Bu çalışma FA9550-12-1-0352 ve 3M Sigara Tenured Fakültesi Ödülü altında AFOSR Genç Araştırmacı Programı tarafından desteklenmiştir. Yazarlar bu proje ile ilgili yararlı tartışma Lalisa Stutts ve Janine Tom teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Yazarlar tesislerinde kullanımı izin verdiği için California Üniversitesi, Irvine Calit2 Mikroskopi Merkezi ve Laser Spektroskopisi Tesisi teşekkür ederim. Hodge Harland ve UCI Fizik Bilimleri Makine Atölyesi araçları imalatı için kabul edilmiştir. Poli (laktik) asit lifleri cömertçe Teijin Monofilament tarafından sağlandı.

1. Kurban Elyaf katalizör <ol><li> Alt etrafında poli (laktik) asit lifleri ¾ özel mili istenilen miktarda sarın. Maksimum yüzey alanı maruz sağlamak için fiber örtüşme azaltın. </li><li> Kapalı bir şişe içinde Disperbyk 130, 40 ml deiyonize H2O karıştırın ve homojen bir çözelti elde edilene kadar çalkalanmaktadır. Daha sonra 37 ° C&#39;de bir su banyosu içinde bir 1.000 ml beher yerleştirmek ve beher içine trifloroetanol dökün. Kullanmak için H2O ve TFE nin miktarı, kullanılan PLA elyaf çapına bağlıdır. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Fiber Çapı </td><td> H2O (ml) miktarı </td><td> TFE nin miktarı (ml) </td></tr><tr><td> 200 </td><td> 400 </td><td> 400 </td></tr><tr><td> 300 </td><td> 360 </td><td> 440 </td></tr><tr><td> 500 </td><td> 320 </td><td> 480 </td></tr></tbody></table></li><li> EklemekH2O / Disperbyk 187 behere çözeltisi ve üniform olana kadar karıştırın. </li><li> Karışım Malachite Green 1 g ekleyin ve çözülene kadar karıştırın. </li><li> Beher lifleri ½ alttan inç ile özel mili yerleştirin ve bir dijital mikser için mili takın. Daha sonra 400 rpm dijital mikser başlar. </li><li> Karışıma yavaş yavaş kalay (II) oksalat (snox) katalizörü 1.3 g ekleyin. Snox ilavesi çözeltiden çökmesini malzemenin büyük aglomerasyonlar önlemek için yavaş yavaş olmalıdır. </li><li> PH ~ 6.8-7.2 olana kadar NaOH kullanılarak karışımın pH &#39;ı ayarlayınız. </li><li> Beher bir kapak elde edin ve 24 saat boyunca 500 rpm dönme mili artar. Snox bir yığılma gözlenirse, elle ilk 2 saat içinde bunu kırmak. </li><li> 35 ° C gecede fırında mili ve kuru çıkarın. </li><li> Katalize PLA liflerden aşırı katalizör açmak ve çıkarın. </li></ol> 2. Mikrovasküler Gaz Exchange Birim Fabrikasyon <ol><li> Klip sahipleri üzerinde istediğiniz mikrovasküler desen ve yapıştırın plakalı lazer kesim pirinç desen pirinç levha bir çift alın. </li><li> Mikrokanallı başına katalize lif bir 10 inç uzunluğunda kesin ve elyaf çapı (hadde levhası) kesilmiş kalın bir plaka kullanarak kalan katalizör çıkarın. </li><li> Yavaş yavaş bir sıcak tutkal silahın ucunu kullanarak Konik liflerin kenarları fiber uçları a&#39;ya. </li><li> Pirinç desen plaka çift delik eşleştirilmesi yoluyla elyaf iplik. </li><li> Bir döküm kutu üzerine plakaları vida. Plakaları takarken lifleri bükülmüş olmadığından emin olun. </li><li> String ayarlama ile lif ipuçları özel germe kurulu mandal. </li><li> Gergin kadar gerilim PLA lifleri. Değil aşırı gerginliğe dikkat ve lifleri oturtun. </li><li> Basınçlı hava ile elyaf desenin aşırı parçacık çıkarın. </li><li> Bir 10:1 sertleştirici, v ile Mix polidimetilsiloksan (PDMS) taban: v oranı. </li&gt; <li> 10 dakika boyunca bir kurutucuda kavanoza vakumda gazdan karışım. </li><li> Kalıp kutusuna PDMS karışımı dökün. Hava kabarcıklarının bindirme azaltmak için, liflerin doğrudan üzerinde akıtılmamalıdır. </li><li> Bir 26 G iğne kullanarak, döküm kutu içinde veya lifleri arasındaki boşlukları giderilir. </li><li> 30 dakika boyunca 85 ° C&#39;de PDMS karışımı Cure. </li><li> Plakaları bükmeyin veya çok sert çekmek için emin olarak, kalıp kutusundan pirinç levhalar sökün. Kalıp kutusundan tedavi 1. aşamada çıkarın. </li><li> Bir derialtı iğne ile son kapağı delik batırılarak bir RTV son kapak ile elyaf iplik. Fiber ebadı ile ilgili olarak, en azından fiberin dış çapı iç çapı 2 x sahip bir iğne manometre. Pirinç desen plaka olarak benzer bir model koruyun, ama daha yaygın yayılmış. </li><li> Daha büyük bir kalıp kutusunun ucuna son kapaklar bağlayın ve PDMS bir 2. aşama dökün. </li><li> Kalan gaz kabarcıkları ve30 dakika boyunca 85 ° C&#39;de tedavi. </li><li> PLA lifleri, çoğunlukla boşaltılmıştır 24 saat boyunca ° C kadar ya da 210 ° C&#39;de bir vakum fırın içinde numune ve yerden herhangi bir aşırı PLA lifler kesin. </li><li> Herhangi bir PLA kaldırılamaz, hafifçe kloroform 1 ml bir enjeksiyon kullanılarak mikro dışında çözülür. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Bellan, L. M., Singh, S. P., Henderson, P. W., Porri, T. J., Craighead, H. G., Spector, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+an+artificial+3-dimensional+vascular+network+using+sacrificial+sugar+structures.">Fabrication of an artificial 3-dimensional vascular network using sacrificial sugar structures.</a> Soft Matter. 5 (7), 1354 (2009).</li><li>Bellan, L. M., Strychalski, E. A., Craighead, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nano-channels+fabricated+in+polydimethylsiloxane+using+sacrificial+electrospun+polyethylene+oxide+nanofibers.">Nano-channels fabricated in polydimethylsiloxane using sacrificial electrospun polyethylene oxide nanofibers.</a> J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B Microelectron. Nanometer Struct. Process. Meas. Phenom. 26 (5), 1728 (2008).</li><li>Borenstein, J. T., Weinberg, E. J., Orrick, B. K., Sundback, C., Kaazempur-Mofrad, M. R., Vacanti, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfabrication+of+three-dimensional+engineered+Scaffolds.">Microfabrication of three-dimensional engineered Scaffolds.</a> Tissue Eng. 13 (8), 1837-1844 (2007).</li><li>Wu, H., Odom, T. W., Chiu, D. T., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+complex+three-dimensional+microchannel+systems+in+PDMS.">Fabrication of complex three-dimensional microchannel systems in PDMS.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2), 554-559 (2003).</li><li>Trask, R. S., Bond, I. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomimetic+self-healing+of+advanced+composite+structures+using+hollow+glass+fibres.">Biomimetic self-healing of advanced composite structures using hollow glass fibres.</a> Smart Mater. Struct. 15 (3), 704-710 (2006).</li><li>Dong, H., Esser-Kahn, A. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+treatment+of+poly(lactic+acid)+fibers+to+enhance+the+rate+of+thermal+depolymerization.">Chemical treatment of poly(lactic acid) fibers to enhance the rate of thermal depolymerization.</a> ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 4 (2), 503-509 (2012).</li><li>Esser-Kahn, A. P., Thakre, P. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+microvascular+fiber-reinforced+composites.">Three-dimensional microvascular fiber-reinforced composites.</a> Adv. Mater. 23 (32), 3654-3658 (2011).</li><li>White, S. R., Blaiszik, B. J., Kramer, S. L. B., Olugebefola, S. C., Moore, J. S., Sottos, N. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-healing+polymers+and+composites.">Self-healing polymers and composites.</a> Am. Sci. 99 (5), 392 (2011).</li><li>Nguyen, D. T., Leho, Y. T., Esser-Kahn, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+three-dimensional+microvascular+gas+exchange+unit+for+carbon+dioxide+capture.">A three-dimensional microvascular gas exchange unit for carbon dioxide capture.</a> Lab Chip. 12 (7), 1246 (2012).</li><li>Nguyen, D. T., Leho, Y. T., Esser-Kahn, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+membrane+thickness+on+a+microvascular+gas+exchange+unit.">The effect of membrane thickness on a microvascular gas exchange unit.</a> Adv. Funct. Mater. , (2012).</li></ol>

Biz bu teknolojiyi und ABD patent ABD Geçici Başvuru Seri No 61/590, 086 bir geçici patent başvurusunda var.

PLA liflerinin içine snox katalizör giriş elyaf düşük bir sıcaklıkta depolimerize sağlar. Bu bu durumda PDMS yılında, gömme reçine bozulmayı önler. Özel bir mili düzgün muamele çözeltisi (Şekil 5A) karıştırmak için gereklidir. Mil, bir dijital mikser bağlanan bir merkezi çekirdeği çevreleyen altı Destek çubukları oluşmaktadır. Fiberler, katalitik çözeltisi ile temas sarma elyafların yüzey alanı maksimize edildi, böylece destek çubukları etrafında sarılır. Mil...

Doğal sistemleri birçok biyolojik fonksiyonları kolaylaştırmak için kapsamlı damar ağları kullanın. Toplu taşıma hacim oranları ve optimize edilmiş ambalaj yapılara yüksek bir yüzey alanı nedeniyle bu tür sistemlerde verimli bir şekilde elde edilebilir. Birçok sentetik üretim teknikleri mikrovasküler yapılar üretmek mümkün olmakla birlikte mevcut üretim yöntemleri 1-5 karmaşıklığı ve uyumluluk korurken, hiçbiri büyük ölçekli mikrovasküler üretebilir. Bu kuş akciğer gibi yapıların bir ilham kaynağı. Nasıl toplu taşıma geliştirmek için bu karmaşıklık yapılar imal musunuz? Bir Kurban bileşeni Buharlaşma (vasküler) büyük ölçekli, karmaşık mikrovasküler yapılar 6-7 üretebilir. Bu yöntem, ısıl depolimerizasyonu yapılarak ve poli buharlaştırmalı çıkarılması (laktik) fiberin şablonunun ters olan içi boş bir kanal oluşturmak için lifleri asit kullanır. Bu mevcut üretim ile uyumlu bir kurban tekniktiryöntemleri. Metre uzun, silindirik mikrokanal desenler bu imalat işlemi kullanılarak oluşturulabilir. Bu, 7-10 kendi kendini iyileştirme polimerler ve 3D mikrovasküler karbon tutma birimi olarak vaskülarize cihazlar oluşturmak için de kullanılabilir. Karbon yakalama birimleri uçuş kullanımı için etkin bir gaz-döviz-ağırlık oranı sayesinde sağlar kuş akciğer ilham edildi. Parabronchus yüksek gaz döviz kurları ve yapısal olarak stabil gaz değişimi birimleri sağlar altıgen desenli mikro, oluşmaktadır. Üç boyutlu uyumlu mikro özellikleri ile değişim birimleri oluşturmak için, biz bağımsız gitar tuner ve lazer Mikroişlenmiş plakalı özel tasarlanmış gerilim kartı kullanarak lifleri germe bir yöntem geliştirdi. Her fiber dış gerginlik yerinde tutulur ve desen lifler çalıştırmak, üzerinden plaka delik yerleştirme ile ayarlanır.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tin (II) oxalate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>402761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disperbyk 130</td>
			<td>BYK Additives &#38; Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trifluoroethanol</td>
			<td>Halocarbon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Malachite Green (technical grade)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M6880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide (&#8805;98%, pellets)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5881</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>3097358-1004</td>
			<td>Distributed from Ellsworth Adhesives</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly(lactic) acid fibers</td>
			<td>Teijin Monofilament</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RW 20 Digital Mixer</td>
			<td>IKA</td>
			<td>3593001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desiccator Jar</td>
			<td>Pyrex</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum Oven</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Third Hand</td>
			<td>Jameco Electronics</td>
			<td>26690</td>
			<td>Plate holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glue Gun</td>
			<td>Stanley</td>
			<td>GR20L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PLA Spindle</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tensioning Board</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

process of making three-dimensional microstructures using vaporization of a sacrificial component

Doğal sistemlerde vasküler yapıların yüksek yüzey alanları ve optimize edilmiş yapısı ile yüksek toplu taşıma sağlayabiliyoruz. Birkaç sentetik madde üretim teknikleri ölçeklenebilirlik korurken bu yapıların karmaşıklığı taklit edebilme yeteneğine sahiptirler. Bir Kurban Bileşen (vasküler) sürecinin buharlaşma bunu yapabiliyor. Bu işlem, bir matris içine gömülü, içi boş, silindirik bir mikro oluşturmak için bir şablon olarak kurban lifler kullanılır. Kalay (II)-oksalat (snox) poli (laktik) bu sürecin kullanımı kolaylaştıran asit (PLA) lifleri içine yerleştirilmiştir. Snox düşük sıcaklıklarda PLA liflerin depolimerizasyon katalize eder. Laktik asit monomer, bu sıcaklıklarda gaz ve matris zarar vermeyecek sıcaklıklarda gömülü matris kaldırılabilir. Burada üç boyutlu dizilmiş mikro karmaşık desenleri oluşturmak için Mikroişlenmiş plakaları ve germe cihazı kullanarak bu liflerin hizalanması için bir yöntem göstermektedir.Süreci, lif hemen hemen herhangi bir düzenlemenin keşif topolojileri ve yapılar sağlar.

Bu prosedür, bir reçine içinde gömülü mikrovasküler yapıların imal edilmesi için bir yöntem sağlar. Bu yapılar desen çeşitli (Şekil 2) uygun olabilir. Mikrovasküler ağ yapı, sadece geçici lifleri ile oluşturulabilir yapıları ile sınırlıdır. Gazlar geçirgen arası kanal membran hareket olarak mikrovasküler kanalları, sıvı akarsuları arasında gaz taşıma paralel bir düzenleme kullanarak kolaylaştırılır. Bu cihazlar, litografi için ihtiy...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Process of Making Three-dimensional Microstructures using Vaporization of a Sacrificial Component at JoVE.com

Process of Making Three-dimensional Microstructures using Vaporization of a Sacrificial Component

Gözden çıkarılabilir bir bileşeni (vasküler) işleminin bir buharlaşma mikrovasküler yapılar imal etmek için kullanılır. Bu işlem lazer Mikroişlenmiş kılavuzu plakaları tarafından sağlanan hassas 3D geometrik konumlandırma ile içi boş mikro oluşturmak için kurban poli (laktik) asit lifleri kullanır.

Bir Kurban bileşeni buharlaşma kullanarak üç boyutlu Mikroyapılar Yapma Süreci

Vascular structures in natural systems are able to provide high mass transport through high surface areas and optimized structure. Few synthetic material ...

process-making-three-dimensional-microstructures-using-vaporization

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.0K Görüntüleme.  University of California, Irvine.  Gözden çıkarılabilir bir bileşeni (vasküler) işleminin bir buharlaşma mikrovasküler yapılar imal etmek için kullanılır. Bu işlem lazer Mikroişlenmiş kılavuzu plakaları tarafından sağlanan hassas 3D geometrik konumlandırma ile içi boş mikro oluşturmak için kurban poli (laktik) asit lifleri kullanır. 

Video: Process of Making Three-dimensional Microstructures using Vaporization of a Sacrificial Component

Fabrication, Densification, and Replica Molding of 3D Carbon Nanotube Microstructures

The introduction of new materials and processes to microfabrication has, in large part, enabled many important advances in microsystems, lab-on-a-chip devices, and their applications. In particular, capabilities for cost-effective fabrication of polymer microstructures were transformed by the advent of soft lithography and other micromolding techniques 1, 2, and this led a revolution in applications of microfabrication to biomedical engineering and biology. Nevertheless, it remains challenging to fabricate microstructures with well-defined nanoscale surface textures, and to fabricate arbitrary 3D shapes at the micro-scale. Robustness of master molds and maintenance of shape integrity is especially important to achieve high fidelity replication of complex structures and preserving their nanoscale surface texture. The combination of hierarchical textures, and heterogeneous shapes, is a profound challenge to existing microfabrication methods that largely rely upon top-down etching using fixed mask templates. On the other hand, the bottom-up synthesis of nanostructures such as nanotubes and nanowires can offer new capabilities to microfabrication, in particular by taking advantage of the collective self-organization of nanostructures, and local control of their growth behavior with respect to microfabricated patterns. 
Our goal is to introduce vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which we refer to as CNT "forests", as a new microfabrication material. We present details of a suite of related methods recently developed by our group: fabrication of CNT forest microstructures by thermal CVD from lithographically patterned catalyst thin films; self-directed elastocapillary densification of CNT microstructures; and replica molding of polymer microstructures using CNT composite master molds. In particular, our work shows that self-directed capillary densification ("capillary forming"), which is performed by condensation of a solvent onto the substrate with CNT microstructures, significantly increases the packing density of CNTs. This process enables directed transformation of vertical CNT microstructures into straight, inclined, and twisted shapes, which have robust mechanical properties exceeding those of typical microfabrication polymers. This in turn enables formation of nanocomposite CNT master molds by capillary-driven infiltration of polymers. The replica structures exhibit the anisotropic nanoscale texture of the aligned CNTs, and can have walls with sub-micron thickness and aspect ratios exceeding 50:1. Integration of CNT microstructures in fabrication offers further opportunity to exploit the electrical and thermal properties of CNTs, and diverse capabilities for chemical and biochemical functionalization 3.

We present methods for fabrication of patterned microstructures of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and their use as master molds for production of polymer microstructures with organized nanoscale surface texture. The CNT forests are densified by condensation of solvent onto the substrate, which significantly increases their packing density and enables self-directed formation of 3D shapes.

3D Karbon Nanotube mikroyapılar, Üretimi, Yoğunlaştırma ve Replica Kalıp

The introduction of new materials and processes to microfabrication has, in large part, enabled many important advances in microsystems, lab-on-a-chip ...

Mühendislik

Synthesis of Phase-shift Nanoemulsions with Narrow Size Distributions for Acoustic Droplet Vaporization and Bubble-enhanced Ultrasound-mediated Ablation

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is used clinically to thermally ablate tumors. To enhance localized heating and improve thermal ablation in tumors, lipid-coated perfluorocarbon droplets have been developed which can be vaporized by HIFU. The vasculature in many tumors is abnormally leaky due to their rapid growth, and nanoparticles are able to penetrate the fenestrations and passively accumulate within tumors. Thus, controlling the size of the droplets can result in better accumulation within tumors. In this report, the preparation of stable droplets in a phase-shift nanoemulsion (PSNE) with a narrow size distribution is described. PSNE were synthesized by sonicating a lipid solution in the presence of liquid perfluorocarbon. A narrow size distribution was obtained by extruding the PSNE multiple times using filters with pore sizes of 100 or 200 nm. The size distribution was measured over a 7-day period using dynamic light scattering. Polyacrylamide hydrogels containing PSNE were prepared for in vitro experiments. PSNE droplets in the hydrogels were vaporized with ultrasound and the resulting bubbles enhanced localized heating. Vaporized PSNE enables more rapid heating and also reduces the ultrasound intensity needed for thermal ablation. Thus, PSNE is expected to enhance thermal ablation in tumors, potentially improving therapeutic outcomes of HIFU-mediated thermal ablation treatments.

Phase-shift nanoemulsions (PSNE) can be vaporized using high intensity focused ultrasound to enhance localized heating and improve thermal ablation in tumors. In this report, the preparation of stable PSNE with a narrow size distribution is described. Furthermore, the impact of vaporized PSNE on ultrasound-mediated ablation is demonstrated in tissue-mimicking phantoms.

Akustik Damlacık buharlaşması ve Bubble-gelişmiş Ultrason aracılı Ablasyon için dar Boyut Dağılımları ile Faz-shift Nanoemulsions sentezi

High-intensity  focused ultrasound (HIFU) is used clinically to thermally ablate tumors. To  enhance localized heating and improve thermal ablation in ...

High-resolution, High-speed, Three-dimensional Video Imaging with Digital Fringe Projection Techniques

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses triangulation between matching points in two views of the same scene at different angles to compute depth.&#160;However, unlike a stereo-based method, DFP uses a digital video projector to replace one of the cameras1. The projector rapidly projects a known sinusoidal pattern onto the subject, and the surface of the subject distorts these patterns in the camera&#8217;s field of view. Three distorted patterns (fringe images) from the camera can be used to compute the depth using triangulation.
Unlike other 3D measurement methods, DFP techniques lead to systems that tend to be faster, lower in equipment cost, more flexible, and easier to develop.&#160;DFP systems can also achieve the same measurement resolution as the camera.&#160;For this reason, DFP and other digital structured light techniques have recently been the focus of intense research (as summarized in1-5). Taking advantage of DFP, the graphics processing unit, and optimized algorithms, we have developed a system capable of 30&#160;Hz 3D video data acquisition, reconstruction, and display for over 300,000 measurement points per frame6,7.&#160;Binary defocusing DFP methods can achieve even greater speeds8.
Diverse applications can benefit from DFP techniques. Our collaborators have used our systems for facial function analysis9, facial animation10, cardiac mechanics studies11, and fluid surface measurements, but many other potential applications exist.&#160;This video will teach the fundamentals of DFP techniques and illustrate the design and operation of a binary defocusing DFP system.

This video describes the fundamentals of digital fringe projection techniques, which provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;It also demonstrates the design and operation of a high-speed binary defocusing system based on these techniques.

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses ...

Development of an Experimental Setup for the Measurement of the Coefficient of Restitution under Vacuum Conditions

The Discrete Element Method is used for the simulation of particulate systems to describe and analyze them, to predict and afterwards optimize their behavior for single stages of a process or even an entire process. For the simulation with occurring particle-particle and particle-wall contacts, the value of the coefficient of restitution is required. It can be determined experimentally. The coefficient of restitution depends on several parameters like the impact velocity. Especially for fine particles the impact velocity depends on the air pressure and under atmospheric pressure high impact velocities cannot be reached. For this, a new experimental setup for free-fall tests under vacuum conditions is developed. The coefficient of restitution is determined with the impact and rebound velocity which are detected by a high-speed camera. To not hinder the view, the vacuum chamber is made of glass. Also a new release mechanism to drop one single particle under vacuum conditions is constructed. Due to that, all properties of the particle can be characterized beforehand.

The coefficient of restitution is a parameter that describes the loss of kinetic energy during collision. Here, a free-fall setup under vacuum conditions is developed to be able to determine the coefficient of restitution parameter for particles in micrometer range with high impact velocities.

Vakum Koşullarında Restitüsyon katsayısı ölçümü için bir deneysel Kur Geliştirilmesi

The Discrete Element Method is used for the simulation of particulate systems to describe and analyze them, to predict and afterwards optimize their ...

Fabrication Process of Silicone-based Dielectric Elastomer Actuators

This contribution demonstrates the fabrication process of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). DETs are stretchable capacitors consisting of an elastomeric dielectric membrane sandwiched between two compliant electrodes. The large actuation strains of these transducers when used as actuators (over 300% area strain) and their soft and compliant nature has been exploited for a wide range of applications, including electrically tunable optics, haptic feedback devices, wave-energy harvesting, deformable cell-culture devices, compliant grippers, and propulsion of a bio-inspired fish-like airship. In most cases, DETs are made with a commercial proprietary acrylic elastomer and with hand-applied electrodes of carbon powder or carbon grease. This combination leads to non-reproducible and slow actuators exhibiting viscoelastic creep and a short lifetime. We present here a complete process flow for the reproducible fabrication of DETs based on thin elastomeric silicone films, including casting of thin silicone membranes, membrane release and prestretching, patterning of robust compliant electrodes, assembly and testing. The membranes are cast on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates coated with a water-soluble sacrificial layer for ease of release. The electrodes consist of carbon black particles dispersed into a silicone matrix and patterned using a stamping technique, which leads to precisely-defined compliant electrodes that present a high adhesion to the dielectric membrane on which they are applied.

This manuscript shows the fabrication process for the manufacture of dielectric elastomer soft actuators based on silicone membranes. The three key stages of production are presented in detail: blade casting of thin silicone membranes; pad printing of compliant electrodes; and the assembly of all the components.

Silikon tabanlı Dielektrik Elastomer Aktüatörler Fabrikasyon Süreci

This contribution demonstrates the fabrication process of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). DETs are stretchable capacitors consisting of an ...

Using Synchrotron Radiation Microtomography to Investigate Multi-scale Three-dimensional Microelectronic Packages

Synchrotron radiation micro-tomography (SR&#181;T) is a non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique that offers high flux for fast data acquisition times with high spatial resolution. In the electronics industry there is serious interest in performing failure analysis on 3D microelectronic packages, many which contain multiple levels of high-density interconnections. Often in tomography there is a trade-off between image resolution and the volume of a sample that can be imaged. This inverse relationship limits the usefulness of conventional computed tomography (CT) systems since a microelectronic package is often large in cross sectional area 100-3,600 mm2, but has important features on the micron scale. The micro-tomography beamline at the Advanced Light Source (ALS), in Berkeley, CA USA, has a setup which is adaptable and can be tailored to a sample&#39;s properties, i.e., density, thickness, etc., with a maximum allowable cross-section of 36 x 36 mm. This setup also has the option of being either monochromatic in the energy range ~7-43 keV or operating with maximum flux in white light mode using a polychromatic beam. Presented here are details of the experimental steps taken to image an entire 16 x 16 mm system within a package, in order to obtain 3D images of the system with a spatial resolution of 8.7 &#181;m all within a scan time of less than 3 min. Also shown are results from packages scanned in different orientations and a sectioned package for higher resolution imaging. In contrast a conventional CT system would take hours to record data with potentially poorer resolution. Indeed, the ratio of field-of-view to throughput time is much higher when using the synchrotron radiation tomography setup. The description below of the experimental setup can be implemented and adapted for use with many other multi-materials.

For this study synchrotron radiation micro-tomography, a non-destructive three-dimensional imaging technique, is employed to investigate an entire microelectronic package with a cross-sectional area of 16 x 16 mm. Due to the synchrotron&#39;s high flux and brightness the sample was imaged in just 3 min&#160;with an 8.7 &#181;m spatial resolution.

Çok ölçekli Üç boyutlu Mikroelektronik paketleri Soruşturma Sinkrotron Radyasyon Microtomography kullanma

Synchrotron radiation micro-tomography (SR&#181;T) is a non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique that offers high flux for fast data ...

Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow

3D-PTV is a quantitative flow measurement technique that aims to track the Lagrangian paths of a set of particles in three dimensions using stereoscopic recording of image sequences. The basic components, features, constraints and optimization tips of a 3D-PTV topology consisting of a high-speed camera with a four-view splitter are described and discussed in this article. The technique is applied to the intermediate flow field (5 &#60;x/d &#60;25) of a circular jet at Re &#8776; 7,000. Lagrangian flow features and turbulence quantities in an Eulerian frame are estimated around ten diameters downstream of the jet origin and at various radial distances from the jet core. Lagrangian properties include trajectory, velocity and acceleration of selected particles as well as curvature of the flow path, which are obtained from the Frenet-Serret equation. Estimation of the 3D velocity and turbulence fields around the jet core axis at a cross-plane located at ten diameters downstream of the jet is compared with literature, and the power spectrum of the large-scale streamwise velocity motions is obtained at various radial distances from the jet core.

A three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry (3D-PTV) system based on a high-speed camera with a four-view splitter is described here. The technique is applied to a jet flow from a circular pipe in the vicinity of ten diameters downstream at Reynolds number Re &#8776; 7,000.

Türbülans Uygulamaları için üç boyutlu Parçacık Takip Akımları: Jet Akış Örneği

3D-PTV is a quantitative flow measurement technique that aims to track the Lagrangian paths of a set of particles in three dimensions using stereoscopic ...

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions &#8212; A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

A comprehensive rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions or pastes is mandatory for a targeted product development meeting the manifold requirements during processing and application of such complex fluids. In this investigation, measuring protocols for a conclusive assessment of different process relevant rheological parameters have been evaluated. This includes the determination of yield stress, viscosity, wall slip velocity, structural recovery after large deformation and elongation at break as well as tensile force during filament stretching.
The importance of concomitant video recordings during parallel-plate rotational rheometry for a significant determination of rheological quantities is demonstrated. The deformation profile and flow field at the sample edge can be determined using appropriate markers. Thus, measurement parameter settings and plate roughness values can be identified for which yield stress and viscosity measurements are possible. Slip velocity can be measured directly and measuring conditions at which plug flow, shear banding or sample spillover occur can be identified clearly. 
Video recordings further confirm that the change in shear moduli observed during three stage oscillatory shear tests with small deformation amplitude in stage I and III but large oscillation amplitude in stage II can be directly attributed to structural break down and recovery. For the pastes investigated here, the degree of irreversible, shear-induced structural change increases with increasing deformation amplitude in stage II until a saturation is reached at deformations corresponding to the crossover of G' and G'', but the irreversible damage is independent of the duration of large amplitude shear. 
A capillary breakup elongational rheometer and a tensile tester have been used to characterize deformation and breakup behavior of highly filled pastes in uniaxial elongation. Significant differences were observed in all experiments described above for two commercial screen-printing silver pastes used for front side metallization of Si-solar cells.

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions &amp;#8212; A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

A protocol for a robust and application relevant rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions is presented. Silver pastes used for screen-printing application in solar cell production are employed as model systems.

Son derece Konsantre Süspansiyonlarının reolojik Karakterizasyonunda Zorluklar - Ekran-baskı Gümüş Pastaları için bir Vaka Çalışması

A comprehensive rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions or pastes is mandatory for a targeted product development meeting the ...

Predicting Catalyst Extrudate Breakage Based on the Modulus of Rupture

The mechanical strength of extruded catalysts and their natural or forced breakage by either collision against a surface or by a compressive load in a fixed bed are important phenomena in catalyst technology. The mechanical strength of the catalyst is measured here by its bending strength or flexural strength. This technique is relatively new from the perspective of applying it to commercial catalysts of typical sizes used in the industry. Catalyst breakage by collision against a surface is measured after a fall of the extrudates through the ambient air in a vertical pipe. Quantifying the impact force is done theoretically by applying Newton's second law. Measurement of catalyst breakage due to stress in a fixed bed is done following the standard procedure of the bulk crush strength test. Novel here is the focus on measuring the reduction in the length to diameter ratio of the extrudates as a function of the stress.

Here we present a protocol to measure the modulus of rupture of an extruded catalyst and the breakage of said catalyst extrudates by collision against a surface or by compression in a fixed bed.

Predicting katalizör Extrudate kırılma rüptürü modülü üzerinde dayalı

The mechanical strength of extruded catalysts and their natural or forced breakage by either collision against a surface or by a compressive load in a ...

Three-Dimensional Ultrasonic Needle Tip Tracking with a Fiber-Optic Ultrasound Receiver

Ultrasound is frequently used for guiding minimally invasive procedures, but visualizing medical devices is often challenging with this imaging modality. When visualization is lost, the medical device can cause trauma to critical tissue structures. Here, a method to track the needle tip during ultrasound image-guided procedures is presented. This method involves the use of a fiber-optic ultrasound receiver that is affixed within the cannula of a medical needle to communicate ultrasonically with the external ultrasound probe. This custom probe comprises a central transducer element array and side element arrays. In addition to conventional two-dimensional (2D) B-mode ultrasound imaging provided by the central array, three-dimensional (3D) needle tip tracking is provided by the side arrays. For B-mode ultrasound imaging, a standard transmit-receive sequence with electronic beamforming is performed. For ultrasonic tracking, Golay-coded ultrasound transmissions from the 4 side arrays are received by the hydrophone sensor, and subsequently the received signals are decoded to identify the needle tip&#39;s spatial location with respect to the ultrasound imaging probe. As a preliminary validation of this method, insertions of the needle/hydrophone pair were performed in clinically realistic contexts. This novel ultrasound imaging/tracking method is compatible with current clinical workflow, and it provides reliable device tracking during in-plane and out-of-plane needle insertions.

Accurate and efficient visualization of invasive medical devices is extremely important in many ultrasound-guided minimally invasive procedures. Here, a method for localizing the spatial position of a needle tip relative to the ultrasound imaging probe is presented.

Üç boyutlu ultrasonik iğne ucu ile bir Fiber optik ultrason alıcı izleme

Ultrasound is frequently used for guiding minimally invasive procedures, but visualizing medical devices is often challenging with this imaging modality. ...