ve gating düzeni genişletilmiş veya belirli çalışma ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak üzere modifiye edilebilir. Gösterilen bazı yolluk adımları bu yöntem özeldir. Özellikle dikkat, içerme kapısı vedışlama kapısı Trucount boncuk etrafında çizilmiş ve birbirinin üstüne yerleştirilir, sayım için kapı boncuk, diğeri hücresel analizi (Şekil 1A) gelen boncuklar dışlamak için vardır. Onlar CD45 ekspresyonu ve yan dağılım (Şekil 1A) genellikle gereklidir kullanarak ileri saçılım ve yana saçılım, yolluk bu hücreler periferik kan mononükleer hücrelerinde olduğu gibi Ayrıca, çünkü lenfositler, monositler ve granülositler gibi kolayca tam kanda ayırt edilmezler. CD45 ve yan dağılım kullanılarak lenfositler ve monositler ayrılmış olamazdı kirleticiler granülositler (daire içinde) yüksek CD16 ekspresyonu (Şekil 1C ve Şekil 1D) tarafından bazı komplolara ayırt edilebilir. Kontamine granülosit sayısı genelde azdır ve onlar monosit ve NK hücre yolluk ile karışmaz.

<ol>
	<li>Taylor, M. J., London, N. J., Thirdborough, S. M., Lake, S. P., James, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cryobiology+of+rat+and+human+dendritic+cells:+preservation+and+destruction+of+membrane+integrity+by+freezing.">The cryobiology of rat and human dendritic cells: preservation and destruction of membrane integrity by freezing.</a> Cryobiology. 27, 269-278 (1990).</li><li>Reimann, K. A., Chernoff, M., Wilkening, C. L., Nickerson, C. E., Landay, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preservation+of+lymphocyte+immunophenotype+and+proliferative+responses+in+cryopreserved+peripheral+blood+mononuclear+cells+from+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1-infected+donors:+implications+for+multicenter+clinical+trials.+The+ACTG+Immunology+Advanced+Technology+Laboratories.">Preservation of lymphocyte immunophenotype and proliferative responses in cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected donors: implications for multicenter clinical trials. The ACTG Immunology Advanced Technology Laboratories.</a> Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 7, 352-359 (2000).</li><li>Boonlayangoor, P., Telischi, M., Boonlayangoor, S., Sinclair, T. F., Millhouse, E. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cryopreservation+of+human+granulocytes:+study+of+granulocyte+function+and+ultrastructure.">Cryopreservation of human granulocytes: study of granulocyte function and ultrastructure.</a> Blood. 56, 237-245 (1980).</li><li>Perfetto, S. P., Ambrozak, D., Nguyen, R., Chattopadhyay, P., Roederer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quality+assurance+for+polychromatic+flow+cytometry.">Quality assurance for polychromatic flow cytometry.</a> Nat Protoc. 1, 1522-1530 (2006).</li><li>Brando, B., Barnett, D., Janossy, G., Mandy, F., Autran, B., Rothe, G., Scarpati, B., D'Avanzo, G., D'Hautcourt, J. L., Lenkei, R., Schmitz, G., Kunkl, A., Chianese, R., Papa, S., Gratama, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytofluorometric+methods+for+assessing+absolute+numbers+of+cell+subsets+in+blood.+European+Working+Group+on+Clinical+Cell+Analysis.">Cytofluorometric methods for assessing absolute numbers of cell subsets in blood. European Working Group on Clinical Cell Analysis.</a> Cytometry. 42, 327-346 (2000).</li><li>Bull, M., Lee, D., Stucky, J., Chiu, Y. L., Rubin, A., Horton, H., McElrath, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+blood+processing+parameters+for+optimal+detection+of+cryopreserved+antigen-specific+responses+for+HIV+vaccine+trials.">Defining blood processing parameters for optimal detection of cryopreserved antigen-specific responses for HIV vaccine trials.</a> J. Immunol Methods. 322, 57-69 (2007).</li><li>Kantor, A. B., Roederer, M., Herzenberg, L., Blackwell, C., Weir, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The handbook of Experimental Immunology. 43, 1-49 (1996).</li><li>Hulspas, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometry+and+the+stability+of+phycoerythrin-tandem+dye+conjugates.">Flow cytometry and the stability of phycoerythrin-tandem dye conjugates.</a> Cytometry A. 75, 966-972 (2009).</li><li>Le Roy, C., Varin-Blank, N., Ajchenbaum-Cymbalista, F., Letestu, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometry+APC-tandem+dyes+are+degraded+through+a+cell-dependent+mechanism.">Flow cytometry APC-tandem dyes are degraded through a cell-dependent mechanism.</a> Cytometry A. 75, 882-890 (2009).</li><li>Mandy, F., Brando, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enumeration+of+absolute+cell+counts+using+immunophenotypic+techniques.">Enumeration of absolute cell counts using immunophenotypic techniques.</a> Curr. Protoc. Cytom. Chapter 6, Unit 6 (2001).</li><li>Vuckovic, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+dendritic+cells+in+clinical+practice+using+a+new+whole+blood+single-platform+TruCOUNT+assay.">Monitoring dendritic cells in clinical practice using a new whole blood single-platform TruCOUNT assay.</a> J. Immunol Methods. 284, 73-87 (2004).</li><li>Lichtner, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circulating+dendritic+cells+and+interferon-alpha+production+in+patients+with+tuberculosis:+correlation+with+clinical+outcome+and+treatment+response.">Circulating dendritic cells and interferon-alpha production in patients with tuberculosis: correlation with clinical outcome and treatment response.</a> Clin. Exp. Immunol. 143, 329-337 (2006).</li><li>Hosmalin, A., Lichtner, M., Louis, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+analysis+of+dendritic+cell+subsets:+the+dendritogram.">Clinical analysis of dendritic cell subsets: the dendritogram.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 415, 273-290 (2008).</li></ol>

Çıkar çatışması ilan etti.

Bu yazıda, flow sitometri ile taze tam kan lökosit popülasyonlarının numaralandırma için bir boncuk-tabanlı bir yöntem sunmak ve merkezi numune analizi ile çok merkezli bir klinik çalışmada kullanılması için gerekli parametreleri kapsamaktadır. Bu yöntem üzerine kurulmuş ve BD Trucount protokolü optimize eder ve çok merkezli klinik ortamda güvenilir kullanım sağlar. Boyama testi basit ve uygulanabilir kan işleme laboratuar teknisyenleri bunu gerçekleştirmek için ve analiz için merkezi bir t...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Reaktif Adı </td><td> Şirket </td><td> Katalog numarası </td></tr><tr><td> Mutlak Sayım Tüpler Trucount </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 340334 </td></tr><tr><td> 10X FACS Çözüm Lysing </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 349202 </td></tr><tr><td> İzoleli Kategori B &amp; Muaf Nakliye Sistemi, </td><td> Saf-T-Pak </td><td> STP-320 </td></tr><tr><td> AmCyan CD45 monoklonal antikor </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 339192 </td></tr><tr><td> FITC CD3 monoklonal antikor </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 349201 </td></tr><tr><td> CD8 PerCp-Cy 5.5 monoklonal antikor </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 341051 </td></tr><tr><td> CD4 Alexa Fluor 700 monoklonal antikorlardy </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 557922 </td></tr><tr><td> HLA-DR ECD monoklonal antikoru </td><td> Beckman Coulter </td><td> IM3636 </td></tr><tr><td> V450 CD14 monoklonal antikor </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 560349 </td></tr><tr><td> PE CD19 monoklonal antikor </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 555413 </td></tr><tr><td> CD16 APC-H7 monoklonal antikor </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 560195 </td></tr><tr><td> CD56-PE Cy7 monoklonal antikor </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 335791 </td></tr><tr><td> CD11c APC monoklonal antikor </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 559877 </td></tr><tr><td> CD123 PE-Cy5 monoklonal antikor </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 551065 </td></tr></tbody></table>

enumeration of major peripheral blood leukocyte populations for multicenter clinical trials using a whole blood phenotyping assay

Periferik kan lökositleri Kriyoprezervasyon yaygın klinik çalışmalarda bağışıklık yanıtı değerlendirme için hücreleri korumak için kullanılan ve immünolojik değerlendirme kolaylığı ve standardizasyon için birçok avantaj sunmaktadır, ancak bu sürecin olumsuz etkileri, granülosit gibi bazı hücre alt, B hücreleri üzerinde gözlenmiştir edilir , 1-3 ve dendritik hücreler. Taze lökositleri assaying hücrelerinin in vivo durumda daha doğru bir görüntü verir, ancak sık sık büyük klinik çalışmalarda bağlamında gerçekleştirmek zordur. Taze hücresi tayinlerinde zaman alıcı varsa, bunların uygulama nedeniyle laboratuvar personelinin gerekli çalışma saatleri için pratik olabilir, gönüllü taahhütler ve zamanlamalar bağlıdır ve. Buna ek olarak, çalışmalar birden fazla merkezde yürütülen zaman, testleri gerçekleştirmek için gerekli kaynakları ve eğitim laboratuvarları klinik siteleri için yeterli yakınında yer olmayabilir. Bu sorunları çözmek için, var develBöyle bir gibi testlere göre daha güçlü bir hücre tipinde belirli bir bilgi elde edilmesinde, fenotip için ve periferik kan içinde büyük lökosit popülasyonları numaralandırmasına; Trucount tüpler (San Jose, CA Becton Dickinson) ile birlikte kullanılabilecek bir 11 renkli antikor boyama paneli intravazasyonunda tam kan sayımı (CBC) veya sadece birkaç hücre tipleri için leke Trucount tüpler için tasarlanmış piyasada bulunan paneller ile ölçülür. Boyama işlemi basittir, taze tam kan sadece 100 ul gerektirir ve uygulanabilir standart kan işleme laboratuarları gerçekleştirmek için yapım, yaklaşık 45 dakika sürer. Bu BD Trucount tüp teknik föy (uyarlanmıştır <a href="http://www.bdbiosciences.com/external_files/is/doc/tds/Package_Inserts_CE/live/web_enabled/23-3483-06_PI_Trucount tubes_CE_EN.pdf" target="_blank">sürüm 8/2010</a> ). Boyama antikor kokteyli merkezi bir tahlil laboratuvarından toplu olarak önceden hazırlanan ve site işleme laboratuarları sevk edilebilir. Vitray tüpler sabit olabilirve renkli akım sitometri analizi için merkezi tahlil laboratuvarından gönderilmek için dondurulmuş. Bu boyama panelinden üretilen veri müdahale ile ilgili olarak zaman içinde lökosit konsantrasyonlarda değişiklikleri izlemek için ve kolay bir şekilde daha fazla ilgi belirli hücre tipleri aktivasyonu durumları değerlendirmek için geliştirilmiş olabilir kullanılabilir. Bu yazıda, taze tam kan ve çok merkezli klinik araştırma merkezi bir destek tahlil laboratuvarında bu lekeli numunelerin analiz adımları boyama gerçekleştirmek için kan işleme laboratuvar teknisyenleri tarafından kullanılan yordam göstermek. Video ayrıntılar bu HIV aşısı Denemeler Ağı (HVTN) içinde bir klinik deneme kan alımından bağlamında yapılır gibi işlem.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Enumeration of Major Peripheral Blood Leukocyte Populations for Multicenter Clinical Trials Using a Whole Blood Phenotyping Assay at JoVE.com

Enumeration of Major Peripheral Blood Leukocyte Populations for Multicenter Clinical Trials Using a Whole Blood Phenotyping Assay

Bu raporda, biz büyük doğal ve adaptif lökosit popülasyonlarının numaralandırmak için taze tam kan üzerinde gerçekleştirilen bir feno testinin boyama ve analiz adımları göstermektedir. Biz çok merkezli klinik çalışma kapsamında bu işlemler gerçekleştirmek için konuları vurgulamaktadır.

Bir Tam Kan fenotipleme Testi Kullanarak Çok Merkezli Klinik Araştırmalar için Binbaşı Periferik Kan Lökosit Populasyonlarının Numaralama

Cryopreservation of peripheral blood leukocytes is widely used to preserve cells for immune response evaluations in clinical trials and offers many ...

enumeration-major-peripheral-blood-leukocyte-populations-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

14.9K Görüntüleme.  Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. Bu raporda, biz büyük doğal ve adaptif lökosit popülasyonlarının numaralandırmak için taze tam kan üzerinde gerçekleştirilen bir feno testinin boyama ve analiz adımları göstermektedir. Biz çok merkezli klinik çalışma kapsamında bu işlemler gerçekleştirmek için konuları vurgulamaktadır.

Video: Enumeration of Major Peripheral Blood Leukocyte Populations for Multicenter Clinical Trials Using a Whole Blood Phenotyping Assay

Depletion of Specific Cell Populations by Complement Depletion

The purification of immune cell populations is often required in order to study their unique functions. In particular, molecular approaches such as real-time PCR and microarray analysis require the isolation of cell populations with high purity. Commonly used purification strategies include fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS), magnetic bead separation and complement depletion. Of the three strategies, complement depletion offers the advantages of being fast, inexpensive, gentle on the cells and a high cell yield. The complement system is composed of a large number of plasma proteins that when activated initiate a proteolytic cascade culminating in the formation of a membrane-attack complex that forms a pore on a cell surface resulting in cell death1. The classical pathway is activated by IgM and IgG antibodies and was first described as a mechanism for killing bacteria. With the generation of monoclonal antibodies (mAb), the complement cascade can be used to lyse any cell population in an antigen-specific manner. Depletion of cells by the complement cascade is achieved by the addition of complement fixing antigen-specific antibodies and rabbit complement to the starting cell population. The cells are incubated for one hour at 37&deg;C and the lysed cells are subsequently removed by two rounds of washing. MAb with a high efficiency for complement fixation typically deplete 95-100% of the targeted cell population. Depending on the purification strategy for the targeted cell population, complement depletion can be used for cell purification or for the enrichment of cell populations that then can be further purified by a subsequent method.

To effectively study the function of immune cell populations their purification is often required. Complement depletion is a fast and inexpensive technique for the isolation of immune cell populations with high purity.

Kompleman tükenmesi Özel Hücre Populasyonlarının tükenmesi

The purification of immune cell populations is often required in order to study their unique functions.  In particular, molecular approaches such as ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Purification of Specific Cell Population by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)

Experimental and clinical studies often require highly purified cell populations.  FACS is a technique of choice to purify cell populations of known phenotype.  Other bulk methods of purification include panning, complement depletion and magnetic bead separation.  However, FACS has several advantages over other available methods.  FACS is the preferred method when very high purity of the desired population is required, when the target cell population expresses a very low level of the identifying marker or when cell populations require separation based on differential marker density.  In addition, FACS is the only available purification technique to isolate cells based on internal staining or intracellular protein expression, such as a genetically modified fluorescent protein marker.  FACS allows the purification of individual cells based on size, granularity and fluorescence.  In order to purify cells of interest, they are first stained with fluorescently-tagged monoclonal antibodies (mAb), which recognize specific surface markers on the desired cell population (1).  Negative selection of unstained cells is also possible.  FACS purification requires a flow cytometer with sorting capacity and the appropriate software.  For FACS, cells in suspension are passed as a stream in droplets with each containing a single cell in front of a laser.  The fluorescence detection system detects cells of interest based on predetermined fluorescent parameters of the cells.  The instrument applies a charge to the droplet containing a cell of interest and an electrostatic deflection system facilitates collection of the charged droplets into appropriate collection tubes (2).  The success of staining and thereby sorting depends largely on the selection of the identifying markers and the choice of mAb.  Sorting parameters can be adjusted depending on the requirement of purity and yield.  Although FACS requires specialized equipment and personnel training, it is the method of choice for isolation of highly purified cell populations.

Purification of Specific Cell Population by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting FACS

For many scientific studies requiring a biological and chemical analysis of cell populations the cells must be in a high state of purity. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) is a superior method in which to obtain pure cell populations.

Floresan Aktive Hücre Ayırma (FACS) Özgül Hücre Nüfus Arıtma

Experimental and clinical studies often require highly purified cell populations.  FACS is a technique of choice to purify cell populations of known ...

Expansion, Purification, and Functional Assessment of Human Peripheral Blood NK Cells

Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in immune surveillance against a variety of infectious microorganisms and tumors. Limited availability of NK cells and ability to expand in vitro has restricted development of NK cell immunotherapy. Here we describe a method to efficiently expand vast quantities of functional NK cells ex vivo using K562 cells expressing membrane-bound IL21, as an artificial antigen-presenting cell (aAPC).
NK cell adoptive therapies to date have utilized a cell product obtained by steady-state leukapheresis of the donor followed by depletion of T cells or positive selection of NK cells. The product is usually activated in IL-2 overnight and then administered the following day 1. Because of the low frequency of NK cells in peripheral blood, relatively small numbers of NK cells have been delivered in clinical trials.
The inability to propagate NK cells in vitro has been the limiting factor for generating sufficient cell numbers for optimal clinical outcome. Some expansion of NK cells (5-10 fold over 1-2 weeks) has be achieved through high-dose IL-2 alone 2. Activation of autologous T cells can mediate NK cell expansion, presumably also through release of local cytokine 3. Support with mesenchymal stroma or artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) can support the expansion of NK cells from both peripheral blood and cord blood 4. Combined NKp46 and CD2 activation by antibody-coated beads is currently marketed for NK cell expansion (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn CA), resulting in approximately 100-fold expansion in 21 days.
Clinical trials using aAPC-expanded or -activated NK cells are underway, one using leukemic cell line CTV-1 to prime and activate NK cells5 without significant expansion. A second trial utilizes EBV-LCL for NK cell expansion, achieving a mean 490-fold expansion in 21 days6. The third utilizes a K562-based aAPC transduced with 4-1BBL (CD137L) and membrane-bound IL-15 (mIL-15)7, which achieved a mean NK expansion 277-fold in 21 days. Although, the NK cells expanded using K562-41BBL-mIL15 aAPC are highly cytotoxic in vitro and in vivo compared to unexpanded NK cells, and participate in ADCC, their proliferation is limited by senescence attributed to telomere shortening8. More recently a 350-fold expansion of NK cells was reported using K562 expressing MICA, 4-1BBL and IL159.
Our method of NK cell expansion described herein produces rapid proliferation of NK cells without senescence achieving a median 21,000-fold expansion in 21 days.

Here we describe a method to efficiently expand and purify large numbers of human NK cells and assess their function.

Genişleme, Saflaştırılması, ve İnsan Periferik Kan NK Hücrelerinin Fonksiyonel Değerlendirme

Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in immune surveillance against a variety of infectious microorganisms and tumors. Limited availability of ...

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood  &gamma;&delta; T Cells using Zoledronate

Human &gamma;&delta; T cells can recognize and respond to a wide variety of stress-induced antigens, thereby developing innate broad anti-tumor and anti-infective activity.1 The majority of &gamma;&delta; T cells in peripheral blood have the V&gamma;9V&delta;2 T cell receptor. These cells recognize antigen in a major histocompatibility complex-independent manner and develop strong cytolytic and Th1-like effector functions.1Therefore, &gamma;&delta; T cells are attractive candidate effector cells for cancer immunotherapy. V&gamma;9V&#x03B4;2 T cells respond to phosphoantigens such as (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), which is synthesized in bacteria via isoprenoid biosynthesis;2 and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), which is produced in eukaryotic cells through the mevalonate pathway.3 In physiological condition, the generation of IPP in nontransformed cell is not sufficient for the activation of &gamma;&delta; T cells. Dysregulation of mevalonate pathway in tumor cells leads to accumulation of IPP and &gamma;&delta; T cells activation.3 Because aminobisphosphonates (such as pamidronate or zoledronate) inhibit farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), the enzyme acting downstream of IPP in the mevalonate pathway, intracellular levels of IPP and sensitibity to &gamma;&delta; T cells recognition can be therapeutically increased by aminobisphosphonates. IPP accumulation is less efficient in nontransfomred cells than tumor cells with a pharmacologically relevant concentration of aminobisphosphonates, that allow us immunotherapy for cancer by activating &gamma;&delta; T cells with aminobisphosphonates. 4 Interestingly, IPP accumulates in monocytes when PBMC are treated with aminobisphosphonates, because of efficient drug uptake by these cells. 5 Monocytes that accumulate IPP become antigen-presenting cells and stimulate V&gamma;9V&delta;2 T cells in the peripheral blood.6 Based on these mechanisms, we developed a technique for large-scale expansion of &gamma;&delta; T cell cultures using zoledronate and interleukin-2 (IL-2).7 Other methods for expansion of &gamma;&delta; T cells utilize the synthetic phosphoantigens bromohydrin pyrophosphate (BrHPP)8 or 2-methyl-3-butenyl-1-pyrophosphate (2M3B1PP).9 All of these methods allow ex vivo expansion, resulting in large numbers of &gamma;&delta; T cells for use in adoptive immunotherapy. However, only zoledronate is an FDA-approved commercially available reagent. Zoledronate-expanded &gamma;&delta; T cells display CD27-CD45RA- effector memory phenotype and thier function can be evaluated by IFN-&gamma; production assay. 7

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood  &amp;#947;&amp;#948; T Cells using Zoledronate

A method to expand &gamma;&delta; T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is described. PBMC-derived &gamma;&delta; T cells are stimulated and expanded using zoledronate and interleukin-2 (IL-2). Large scale expansion of &gamma;&delta; T cells can be applied to autologous cellular immunotherapy of cancer.

Zoledronate İnsan Periferik Kan Genişleme γδ T Hücreler

Human &gamma;&delta; T cells can recognize and respond to a wide variety of stress-induced antigens, thereby developing innate broad anti-tumor and ...

Introducing Shear Stress in the Study of Bacterial Adhesion

During bacterial infections a sequence of interactions occur between the pathogen and its host. Bacterial adhesion to the host cell surface is often the initial and determining step of the pathogenesis. Although experimentally adhesion is mostly studied in static conditions adhesion actually takes place in the presence of flowing liquid. First encounters between bacteria and their host often occur at the mucosal level, mouth, lung, gut, eye, etc. where mucus flows along the surface of epithelial cells. Later in infection, pathogens occasionally access the blood circulation causing life-threatening illnesses such as septicemia, sepsis and meningitis. A defining feature of these infections is the ability of these pathogens to interact with endothelial cells in presence of circulating blood. The presence of flowing liquid, mucus or blood for instance, determines adhesion because it generates a mechanical force on the pathogen. To characterize the effect of flowing liquid one usually refers to the notion of shear stress, which is the tangential force exerted per unit area by a fluid moving near a stationary wall, expressed in dynes/cm2. Intensities of shear stress vary widely according to the different vessels type, size, organ, location etc. (0-100 dynes/cm2). Circulation in capillaries can reach very low shear stress values and even temporarily stop during periods ranging between a few seconds to several minutes 1. On the other end of the spectrum shear stress in arterioles can reach 100 dynes/cm2 2. The impact of shear stress on different biological processes has been clearly demonstrated as for instance during the interaction of leukocytes with the endothelium 3. To take into account this mechanical parameter in the process of bacterial adhesion we took advantage of an experimental procedure based on the use of a disposable flow chamber 4. Host cells are grown in the flow chamber and fluorescent bacteria are introduced in the flow controlled by a syringe pump. We initially focused our investigations on the bacterial pathogen Neisseria meningitidis, a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for septicemia and meningitis. The procedure described here allowed us to study the impact of shear stress on the ability of the bacteria to: adhere to cells 1, to proliferate on the cell surface 5and to detach to colonize new sites 6 (Figure 1). Complementary technical information can be found in reference 7. Shear stress values presented here were chosen based on our previous experience1 and to represent values found in the literature. The protocol should be applicable to a wide range of pathogens with specific adjustments depending on the objectives of the study.

During the infection process, a key step is the adhesion of pathogens with host cells. In most instances this adhesion step occurs in the presence of mechanical stress generated by flowing liquid. We describe a technique that introduces shear stress as an important parameter in the study of bacterial adhesion.

Bakteriyel Yapışma Çalışma Kesme Stres Tanıtımı

During bacterial infections a sequence of interactions occur between the pathogen and its host. Bacterial adhesion to the host cell surface is often the ...

A Functional Whole Blood Assay to Measure Viability of Mycobacteria, using Reporter-Gene Tagged BCG or M.Tb (BCG lux/M.Tb lux)

Functional assays have long played a key role in measuring of immunogenicity of a given vaccine. This is conventionally expressed as serum bactericidal titers. Studies of serum bactericidal titers in response to childhood vaccines have enabled us to develop and validate cut-off levels for protective immune responses and such cut-offs are in routine use. No such assays have been taken forward into the routine assessment of vaccines that induce primarily cell-mediated immunity in the form of effector T cell responses, such as TB vaccines. In the animal model, the performance of a given vaccine candidate is routinely evaluated in standardized bactericidal assays, and all current novel TB-vaccine candidates have been subjected to this step in their evaluation prior to phase 1 human trials. The assessment of immunogenicity and therefore likelihood of protective efficacy of novel anti-TB vaccines should ideally undergo a similar step-wise evaluation in the human models now, including measurements in bactericidal assays.
Bactericidal assays in the context of tuberculosis vaccine research are already well established in the animal models, where they are applied to screen potentially promising vaccine candidates. Reduction of bacterial load in various organs functions as the main read-out of immunogenicity. However, no such assays have been incorporated into clinical trials for novel anti-TB vaccines to date.
Although there is still uncertainty about the exact mechanisms that lead to killing of mycobacteria inside human macrophages, the interaction of macrophages and T cells with mycobacteria is clearly required. The assay described in this paper represents a novel generation of bactericidal assays that enables studies of such key cellular components with all other cellular and humoral factors present in whole blood without making assumptions about their relative individual contribution. The assay described by our group uses small volumes of whole blood and has already been employed in studies of adults and children in TB-endemic settings. We have shown immunogenicity of the BCG vaccine, increased growth of mycobacteria in HIV-positive patients, as well as the effect of anti-retroviral therapy and Vitamin D on mycobacterial survival in vitro. Here we summarise the methodology, and present our reproducibility data using this relatively simple, low-cost and field-friendly model.
Note: Definitions/Abbreviations
BCG lux = M. bovis BCG, Montreal strain, transformed with shuttle plasmid pSMT1 carrying the luxAB genes from Vibrio harveyi, under the control of the mycobacterial GroEL (hsp60) promoter. 
CFU = Colony Forming Unit (a measure of mycobacterial viability).

A Functional Whole Blood Assay to Measure Viability of Mycobacteria, using Reporter-Gene Tagged BCG or M.Tb BCG lux/M.Tb lux

We describe an alternative approach to the enumeration of mycobacteria in vitro, which uses reporter-gene tagged mycobacteria instead of colony-forming units (CFU). &#x201C;Survival&#x201D; of organisms as well as host response-markers are measured simultaneously, providing a low-cost, versatile and functional system for studies of host/pathogen interactions in the context of tuberculosis.

Mikobakteriler canlılık Tedbir Fonksiyonel Tam Kan Testi, Reporter Gen BCG veya M. Tb (BCG Takip edilen konu kullanarak Lüks / M. Tb Lüks)

Functional assays have long played a key role in measuring of immunogenicity of a given vaccine. This is conventionally expressed as serum bactericidal ...

Fast and Specific Assessment of the Halogenating Peroxidase Activity in Leukocyte-enriched Blood Samples

In this paper a protocol for the quick and standardized enrichment of leukocytes from small whole blood samples is described. This procedure is based on the hypotonic lysis of erythrocytes and can be applied to human samples as well as to blood of non-human origin. The small initial sample volume of about 50 to 100 &#181;l makes this method applicable to recurrent blood sampling from small laboratory animals. Moreover, leukocyte enrichment is achieved within minutes and with low material efforts regarding chemicals and instrumentation, making this method applicable in multiple laboratory environments.
Standardized purification of leukocytes is combined with a highly selective staining method to evaluate halogenating peroxidase activity of the heme peroxidases, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), i.e., the formation of hypochlorous and hypobromous acid (HOCl and HOBr). While MPO is strongly expressed in neutrophils, the most abundant immune cell type in human blood as well as in monocytes, the related enzyme EPO is exclusively expressed in eosinophils. The halogenating activity of these enzymes is addressed by using the almost HOCl- and HOBr-specific dye aminophenyl fluorescein (APF) and the primary peroxidase substrate hydrogen peroxide. Upon subsequent flow cytometry analysis all peroxidase-positive cells (neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils) are distinguishable and their halogenating peroxidase activity can be quantified. Since APF staining may be combined with the application of cell surface markers, this protocol can be extended to specifically address leukocyte sub-fractions. The method is applicable to detect HOCl and HOBr production both in human and in rodent leukocytes.
Given the widely and diversely discussed immunological role of these enzymatic products in chronic inflammatory diseases, this protocol may contribute to a better understanding of the immunological relevance of leukocyte-derived heme peroxidases.

This protocol describes the quick enrichment of leukocytes from small blood samples for a subsequent specific determination of the halogenating peroxidase activity within the cells. The method can be applied to human and non-human material and may contribute to the evaluation of new inflammatory markers.

Lökosit zenginleştirilmiş Kan Örneklerinde Halojenleyici Peroksidaz Faaliyet Hızlı ve Özgül Değerlendirme

In this paper a protocol for the quick and standardized enrichment of leukocytes from small whole blood samples is described. This procedure is based on ...

Use of a Monocyte Monolayer Assay to Evaluate Fc&#947; Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis

Although originally developed for predicting transfusion outcomes of serologically incompatible blood, the monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) is a highly versatile in vitro assay that can be modified to examine different aspects of antibody and Fc&#947; receptor (Fc&#947;R)-mediated phagocytosis in both research and clinical settings. The assay utilizes adherent monocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from mammalian whole blood. MMA has been described for use in both human and murine investigations. These monocytes express Fc&#947;Rs (e.g., Fc&#947;RI, Fc&#947;RIIA, Fc&#947;RIIB, and Fc&#947;RIIIA) that are involved in immune responses. The MMA exploits the mechanism of Fc&#947;R-mediated interactions, phagocytosis in particular, where antibody-sensitized red blood cells (RBCs) adhere to and/or activate Fc&#947;Rs and are subsequently phagocytosed by the monocytes. In vivo, primarily tissue macrophages found in the spleen and liver carry out Fc&#947;R-mediated phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized RBCs, causing extravascular hemolysis. By evaluating the level of phagocytosis using the MMA, different aspects of the in vivo Fc&#947;R-mediated process can be investigated. Some applications of the MMA include predicting the clinical relevance of allo- or autoantibodies in a transfusion setting, assessing candidate drugs that promote or inhibit phagocytosis, and combining the assay with fluorescent microscopy or traditional Western immunoblotting to investigate the downstream signaling effects of Fc&#947;R-engaging drugs or antibodies. Some limitations include the laboriousness of this technique, which takes a full day from start to finish, and the requirement of research ethics approval in order to work with mammalian blood. However, with diligence and adequate training, the MMA results can be obtained within a 24-h turnover time.

Use of a Monocyte Monolayer Assay to Evaluate Fc&amp;#947; Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis

The monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) is an in vitro assay that utilizes isolated primary monocytes obtained from mammalian peripheral whole blood to evaluate Fc&#947; receptor (Fc&#947;R)-mediated phagocytosis.

Bir Monosit Tek tabakalı Testi Kullanımı Fcy reseptör aracılı fagositoz değerlendirin

Although originally developed for predicting transfusion outcomes of serologically incompatible blood, the monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) is a highly ...

Dextran Enhances the Lentiviral Transduction Efficiency of Murine and Human Primary NK Cells

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining the role of the gene of interest in the development, differentiation, and function of NK cells. Recent advances related to chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in cancer immunotherapy accentuate the need for an efficient method to deliver exogenous genes to effector lymphocytes. The efficiencies of lentiviral-mediated gene transductions into primary human or mouse NK cells remain significantly low, which is a major limiting factor. Recent advances using cationic polymers, such as polybrene, show an improved gene transduction efficiency in T cells. However, these products failed to improve the transduction efficiencies of NK cells. This work shows that dextran, a branched glucan polysaccharide, significantly improves the transduction efficiency of human and mouse primary NK cells. This highly reproducible transduction methodology provides a competent tool for transducing human primary NK cells, which can vastly improve clinical gene delivery applications and thus NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy.

The goal of this study was to formulate technologies that allow for successful gene transduction in primary natural killer (NK) cells. The dextran-mediated lentiviral transduction of human or mouse primary NK cells results in higher gene expression efficiencies. This method of gene transduction will vastly improve NK cell genetic manipulation.

Dextran fare ve insan birincil NK hücreleri Lentiviral iletim verimliliğini artırır

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining ...

Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry

Cytokines play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Hence, the measurement of cytokine levels has been the focus of multiple studies in an attempt to understand the precise mechanisms that lead to the breakdown of self-tolerance and subsequent autoimmunity. Approaches thus far have been based on the study of one specific aspect of the immune system (a single or few cell types or cytokines), and do not offer a global assessment of complex autoimmune disease. While patient sera-based studies have afforded important insights into autoimmunity, they do not provide the specific cellular source of the dysregulated cytokines detected. A comprehensive single-cell approach to evaluate cytokine production in multiple immune cell subsets, within the context of &#34;intrinsic&#34; patient-specific plasma circulating factors, is described here. This approach enables monitoring of the patient-specific immune phenotype (surface markers) and function (cytokines), either in its native &#34;intrinsic pathogenic&#34; disease state, or in the presence of therapeutic agents (in vivo or ex vivo).

Here we describe a single-cell proteomic approach to evaluate immune phenotypic and functional (intracellular cytokine induction) alterations in peripheral whole blood samples, analyzed via mass cytometry.

Tek hücreli Immunophenotype ve sitokin üretimde kitle sitometresi ile periferik tam kan analizi

Cytokines play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Hence, the measurement of cytokine levels has been the focus of multiple studies ...