Bu çalışma NIH (U54CA143837), NIH MD Anderson Kanser Merkezi Destek Hibe (CA016672), V Vakfı (SAC) ve Kanzius Araştırma Vakfı (SAC, Erie, PA) sınırsız araştırma hibe tarafından finanse edildi. Biz idari yardım, Cerrahi Onkoloji Bölümü, MD Anderson Kanser Merkezi&#39;nden Kristine Ash teşekkür ederim.

Bütün deney bir genel görünüşü Şekil 1&#39;de gösterilmiştir. Daha fazla detay aşağıda 1-3 adımları tasvir edilmiştir. 1.. NP Colloids Değerlendirilmesi RF Isıtma: Bir Örnek olarak AuNPs <ol><li> Genel olarak, her numune NP araştırılmaktadır için, ilk olarak arka plan iyonları ve kirleri çıkarmak için iyonu giderilmiş (Di) su ile santrifüj filtre ile örnek birkaç kez yıkayın. Tüm iyonlar ve kirletici yıkanmış olan sıvı DI su gibi benzer RF ısıtma oranları (HR) sahiptir AuNP süspansiyondan kaldırılmış olacaktır. Bu saflaştırma işlemi, aynı zamanda elde edilecek NPlerin daha yüksek konsantrasyonları sağlar. Bu örnekte AuNPs kullanarak rağmen, temel ilkeler, diğer NP malzemelere uygulanabilir fazlalaştı. </li><li> Bir örnek olarak, çapı 5 nm arasında ticari olarak temin edilebilen AuNPs bir 500 ml şişe saflaştırılması ve daha sonra, elektrik-fi bir 13.56 MHz RF alanına tabi tutabilireld gücü 90 kV / m. <ol><li> ~ Altı 50 kDa santrifüj filtre tüpleri arasındaki stok AuNP solüsyonu ve bölünmüş 125 ml alın. 3.000 rpm&#39;de santrifüj. 2 dakika bekletildikten sonra 5 saniye için. Daha fazla stok solüsyonu ile süzülür tampon ve dolum filtrelerini çıkarın. Tüm 500 ml süzülmüş edene kadar tekrarlayın. </li><li> DI su benzer bir hacmi ile filtre tampon ve yaklaşık olarak yerine 8 kez (ya da filtre tampon RF HR DI suya eşdeğer kadar) tekrar edin. UV-Vis analizi de kirletici absorpsiyon tepeleri izlemek için kullanılabilir, dikkat edin. Tampon kirletici tam olarak her filtre içine pipet yaklaşık olarak 0.5 ml DI su çıkarıldı ve tekrar pipetleme AuNPs yeniden süspanse edildikten sonra. Bu tamamen filtreden AuNPs kaldırmak ve tam süspansiyonu için izin vermelidir. Bir 15 ml Eppendorf tüpüne altı süspansiyonlar birleştirin. </li><li> AuNPs arıtılmış ve konsantre edildikten sonra, ICP-OES ve / veya ICP-MS, UV-vis ve concentratio veri Zeta potansiyelini kullanarak numuneyi analizn ve NP istikrar, sırasıyla. SEM ve / veya TEM analizi de morfolojik veriler elde etmek için kullanılabilir. Bu tekniklerin ayrıntılı örnek hazırlama 4 literatürde bulunabilir. </li></ol></li><li> Kanzius RF önceki çalışmalarda 8&#39;de tarif sistemi, ya da bu sistemin Türevler, (herhangi bir örnek mevcut olan) havada RF elektrik alanı, ve böylece, bir 1.3 ml silindirik bir kuartz küvet yer ~ küvete içindeki 90 kV / m kullanma. Standart bir örnek için tuzlu su (% 0.9 NaCl) elektrik alanı ~ 1.1 kV / m azaltılmış olacaktır. Bu karşılaştırmalar, farklı sistemler arasında yapılacak izin vermek için kullanılan yaklaşık durumlardır. <ol><li> Pipet kuartz küvet içine saflaştırılmış AuNP koloidin, 1000 mg / l örneğin 1.3 ml ve RF-alan içine bu tanıtmak. Bu özel bir dahili teflon numune tutucu kullanılarak yapılabilir. 120 saniye bir süre için ya da örnek elektrik arkı ya da hızlı kaynamasını önlemek için 70 ° C ulaşana kadar RF-alana örnek Açığa. CaIR kamera ve ilgili yazılım kullanılarak termal görüntüleme verileri (aynı zamanda kontrol alanlarını) pture. Bu işlemi üç kez tekrarlayın. </li><li> DI su tamponundan AuNPs elde etmek için bir 50 kDa santrifüj filtre ile filtre örneği. Üç kez tekrar, RF-alanına tampon yeniden ortaya. AuNP kolloidin ve plan DI su tampon arasında HR&#39;ler farkı nedeniyle AuNPs kendilerini HR belirler. ~ HRS elde etmek için bekleyebilirsiniz 0.3 ° C / sn ve ~ 0.25 ° C / sn bir AuNP bağımlı İK vermek için 0.05 ° C / sn. In vitro / in vivo deneyler için 1.3 ml su içinde filtreden kalan AuNPs yeniden süspanse edin. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Nanopartikül destekli RF kaynaklı Hipertermi: In vitro çalışmalar <ol><li> Bu in vitro çalışmalar, 2B tekli katmanlar meydana getirmeyen hücre kanser türü her türlü uygulanabilir. Bu deneyde, Hep3B hücre kaynaklı insan hepatoselüler karsinom kullanın. <ol><li> Plaka ~ 50.000 celbüyüme ortamı içinde 1 ml bir 12-yuvalı plakanın ön üç kuyu ls. Bu 6 kez (kontrolleri olarak NP çalışmalar için üç tabak ve üç tabak kullanın) tekrarlayın. NPs tanıtmadan önce 24 saat boyunca 37.5 ° C&#39;de inkübe edin. 5 dakika için biyogüvenlik kabini UV ışığa maruz kullanarak ilk NPs sterilize edin. </li><li> Her içine de, 1000 mg / L AuNP çözeltisi 0.1 ml tanıtmak ve başka bir 24 saat süre ile bırakın. Üç kontrol hücre plakalarının her bir oyuğuna 0.1 ml su eklenir ve de 24 saat süre ile bırakın. </li><li> 24 saat geçtikten sonra hücre ortamı aspire ve herhangi bir yüzey-bağlı AuNPs çıkarmak için PBS ile yıkayın. Hücre ortamı değiştirin. Hücreler artık RF maruziyeti için hazırız. </li></ol></li><li> RF-alan içinde her bir 12-yuvalı hücre paketi yerleştirin. Hücreler 31 ° C&#39;ye soğuyana kadar bekleyin RF jeneratör açın ve 3.5 dakika boyunca maruz. Hücre ortamının nihai sıcaklığı ~ 37 ° C olacak RF alanı kapatın. Hücreleri çıkarmak ve analizden önce 24 saat için bir kuluçka makinesi içinde yerleştirin. <ol> &lt;li&gt; kuvöz ve aspire hücre ortamından hücreleri çıkarın. MTT ayıracı 0.4 ml &#39;de her bir kuyucuğa hücre ortamının 1.6 ml ilave edilir. 4 saat hücreleri inkübe edin. Ortam aspire ve dimetil sülfoksit (DMSO), 2 ml ile değiştirin. Bir tezgah rocker hücre plakaları yerleştirin ve DMSO MTT reaktifleri çözmek için izin vermek için 10 dakika boyunca bırakın. Son olarak, optik olarak pipet 100 Bir 96-yuvalı plaka her bir ul ve bu SpectroStar Nano plaka okuyucusu gibi bir plaka okuyucusu kullanılarak 570 nm de iyi okuma. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Nanopartikül destekli RF kaynaklı Hipertermi: In vivo çalışmalar <ol><li> Bu in vivo çalışmalar, ortotopik veya dış murin modelinde katı tümörler oluşturan herhangi bir kanser türüne uygulanabilir. Bu deney, bir dış tümör BALB-C çıplak fare modelinde Hep3B karaciğer kanser hücrelerini kullanır. </li><li> Not: Tüm in vivo deneyler ilgili tüm kurallar, düzenlemeler ve düzenleyici kurumlar ile uyum içinde yürütülür. Ayrıca, göstermiştir ediliyordu protokol Teksas Üniversitesi MD Anderson Kanser Merkezi Kurumsal Hayvan Bakımı ve Kullanımı Komitesi (IACUC) rehberliği ve onayı altında gerçekleştirildi. <ol><li> Uygun büyüme ortamı ile bir doku kültürü şişesi içinde hücrelerin uygun bir sayısı (100 ~ k) büyütün. Hücre kültürü süresince,% 5 CO2 ile 37 ° C inkübatör içinde inkübe edin. </li><li> Tripsin (şişeden ayırmak için) hücreleri tedavi ve her bir 25 ul için 2000000 hücre ihtiva eden bir çözelti üretir. (Buz üzerinde) Matrigel eşit miktarda eklenir ve nihai enjeksiyon solüsyonu hazırlamak için iyice karıştırın. Fare sırtında istenilen pozisyon içine bu çözüm enjekte edilir ve tümörler istenilen boyutta (çoğu hücreler için 2-4 hafta) büyümek için zaman uygun miktarda bekleyin. RF maruz kalma öncesinde, BALB-C Çıplak fareler katı ektopik tümörler 0.5-1 cm çapına taşımalıdır. </li></ol></li><li><ol><li> ANAE tarafından (bu durumda BALB-C çıplak fare) kullanılmak üzere fareler hazırlamakIP enjeksiyon yoluyla ketamin ve ksilazin eden bir çözelti ile sthetizing. Fareler, uykuya dalma olsa da, 37 ° C&#39;de sıcaklığı kontrol edilen bir oda içinde tutmak Toplam 20 fare, tüm rulman benzer boyutta tümörler gerekli olacaktır. No AuNP enjeksiyonları ile her iki grup: geri kalan 10 fare RF-maruz bırakılan ve RF maruz kalan kontrol grubu arasında bölünecektir ise On fare (son olarak adı geçen, sadece PBS enjeksiyonu) ile bağlantılı olarak ve AuNPs olmadan kullanılacaktır. </li><li> Bir kez uygun şekilde anestezi, doğrudan bir 27 G iğne ile bir 1-cc şırıngası kullanılarak tümör içine enjekte AuNPs. AuNP Çözelti PBS 0.1 ml 200 mg / L&#39;lik bir konsantrasyonda Au olmalıdır. Enjeksiyonundan sonra, alkollü bir mendille kan emer ve enjeksiyon siteyi silmek için cerrahi bir bez kullanın. </li><li> Daha sonra RF jeneratörünün alıcı baş tedavi edilecek olan fare monte edin. Tümör iletim kafasına en yakın olan ve böylece fare konumlandırılmalıdır. Tedavi edilecek olmayan alanları Kalkan, hem de sensibakır şerit ile, bu tür gözler, kulaklar ve ayak parmakları gibi alanları çabaya verilen. Hiçbir yük birikimi oluşur böylece bakır şerit uygun topraklama uçağı temas olduğundan emin olun. Ayrıca, pozlama alan tedavi edilmesi istenen bölgeye boyutundan daha büyük, en az 1 cm&#39;lik bir boşluk olması gerekir. </li><li> Pozisyon IR termal kamera tümör ve tedavi alanında görünür böylece. 5 dakika RF açın. Elde edilen sıcaklık eğrisi kaydedilir. Tedavisi derhal sıcaklıkları daha yüksek 42 ° C dur tedavi elde edin. </li></ol></li><li><ol><li> Onlar bilinçli kadar RF maruz kalma sıcak bir odasında anestezi fareler kurtardıktan sonra. </li><li> Daha sonra aynı fareler 48 saat ile deneyi (- 3.4.1 3.3.1 adımlar) tekrarlayın. </li><li> Deneyden sonra, kurumsal protokolleri ve prosedürlere uygun olarak fareler euthanize. Tümör ağırlığını kaydedin. Histolojik analiz için formalin kullanılarak tümörler düzeltmek ve parafin onları gömmek. Tümör bölümleri tipik haliyle wit boyanırh hematoksilen ve eozin ve ölçme terapötik etkinlik, örneğin Ki-67 ile ilgili hedefler için, vs, kaspaz-3 ayrılır. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Gannon, C. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carbon+nanotube-enhanced+thermal+destruction+of+cancer+cells+in+a+noninvasive+radiofrequency+field.">Carbon nanotube-enhanced thermal destruction of cancer cells in a noninvasive radiofrequency field.</a> Cancer. 110, 2654 (2007).</li><li>Curley, S. A., Cherukuri, P., Briggs, K., Patra, C. R., Upton, M., Dolson, E., Mukherjee, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noninvasive+radiofrequency+field-induced+hyperthermic+cytotoxicity+in+human+cancer+cells+using+cetuximab-targeted+gold+nanoparticles.">Noninvasive radiofrequency field-induced hyperthermic cytotoxicity in human cancer cells using cetuximab-targeted gold nanoparticles.</a> J. Exp. Ther. Oncol. 7, 313 (2008).</li><li>Gannon, C. J., Patra, C. R., Bhattacharya, R., Mukherjee, P., Curley, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracellular+gold+nanoparticles+enhance+non-invasive+radiofrequency+thermal+destruction+of+human+gastrointestinal+cancer+cells.">Intracellular gold nanoparticles enhance non-invasive radiofrequency thermal destruction of human gastrointestinal cancer cells.</a> Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 6, 2 (2008).</li><li>Raoof, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stability+of+antibody-conjugated+gold+nanoparticles+in+the+endolysosomal+nanoenvironment:+implications+for+noninvasive+radiofrequency-based+cancer+therapy.">Stability of antibody-conjugated gold nanoparticles in the endolysosomal nanoenvironment: implications for noninvasive radiofrequency-based cancer therapy.</a> Nanomedicine. 8, 1096 (2012).</li><li>Glazer, E. S., Massey, K. L., Zhu, C., Curley, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pancreatic+carcinoma+cells+are+susceptible+to+noninvasive+radio+frequency+fields+after+treatment+with+targeted+gold+nanoparticles.">Pancreatic carcinoma cells are susceptible to noninvasive radio frequency fields after treatment with targeted gold nanoparticles.</a> Surgery. 148, 319 (2010).</li><li>Glazer, E. S., Curley, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiofrequency+field-induced+thermal+cytotoxicity+in+cancer+cells+treated+with+fluorescent+nanoparticles.">Radiofrequency field-induced thermal cytotoxicity in cancer cells treated with fluorescent nanoparticles.</a> Cancer. 116, 3285 (2010).</li><li>Glazer, E. S., Curley, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-invasive+radiofrequency+ablation+of+malignancies+mediated+by+quantum+dots,+gold+nanoparticles+and+carbon+nanotubes.">Non-invasive radiofrequency ablation of malignancies mediated by quantum dots, gold nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes.</a> Therapeutic Delivery. 2, 1325 (2011).</li><li>Corr, S. J., Raoof, M., Mackeyev, Y., Phounsavath, S., Cheney, M. A., Cisneros, B. T., Shur, M., Gozin, M., McNally, P. J., Wilson, L. J., Curley, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Citrate-Capped+Gold+Nanoparticle+Electrophoretic+Heat+Production+in+Response+to+a+Time-Varying+Radiofrequency+Electric-Field.">Citrate-Capped Gold Nanoparticle Electrophoretic Heat Production in Response to a Time-Varying Radiofrequency Electric-Field.</a> J. Phys. Chem. C. 116, 24380 (2012).</li><li>Kruse, D. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Radio-Frequency+Coupling+Network+for+Heating+of+Citrate-Coated+Gold+Nanoparticles+for+Cancer+Therapy:+Design+and+Analysis.">A Radio-Frequency Coupling Network for Heating of Citrate-Coated Gold Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy: Design and Analysis.</a> IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 58, 10 (2011).</li><li>Li, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Negligible+absorption+of+radiofrequency+radiation+by+colloidal+gold+nanoparticles.">Negligible absorption of radiofrequency radiation by colloidal gold nanoparticles.</a> J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 358, 47 (2011).</li><li>Liu, X., Chen, H. 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F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oops+they+did+it+again!+Carbon+nanotubes+hoax+scientists+in+viability+assays.">Oops they did it again! Carbon nanotubes hoax scientists in viability assays.</a> Nano Lett. 6, 1261 (2006).</li></ol>

Biz ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Bu protokoller Deneyciler tam olarak (bu durumda AuNPs) kanser tedavisi için RF kaynaklı hiperterminin artırabilir nano ölçüde analizine izin verir. Birinci protokol spesifik olarak yüksek konsantre edilmiş ve saf hale AuNP örneklerinden ısı üretimini analiz ile ilgilidir. Diğer gruplar öncelikle AuNPs AuNPs kendilerini 9-11 olup süspanse edilir önbelleklerden ısı üretimini bildirmiştir rağmen, bunların RF sistemleri çaplarda AuNPs düşük konsantrasyonlarda&gt; 10 nm, hem de daha dü?...

(Nedeniyle doğal elektrik dielektrik etmek üzere) biyolojik doku ile RF enerji emme sonunda hipertermi ile hücre ölümüne yol açan, zamanın bir fonksiyonu olarak, yüksek sıcaklıklarda doku ile sonuçlanır. Kanser hipertermi kanser hücresi içinde, içselleştirme ve sağlam komşu, sağlıklı normal hücreleri bırakarak, RF-ısı dönüştürücüler olarak hareket hedeflenen nanomalzemelerin kullanılarak optimize edilebilir olduğu varsayılmaktadır. Çeşitli raporlar zaten NPlerin çeşitli hangi kanser nekroz 1-4 yardımı gibi etkili RF ısı kaynaklarına hareket olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu açıdan, altın NPS (AuNPs) 3-5 karbon nanotüpleri 1 ve kuantum noktaları 6, in vitro ve in vivo deneylerde RF kullanıldığında, 7 verici özellikler göstermiştir. Bir RF-alana maruz kalan, bu NPlerin ısıtma mekanizmasının tam doğası halen tartışılıyor olsa da, bir dizi bölgesininAuNPs kullanarak temel deneyler NP büyüklüğü ve toplama iki devlete de büyük önem vermiştir. Bir RF-8 alana maruz kaldığında çapı &lt;10 nm sadece AuNPs ısı olacağı gösterilmiştir. AuNPs toplanır Ayrıca, bu ısıtma mekanizması önemli ölçüde azalırlar. Bu yığılma durum aynı zamanda etkili bir terapi RF 4 endolysomal hücre içi bölmeler içinde AuNP kolloidal kararlılığını optimize üzerine önem in vitro modeller içinde geçerli kılındı. Ancak, bu verileri toplamak ve değerlendirmek için kullanılan teknikler ve deneysel ilkeler özellikle NP taneciklerinden RF ısı profilleri doğrulanması durumunda, sorunlu olabilir. Çeşitli raporlar, NPS içerisinde süspanse edilir plan iyonik süspansiyonun Joule ısıtma ana RF ısı üretim kaynağı olup NPS kendilerini 9-12 olabilir göstermiştir. Bizim son kağıt 8 t doğrulanmış olmasına rağmenO 10 nm daha az çapları AuNPs ısı üreten RF etkileşimleri kullanmak, bu yazı boyunca daha ayrıntılı olarak bu protokolleri açıklamak hedefliyoruz. Ayrıca protokolleri ve in vitro ve in karaciğer kanseri modelleri için in vivo ve hem de in hipertermik termal maddeler olarak AuNPs etkinliğini değerlendirmek için gerekli olan teknikleri göstermektedir. Biz sitrat başlıklı AuNPs basit koloitler öncelikle odak olsa da, aynı teknikler bu tür antikor ve kemoterapi ile konjüge kompleksleri gibi diğer AuNP melez uygulanabilir. Bu ilkelere bağlı kalarak Deneyciler umarım hızla etkili bir RF kaynaklı termal Hyperthermic ajan olmak için herhangi bir nanomaterial için potansiyelini değerlendirmek gerekir.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Reagent/Material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>500 ml gold nanoparticles (5 nm)</td>
			<td>Ted Pella, INC</td>
			<td>15702-5</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amicon Ultra-4/-15 Centrifugal Filter Units (50 kDa)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>UFC805024/UFC910096</td>
			<td>(4 ml and 15 ml volumes)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM X1 Cell Culture Media</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>10-101-CV</td>
			<td>(add extra nutrients as necessary)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F4135-500 ml</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper Tape</td>
			<td>Ted Pella</td>
			<td>16072</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kanzius RF System (13.56 MHZ)</td>
			<td>ThermMed, LLC, Inc. (Erie, PA, USA)</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IR Camera</td>
			<td>FLIR SC 6000, FLIR Systems, Inc. (Boston, MA, USA)</td>
			<td>Contact FLIR</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.3 ml Quartz Cuvette</td>
			<td>ThermMed, LLC, Inc. (Erie, PA, USA)</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Teflon Sample holder with Rotary Stage</td>
			<td>ThermMed, LLC, Inc. (Erie, PA, USA)</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPECTROstar Nano Microplate reader</td>
			<td>BGM Labtech</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV-Vis spectrometer</td>
			<td>Applied Nanofluorescence, Houston, TX)</td>
			<td>NS1 NanoSpectralyzer</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ICP-OES</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td>Optima 4300 DV</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zetasizer</td>
			<td>Malvern</td>
			<td>Zen 3600 Zetasizer</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

protocols for assessing radiofrequency interactions with gold nanoparticles and biological systems for non-invasive hyperthermia cancer therapy

Var olan muadillerine göre daha az toksik ve invazif kanser tedavileri son derece tercih edilir. Minimal toksisite neden vücudun derinlerine nüfuz RF elektrik alanlarının kullanımı, şu anda non-invaziv kanser tedavisinin uygun bir araç olarak çalışılmaktadır. Bu içselleştirilmiş nanopartiküller (NPS) ile RF enerji etkileşimleri sonuçta hücre nekrozu biten, daha sonra hücre (hipertermi) aşırı ısınmaya neden olabilir ısı kurtarmak için düşünülmüştür. Biyolojik olmayan sistemlerin durumda, son derece konsantre edildi NP koloidler tarafından serbest bırakılan ısı miktarının ilgili ayrıntılı protokolleri mevcut. Biyolojik sistemlerde, in vitro deneylerin halinde, etkili bir şekilde önemli ölçüde verileri örtücü kütle ortam ısıtma yapılar olmadan RF enerjisine kanser hücrelerini açığa çıkarmak için uyulması gereken teknikler ve koşullarını tarif eder. Son olarak, ayrıntılı bir metodoloji F vermeyeceğimveya ektopik karaciğer kanser tümörleri ile vivo fare modelleri.

1.. Bir örnek olarak AuNPs: NP koloitlerin RF ısıtma değerlendirilmesi. Bölüm 1.1 izledikten sonra - 1.2.3 5 nm ve 10 nm çapında AuNPs son derece konsantre, kararlı, ve saflaştırılmış çözüm bekliyoruz. Stok solüsyonu olarak satın-500 ml kaynaktan, 1.000 mg / L&#39;lik bir konsantrasyonda solüsyonun en azından bir 4 ml elde etmek için beklemek AuNPs ve bu konsantrasyonda plan DI su tampon çözeltisi arasında saatte fark olmalıdır ~ 0.25 ° C / sn &#39;dir ve Şe...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocols for Assessing Radiofrequency Interactions with Gold Nanoparticles and Biological Systems for Non-invasive Hyperthermia Cancer Therapy at JoVE.com

Protocols for Assessing Radiofrequency Interactions with Gold Nanoparticles and Biological Systems for Non-invasive Hyperthermia Cancer Therapy | Medicine | Video

Protocols for Assessing Radiofrequency Interactions with Gold Nanoparticles and Biological Systems for Non-invasive Hyperthermia Cancer Therapy

Biz 13.56 MHz radyofrekans (RF) etkileşimlerini araştırmak için kullanılan protokolleri açıklar hem biyolojik olmayan ve biyolojik sistemlerde (in vitro / in vivo) altın nanoparçacık koloitlerle elektrik-alanlar. Bu etkileşimler, kanser terapisinde uygulamalar için araştırılmaktadır.

Non-invaziv Hipertermi Kanser Tedavisi için Altın Nanoparçacıklannm ve Biyolojik Sistemleri ile Radyofrekans Etkileşimleri değerlendirilmesi için Protokoller

Cancer therapies  which are less toxic and invasive than their existing counterparts are highly  desirable. The use of RF electric-fields that penetrate ...

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10.7K Görüntüleme.  University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center.  Biz 13.56 MHz radyofrekans (RF) etkileşimlerini araştırmak için kullanılan protokolleri açıklar hem biyolojik olmayan ve biyolojik sistemlerde (in vitro / in vivo) altın nanoparçacık koloitlerle elektrik-alanlar. Bu etkileşimler, kanser terapisinde uygulamalar için araştırılmaktadır. 

Video: Protocols for Assessing Radiofrequency Interactions with Gold Nanoparticles and Biological Systems for Non-invasive Hyperthermia Cancer Therapy

Staining Protocols for Human Pancreatic Islets

Estimates of islet area and numbers and endocrine cell composition in the adult human pancreas vary from several hundred thousand to several million and beta mass ranges from 500 to 1500 mg 1-3. With this known heterogeneity, a standard processing and staining procedure was developed so that pancreatic regions were clearly defined and islets characterized using rigorous histopathology and immunolocalization examinations. 
Standardized procedures for processing human pancreas recovered from organ donors are described in part 1 of this series. The pancreas is processed into 3 main regions (head, body, tail) followed by transverse sections. Transverse sections from the pancreas head are further divided, as indicated based on size, and numbered alphabetically to denote subsections. This standardization allows for a complete cross sectional analysis of the head region including the uncinate region which contains islets composed primarily of pancreatic polypeptide cells to the tail region.
The current report comprises part 2 of this series and describes the procedures used for serial sectioning and histopathological characterization of the pancreatic paraffin sections with an emphasis on islet endocrine cells, replication, and T-cell infiltrates. Pathology of pancreatic sections is intended to characterize both exocrine, ductular, and endocrine components. The exocrine compartment is evaluated for the presence of pancreatitis (active or chronic), atrophy, fibrosis, and fat, as well as the duct system, particularly in relationship to the presence of pancreatic intraductal neoplasia4. Islets are evaluated for morphology, size, and density, endocrine cells, inflammation, fibrosis, amyloid, and the presence of replicating or apoptotic cells using H&amp;E and IHC stains. 
The final component described in part 2 is the provision of the stained slides as digitized whole slide images. The digitized slides are organized by case and pancreas region in an online pathology database creating a virtual biobank. Access to this online collection is currently provided to over 200 clinicians and scientists involved in type 1 diabetes research. The online database provides a means for rapid and complete data sharing and for investigators to select blocks for paraffin or frozen serial sections.

This video demonstrates procedures for characterization of human pancreatic islets using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Pancreatic sections from head, body, and tail regions are stained by both H&amp;E and IHC to determine islet endocrine composition (insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide), cell replication (Ki67), and inflammatory infiltrates (H&E, CD3). The uncinate region is localized using IHC for pancreatic polypeptide.

İnsan Pankreas Adacıklar için boyama Protokoller

Estimates of islet area and numbers and endocrine cell composition in the adult human pancreas vary from several hundred thousand to several million and ...

Tıp

Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI) for Cancer Therapy Monitoring

In molecular imaging, positron emission tomography (PET) and optical imaging (OI) are two of the most important and thus most widely used modalities1-3. PET is characterized by its excellent sensitivity and quantification ability while OI is notable for non-radiation, relative low cost, short scanning time, high throughput, and wide availability to basic researchers. However, both modalities have their shortcomings as well. PET suffers from poor spatial resolution and high cost, while OI is mostly limited to preclinical applications because of its limited tissue penetration along with prominent scattering optical signals through the thickness of living tissues.
 Recently a bridge between PET and OI has emerged with the discovery of Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI)4-6. CLI is a new imaging modality that harnesses Cerenkov Radiation (CR) to image radionuclides with OI instruments. Russian Nobel laureate Alekseyevich Cerenkov and his colleagues originally discovered CR in 1934. It is a form of electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle travels at a superluminal speed in a dielectric medium7,8. The charged particle, whether positron or electron, perturbs the electromagnetic field of the medium by displacing the electrons in its atoms. After passing of the disruption photons are emitted as the displaced electrons return to the ground state. For instance, one 18F decay was estimated to produce an average of 3 photons in water5. 
 Since its emergence, CLI has been investigated for its use in a variety of preclinical applications including in vivo tumor imaging, reporter gene imaging, radiotracer development, multimodality imaging, among others4,5,9,10,11. The most important reason why CLI has enjoyed much success so far is that this new technology takes advantage of the low cost and wide availability of OI to image radionuclides, which used to be imaged only by more expensive and less available nuclear imaging modalities such as PET.
 Here, we present the method of using CLI to monitor cancer drug therapy. Our group has recently investigated this new application and validated its feasibility by a proof-of-concept study12. We demonstrated that CLI and PET exhibited excellent correlations across different tumor xenografts and imaging probes. This is consistent with the overarching principle of CR that CLI essentially visualizes the same radionuclides as PET. We selected Bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech/Roche) as our therapeutic agent because it is a well-known angiogenesis inhibitor13,14. Maturation of this technology in the near future can be envisioned to have a significant impact on preclinical drug development, screening, as well as therapy monitoring of patients receiving treatments.

Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging CLI for Cancer Therapy Monitoring

Use of Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI) for monitoring preclinical cancer treatment is described here. This method takes advantage of Cerenkov Radiation (CR) and optical imaging (OI) to visualize radiolabeled probes and thus provides an alternative to PET in preclinical therapeutic monitoring and drug screening.

Kanser Tedavisi İzleme Cerenkov Lüminesans Görüntüleme (CLI)

In  molecular imaging, positron emission tomography (PET) and optical imaging (OI)  are two of the most important and thus most widely used modalities1-3. ...

Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants

Perinatal brain injury remains a significant cause of infant mortality and morbidity, but there is not yet an effective bedside tool that can accurately screen for brain injury, monitor injury evolution, or assess response to therapy. The energy used by neurons is derived largely from tissue oxidative metabolism, and neural hyperactivity and cell death are reflected by corresponding changes in cerebral oxygen metabolism (CMRO2). Thus, measures of CMRO2 are reflective of neuronal viability and provide critical diagnostic information, making CMRO2 an ideal target for bedside measurement of brain health.
Brain-imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) yield measures of cerebral glucose and oxygen metabolism, but these techniques require the administration of radionucleotides, so they are used in only the most acute cases.
Continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy (CWNIRS) provides non-invasive and non-ionizing radiation measures of hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO2) as a surrogate for cerebral oxygen consumption. However, SO2 is less than ideal as a surrogate for cerebral oxygen metabolism as it is influenced by both oxygen delivery and consumption. Furthermore, measurements of SO2 are not sensitive enough to detect brain injury hours after the insult 1,2, because oxygen consumption and delivery reach equilibrium after acute transients 3. We investigated the possibility of using more sophisticated NIRS optical methods to quantify cerebral oxygen metabolism at the bedside in healthy and brain-injured newborns. More specifically, we combined the frequency-domain NIRS (FDNIRS) measure of SO2 with the diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) measure of blood flow index (CBFi) to yield an index of CMRO2 (CMRO2i) 4,5.
With the combined FDNIRS/DCS system we are able to quantify cerebral metabolism and hemodynamics. This represents an improvement over CWNIRS for detecting brain health, brain development, and response to therapy in neonates. Moreover, this method adheres to all neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) policies on infection control and institutional policies on laser safety. Future work will seek to integrate the two instruments to reduce acquisition time at the bedside and to implement real-time feedback on data quality to reduce the rate of data rejection.

We combined frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy measures of cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation with diffuse correlation spectroscopy measures of cerebral blood flow index to estimate an index of oxygen metabolism. We tested the utility of this measure as a bedside screening tool to evaluate the health and development of the newborn brain.

Bebeklerde Serebral Metabolizma ve Hemodinamiğin Noninvaziv Optik Ölçüm

Perinatal brain injury remains a significant cause of infant mortality  and morbidity, but there is not yet an effective bedside tool that can  accurately ...

Non-invasive Assessment of Microvascular and Endothelial Function

The authors have utilized capillaroscopy and forearm blood flow techniques to investigate the role of microvascular dysfunction in pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Capillaroscopy is a non-invasive, relatively inexpensive methodology for directly visualizing the microcirculation. Percent capillary recruitment is assessed by dividing the increase in capillary density induced by postocclusive reactive hyperemia (postocclusive reactive hyperemia capillary density minus baseline capillary density), by the maximal capillary density (observed during passive venous occlusion). Percent perfused capillaries represents the proportion of all capillaries present that are perfused (functionally active), and is calculated by dividing postocclusive reactive hyperemia capillary density by the maximal capillary density. Both percent capillary recruitment and percent perfused capillaries reflect the number of functional capillaries. The forearm blood flow (FBF) technique provides accepted non-invasive measures of endothelial function: The ratio FBFmax/FBFbase is computed as an estimate of vasodilation, by dividing the mean of the four FBFmax values by the mean of the four FBFbase values. Forearm vascular resistance at maximal vasodilation (FVRmax) is calculated as the mean arterial pressure (MAP) divided by FBFmax. Both the capillaroscopy and forearm techniques are readily acceptable to patients and can be learned quickly.
The microvascular and endothelial function measures obtained using the methodologies described in this paper may have future utility in clinical patient cardiovascular risk-reduction strategies. As we have published reports demonstrating that microvascular and endothelial dysfunction are found in initial stages of hypertension including prehypertension, microvascular and endothelial function measures may eventually aid in early identification, risk-stratification and prevention of end-stage vascular pathology, with its potentially fatal consequences.

Capillaroscopy is a non-invasive, relatively inexpensive methodology for directly visualizing the microcirculation. The forearm blood flow technique provides accepted non-invasive measures of endothelial function.

Mikrovasküler ve Endotel Fonksiyonu Noninvaziv Değerlendirilmesi

The authors have utilized capillaroscopy and forearm blood flow techniques to investigate the role of microvascular dysfunction in pathogenesis of ...

Transplantation into the Anterior Chamber of the Eye for Longitudinal, Non-invasive In vivo Imaging with Single-cell Resolution in Real-time

Intravital imaging has emerged as an indispensable tool in biological research. In the process, many imaging techniques have been developed to study different biological processes in animals non-invasively. However, a major technical limitation in existing intravital imaging modalities is the inability to combine non-invasive, longitudinal imaging with single-cell resolution capabilities. We show here how transplantation into the anterior chamber of the eye circumvents such significant limitation offering a versatile experimental platform that enables non-invasive, longitudinal imaging with cellular resolution in vivo. We demonstrate the transplantation procedure in the mouse and provide representative results using a model with clinical relevance, namely pancreatic islet transplantation. In addition to enabling direct visualization in a variety of tissues transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye, this approach provides a platform to screen drugs by performing long-term follow up and monitoring in target tissues. Because of its versatility, tissue/cell transplantation into the anterior chamber of the eye not only benefits transplantation therapies, it extends to other in vivo applications to study physiological and pathophysiological processes such as signal transduction and cancer or autoimmune disease development.

Transplantation into the Anterior Chamber of the Eye for Longitudinal, Non-invasive In vivo Imaging with Single-cell Resolution in Real-time

A new approach combining intraocular transplantation and confocal microscopy enables longitudinal, non-invasive real-time imaging with single-cell resolution within grafted tissues in vivo. We demonstrate how to transplant pancreatic islets into the anterior chamber of the mouse eye.

Boyuna, Non-invaziv için Eye Ön Kamara içine Nakli<em&gt; In vivo</emGerçek zamanlı Tek hücreli Çözünürlük&gt; Görüntüleme

Intravital imaging has emerged as an indispensable tool in biological research.  In the process, many imaging techniques have been developed to study ...

Non-invasive Imaging and Analysis of Cerebral Ischemia in Living Rats Using Positron Emission Tomography with 18F-FDG

Stroke is the third leading cause of death among Americans 65 years of age or older1. The quality of life for patients who suffer from a stroke fails to return to normal in a large majority of patients2, which is mainly due to current lack of clinical treatment for acute stroke. This necessitates understanding the physiological effects of cerebral ischemia on brain tissue over time and is a major area of active research. Towards this end, experimental progress has been made using rats as a preclinical model for stroke, particularly, using non-invasive methods such as 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) coupled with Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging3,10,17. Here we present a strategy for inducing cerebral ischemia in rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) that mimics focal cerebral ischemia in humans, and imaging its effects over 24 hr using FDG-PET coupled with X-ray computed tomography (CT) with an Albira PET-CT instrument. A VOI template atlas was subsequently fused to the cerebral rat data to enable a unbiased analysis of the brain and its sub-regions4. In addition, a method for 3D visualization of the FDG-PET-CT time course is presented. In summary, we present a detailed protocol for initiating, quantifying, and visualizing an induced ischemic stroke event in a living Sprague-Dawley rat in three dimensions using FDG-PET.

Non-invasive Imaging and Analysis of Cerebral Ischemia in Living Rats Using Positron Emission Tomography with 18F-FDG

Brain damage resulting from cerebral ischemia may be non-invasively imaged and studied in rats using pre-clinical positron emission tomography coupled with the injectable radioactive probe, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. Further, the use of modern software tools that include volume of interest (VOI) brain templates dramatically increase the quantitative information gleaned from these studies.

Pozitron Emisyon Tomografi ile kullanma Non-invaziv Görüntüleme ve Serebral iskemi Analizi Yaşam Sıçanlarda<sup&gt; 18</sup&gt; F-FDG

Stroke is the third leading cause of death among Americans 65 years of age or older1. The quality of life for patients who suffer from a stroke fails to ...

Murine Model for Non-invasive Imaging to Detect and Monitor Ovarian Cancer Recurrence

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Although patients initially respond to the current standard of care consisting of surgical debulking and combination chemotherapy consisting of platinum and taxane compounds, almost 90% of patients recur within a few years. In these patients the development of chemoresistant disease limits the efficacy of currently available chemotherapy agents and therefore contributes to the high mortality. To discover novel therapy options that can target recurrent disease, appropriate animal models that closely mimic the clinical profile of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer are required. The challenge in monitoring intra-peritoneal (i.p.) disease limits the use of i.p. models and thus most xenografts are established subcutaneously. We have developed a sensitive optical imaging platform that allows the detection and anatomical location of i.p. tumor mass. The platform includes the use of optical reporters that extend from the visible light range to near infrared, which in combination with 2-dimensional X-ray co-registration can provide anatomical location of molecular signals. Detection is significantly improved by the use of a rotation system that drives the animal to multiple angular positions for 360 degree imaging, allowing the identification of tumors that are not visible in single orientation. This platform provides a unique model to non-invasively monitor tumor growth and evaluate the efficacy of new therapies for the prevention or treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer.

We describe a non-invasive animal imaging platform that allows the detection, quantification, and monitoring of ovarian cancer growth and recurrence. This intra-peritoneal xenograft model mimics the clinical profile of patients with ovarian cancer.

Non-invaziv Görüntüleme için fare modeli Algılama ve Monitör Yumurtalık Kanseri nüks için

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Although patients initially respond to the current standard of ...

Non-invasive Assessment of the Efficacy of New Therapeutics for Intestinal Pathologies Using Serial Endoscopic Imaging of Live Mice

Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) have provided significant insight into the cell intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that contribute to the onset and progression of intestinal diseases. The identification of new molecules that promote these pathologies has led to a flurry of activity focused on the development of potential new therapies to inhibit their function. As a result, various pre-clinical mouse models with an intact immune system and stromal microenvironment are now heavily used. Here we describe three experimental protocols to test the efficacy of new therapeutics in pre-clinical models of (1) acute mucosal damage, (2) chronic colitis and/or colitis-associated colon cancer, and (3) sporadic colorectal cancer. We also outline procedures for serial endoscopic examination that can be used to document the therapeutic response of an individual tumor and to monitor the health of individual mice. These protocols provide complementary experimental platforms to test the effectiveness of therapeutic compounds shown to be well tolerated by mice.

We describe methods for longitudinal monitoring of the efficacy of therapeutics for the treatment of colonic pathologies in mice using a rigid endoscope. This protocol can be readily used for the characterization of the therapeutic response of an individual tumor in live mice and also for monitoring potential disease relapse.

Canlı Fareler Seri endoskopik Görüntüleme kullanma Bağırsak Patolojilerde Yeni Therapeutics Etkinliğinin Non-invaziv Değerlendirme

Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) have provided significant insight into the cell intrinsic and extrinsic ...

Non-invasive Assessment of Dorsiflexor Muscle Function in Mice

Assessment of skeletal muscle contractile function is an important measurement for both clinical and research purposes. Numerous conditions can negatively affect skeletal muscle. This can result in a loss of muscle mass (atrophy) and/or loss of muscle quality (reduced force per unit of muscle mass), both of which are prevalent in chronic disease, muscle-specific disease, immobilization, and aging (sarcopenia). Skeletal muscle function in animals can be evaluated by a range of different tests. All tests have limitations related to the physiological testing environment, and the selection of a specific test often depends on the nature of the experiments. Here, we describe an in vivo, non-invasive technique involving a helpful and easy assessment of force frequency-curve (FFC) in mice that can be performed on the same animal over time. This permits monitoring of disease progression and/or efficacy&#160;of a potential therapeutic treatment.

Measurement of rodent skeletal muscle contractile function is a useful tool that can be used to track disease progression as well as efficacy of therapeutic intervention. We describe here the non-invasive, in vivo assessment of the dorsiflexor muscles that can be repeated over time in the same mouse.

Non-invaziv Dorsiflexor kas fonksiyonu farelerde değerlendirilmesi

Assessment of skeletal muscle contractile function is an important measurement for both clinical and research purposes. Numerous conditions can negatively ...

Oxygenation-sensitive Cardiac MRI with Vasoactive Breathing Maneuvers for the Non-invasive Assessment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction

Oxygenation-sensitive cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (OS-CMR) is a diagnostic technique that uses the inherent paramagnetic properties of deoxyhemoglobin as an endogenous source of tissue contrast. Used in combination with standardized vasoactive breathing maneuvers (hyperventilation and apnea) as a potent non-pharmacologic vasomotor stimulus, OS-CMR can monitor changes in myocardial oxygenation. Quantifying such changes during the cardiac cycle and throughout vasoactive maneuvers can provide markers for coronary macro- and microvascular function and thereby circumvent the need for any extrinsic, intravenous contrast or pharmacologic stress agents.
OS-CMR uses the well-known sensitivity of T2*-weighted images to blood oxygenation. Oxygenation-sensitive images can be acquired on any cardiac MRI scanner using a modified standard clinical steady-state free precession (SSFP) cine sequence, making this technique vendor-agnostic and easily implemented. As a vasoactive breathing maneuver, we apply a 4-min breathing protocol of 120 s of free breathing, 60 s of paced hyperventilation, followed by an expiratory breath-hold of at least 30 s. The regional and global response of myocardial tissue oxygenation to this maneuver can be assessed by tracking the signal intensity change. The change over the initial 30 s of the post-hyperventilation breath-hold, referred to as the breathing-induced myocardial oxygenation reserve (B-MORE) has been studied in healthy people and various pathologies. A detailed protocol for performing oxygen-sensitive CMR scans with vasoactive maneuvers is provided.
As demonstrated in patients with microvascular dysfunction in yet incompletely understood conditions, such as inducible ischemia with no obstructive coronary artery stenosis (INOCA), heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), or microvascular dysfunction after heart transplantation, this approach provides unique, clinically important, and complementary information on coronary vascular function.

The assessment of microvascular function by oxygenation-sensitive cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in combination with vasoactive breathing maneuvers is unique in its ability to assess rapid dynamic changes in myocardial oxygenation in vivo and, thus, may serve as a critically important diagnostic technique for coronary vascular function.