Yazarlar Diatomik moleküler çizgi güçlü hesaplama faiz ve tartışma için Sayın JO Hornkohl teşekkür ederim. Bu çalışma kısmen Tennessee Uzay Enstitüsü Üniversitesi Lazer Uygulamaları Merkezi tarafından desteklenmektedir.

1.. Optik Sistem Kurulumu <ol><li> 1064 nm dalga boyu ışık geçmesine ve bir ışın halinde dökümü diğer geçici lazer radyasyonu yansıtmak için izin lazer çıkışında bir ışın ayırıcı yerleştirin. </li><li> Işın ayırıcı yansıyan lazer radyasyonunun bir kısmını kaydetmek için bir yüksek hızlı bir PIN fotodiyot detektörü yerleştirin. YAG lazer cihazı: fonksiyon jeneratör ve Nd Q-anahtarlama oluşum tetikleme açısından optik darbe izlemek için koaksiyel kablo ile osiloskopa bu dedektörü bağlayın. </li><li> Spektrometrenin yarık kiriş paralel konumlandırmak için üç IR yansıtma aynası hizalayın. </li><li> Spektrometre yarık optik arıza plazma paralel oluşturmak için ışın odaklamak için çeviri aşamasında yukarıda bir mercek yerleştirin. Yarığın üzerine plazma görüntülenmesi amacıyla iki kuvars lens hizalayın. İki odaklama lensi en uygun şekilde nihai lens bir APER sahiptir, yani, spektrometre tasarımı maçspektrometrenin dahili optik f # ile af # özdeş gerçekleştirmek için Ture. </li><li> 380 nm, yukarıda ölçümleri için, bir kesik-on filtre, iki lens arasında 380 nm altında radyasyonu bloke etmek amacıyla yerleştirin. Cut-on filtre ölçülen spektrumları (nedeniyle ızgaranın 2. sırasına) mümkün UV katkıları bastırır. </li></ol> 2. Veri Toplama Ayarı <ol><li> 10 Hz elde etmek için bir özel inşa böl-by-beş devresine 50 Hz üçgen dalga sağlayan bir dalga formu fonksiyonu jeneratör bağlayın. Optik çok kanallı analizör (OMA) 50 Hz ve Nd flaş lambalar işletilen: YAG lazer eşzamanlı 10 Hz&#39;de işletilmektedir. Bir de darbeli lazer radyasyonunun oranında eşzamanlı çalışan, OMA yerine bir ICCD kullanabilir. </li><li> Bir dijital gecikme jeneratör özel inşa böl-by-beş devrenin çıkışlarının birini bağlayın. Devam için YAG flaş lambaları ve başka çıkış: Nd senkronize bir çıkışını kullanınrol lineer diyot dizisi kuvvetlendirici ve optik kanallı analizörü tetikler. Yine, yerine yoğunlaştırılmış lineer diyot dizi ve OMA biri bir ICCD kullanabilirsiniz. </li><li> Bir osiloskop ve bir darbe jeneratör lazer cihazının ayarlanabilir tetik röle çıkışı. Darbeli lazer radyasyonu optik arıza nesil veya lazer ablasyon için ne zaman hazır olacağını Osiloskop izlemek için kullanılacaktır. </li><li> Yoğunlaştırılmış lineer diyot dizisi için dijital sinyal jeneratörünün yüksek voltaj çıkışını bağlayın. </li><li> Osiloskopa darbe jeneratörünün diğer çıkışını bağlayın. </li><li> OMA yoğunlaştırılmış lineer diyot dizisi çıkışını bağlayın. </li></ol> 3. Senkronizasyon ve Ölçme <ol><li> Çıkışına 50 ± 1 Hz&#39;de çalışan bir üçgen darbe dalga formu fonksiyonu jeneratör ayarlayın. Bu fonksiyon jeneratör ana frekansını sağlar. Bir özel inşa böl-by-beş devre ve dijital gecikme jeneratör ac için kullanılırsenkronizasyonu papaz. </li><li> Su soğutma sistemi ve lazer cihazı için güç kaynağı başlatın. Lazer etkinleştirin. </li><li> Nd çıkış diyafram seyahat için lazer radyasyonu için zaman belirleyin aşağıdaki gibidir: spektrometre yarığın önündeki alana YAG lazer: ışık yolu mesafeyi ölçün ve hız-of-ışığı kullanarak transit zamanı hesaplamak. Bir sonraki adımda kapı gecikme zaman ayarı bu transit süre için hesap. </li><li> Dijital darbe üreteci üzerinde, ölçme ve optik arıza veya lazer ablasyon darbesinden gecikme süresi için kapı genişliğini ayarlamak ve gecikme süresini izlemek için osiloskop kullanın. Gecikme süresi dökümü gerçekleştikten sonra veri toplama için ne kadar bekleyeceğini belirler. Kapı genişliği diyot dizisi plazma radyasyona maruz kaldığı süre belirler. </li><li> Havada optik arıza oluşturmak ve / veya ablasyon oluşacak şekilde translasyon sahnede bir numuneyi. Görüntü spektrometre yarık üzerine Mikoplazma. </li><li> Yoğunlaştırılmış lineer diyot dizi ve optik çok kanallı analizör (veya bir ICCD ile) ile ölçüm ve kayıt verileri başlayın. </li></ol> 4. Dalgaboyu Kalibrasyon <ol><li> Neon, cıva, ve hidrojen lambaları: standart kalibrasyon lambaları rekor spektrumları. Plazma oluşturulan yerinde koymak lambaları ile deneysel düzenleme kullanın. </li><li> Lambalardan bilinen dalga boylarını kullanarak, piksel-dalga boyu yazışma elde etmek için bir doğrusal ya da kübik fit gerçekleştirin. Doğru bir kalibrasyon amacı, genellikle spektrumu ölçümü ile ilişkilidir için doğrusal olmayan düzeltmektir. </li><li> H, C 2, CN, ve ilgi TiO spektral bölgeleri için kalibrasyon tekrarlayın. </li></ol> 5. Yoğunluğu Kalibrasyon <ol><li> Tungsten kalibrasyon lambasını açmak ve ısınmak için bekleyin. </li><li> Etkin lamba sıcaklığını ölçmek için bir optik pirometre kullanın. </li><li> R deneysel düzenleme kullanmaEtkin lambanın spektrumu ECORD. </li><li> Bir giriş parametresi olarak ölçülen sıcaklık kullanılarak Plank radyasyon hukukun bir cisim eğrisi hesaplanır. </li><li> Aktif lamba spektrumu hesaplanan eğri takınız. Faktörlerin belirlenmesi ile hesaplanan eğriden kaydedildi yoğunlukları. Dedektörün dalga boyu bağımlı duyarlılık için kaydedilen spektrumları düzeltmek için bu faktörleri uygulayın. </li><li> Spektrometre kullanılan her bölge için bu işlemi tekrarlayın. </li></ol> 6. Veri Transferi <ol><li> Dosya transferleri için ortamı hazırlayın. </li><li> Her bir veri ölçümü için, ortam üzerine kaydedin. </li><li> Bu orta almak ve bir iş bilgisayarınıza üzerinde dosya upload. </li></ol> 7. Hazırlık Dosya <ol><li> Her dosya için, bölümlere kaydedilen verileri içeren birini, ve başlangıç ​​dalga boyu ve veri noktası başına ortalama dalgaboyu kaymasını belirterek diğerlerini ayrıştırmak. </li><li> Maç için yeni bir dosya oluşturmak için bu bölümleri kullanınKaydedilen veriler ile dalga boyları. </li></ol> 8. Diatomik Moleküler Analizi <ol><li> Dalgaboyu dosya ve ilgili hat gücü dosyasını seçin. </li><li> Offset temel seçin. <ol><li> Ofset, sürekli lineer veya kuadratik ayarlayın. </li><li> Ilgili katsayıları sabit veya değişken değerler ya ayarlayın. </li></ol></li><li> Sabit veya farklı da olabilir her ikisi de çözünürlük ve sıcaklığını ayarlayın. </li><li> Ölçülen spektrumları uygun olması sentetik spektrumları için uyum toleransını ayarlayın. </li><li> Bir Nelder-Mead algoritması kullanarak deneysel spektrumları hesaplanan takınız. </li><li> Her ölçüm için hesaplanan spektrumları iyi uydurma parametreleri kullanarak, kullanılan çeşitli zaman gecikmeler ve kapı genişlikleri gözlenen Mikroplazma parametrelerini anlaması. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Miziolek, A. W., Palleschi, V., Schechter, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. , (2006).</li><li>Cremers, D. E., Radziemski, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. , (2006).</li><li>Singh, J. P., Thakur, S. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. , (2007).</li><li>Hahn, D. W., Omenetto, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser-induced+breakdown+spectroscopy+(LIBS),+Part+I:+review+of+basic+diagnostics+and+plasma-particle+iterations:+still-challenging+issues+within+the+analytical+plasma+community.">Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Part I: review of basic diagnostics and plasma-particle iterations: still-challenging issues within the analytical plasma community.</a> Appl. Spectrosc. 64, (2010).</li><li>Hahn, D. W., Omenetto, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser-induced+breakdown+spectroscopy+(LIBS),+Part+II:+review+of+instrumental+and+methodological+approaches+to+material+analysis+and+applications+to+different+fields.">Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Part II: review of instrumental and methodological approaches to material analysis and applications to different fields.</a> Appl. Spectrosc. 66, 347 (2012).</li><li>Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atomic+and+molecular+emissions+in+laser-induced+breakdown+spectroscopy.">Atomic and molecular emissions in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.</a> Spectrochim. Acta Part B. 79, 4-16 (2013).</li><li>Konjevi&#263;, N., Lesage, A., Fuhr, J. R., Wiese, W. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+Stark+widths+and+shifts+for+spectral+lines+of+neutral+and+ionized+atoms.">Experimental Stark widths and shifts for spectral lines of neutral and ionized atoms.</a> J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. 31, 819-927 (2002).</li><li>Oks, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stark+broadening+of+hydrogen+and+hydrogen-like+spectral+lines+in+plasmas:+the+physical+insight.">Stark broadening of hydrogen and hydrogen-like spectral lines in plasmas: the physical insight.</a> Alpha Science Int. , (2006).</li><li>Parigger, C. G., Dackman, M., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-resolved+spectroscopy+measurements+of+hydrogen-alpha,+-beta,+and+-gamma+emissions.">Time-resolved spectroscopy measurements of hydrogen-alpha, -beta, and -gamma emissions.</a> Appl. Opt. 47, (2008).</li><li>Parigger, C. G., Oks, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrogen+Balmer+series+spectroscopy+in+laser-induced+breakdown+plasmas.">Hydrogen Balmer series spectroscopy in laser-induced breakdown plasmas.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 1, 13-23 (2010).</li><li>Lucena, A. D., Tobaria, L. M., Laserna, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+challenges+and+insights+in+the+detection+and+spectral+identification+of+organic+explosives+by+laser+induced+breakdown+spectroscopy.">New challenges and insights in the detection and spectral identification of organic explosives by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy.</a> Spectrochim. Acta Part B. 66 (1), 12-20 (2011).</li><li>Swafford, L. D., Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+hydrogen+Balmer+Series+lines+following+laser-induced+optical+breakdown+in+laboratory+air.">Measurement of hydrogen Balmer Series lines following laser-induced optical breakdown in laboratory air.</a> Accepted, Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 4 (1), (2013).</li><li>Hornkohl, J. O., Nemes, L., Parigger, C. G., Nemes, L., Irle, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectroscopy+of+Carbon+Containing+Diatomic+Molecules.">Spectroscopy of Carbon Containing Diatomic Molecules.</a> Spectroscopy, Dynamics and Molecular Theory of Carbon Plasmas and Vapor. , 113-165 (2011).</li><li>Parigger, C., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diatomic+molecular+spectroscopy+with+standard+and+anomalous+commutators.">Diatomic molecular spectroscopy with standard and anomalous commutators.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 1, 25-43 (2010).</li><li>Parigger, C. G., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computation+of+AlO+emission+spectra.">Computation of AlO emission spectra.</a> Spectrochim. Acta Part A. 81, 404-411 (2011).</li><li>Hermann, J., Peronne, A., Dutouquet, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+TiO-&#947;+System+for+temperature+measurements+in+laser-induced+plasma.">Analysis of the TiO-&#947; System for temperature measurements in laser-induced plasma.</a> J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 34, 153-164 (2001).</li><li>Woods, A. C., Parigger, C. G., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurements+and+analysis+of+titanium+monoxide+spectra+in+laser-induced+plasma.">Measurements and analysis of titanium monoxide spectra in laser-induced plasma.</a> Opt. Lett. 37, 5139-5141 (2012).</li><li>Witte, M. J., Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+and+analysis+of+carbon+Swan+spectra+following+laser-induced+optical+breakdown+in+air.">Measurement and analysis of carbon Swan spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown in air.</a> Accepted, Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 4 (1), (2013).</li><li>Surmick, D. M., Parigger, C. G., Woods, A. C., Donaldson, A. B., Height, J. L., Gill, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+emission+Spectra+of+Aluminum+Monoxide+in+a+Solid+Propellant+Flame.">Analysis of emission Spectra of Aluminum Monoxide in a Solid Propellant Flame.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 3 (2), 2-137 (2012).</li><li>Woods, A. C., Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-resolved+Temperature+Inferences+Utilizing+the+TiO+A3&#966;&#8594;X3&#916;+Band+in+Laser-induced+Plasma.">Time-resolved Temperature Inferences Utilizing the TiO A3&#966;&#8594;X3&#916; Band in Laser-induced Plasma.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 3 (2), 103-111 (2012).</li></ol>

Tüm yazarlar, hiçbir rakip mali çıkarlarını olmadığını beyan ederim.

Ölçüm protokolü ve temsili sonuçlar çözülmesi zaman daha burada tartışılır. Bu yoğunlaştırılmış doğrusal diyot dizisi ve OMA (ya da ICCD) &#39;nin 50 Hz çalışma frekansı ile, 10 Hz bir hızda üretilen lazer darbeleri, senkronize edilmesi önemlidir. Bundan başka, lazer atımlarının ve yoğunlaştırılmış doğrusal diyot dizi (ya da seçenek olarak ICCD) kapısının açılması doğru zamanlama gereklidir. Deney şematik belirtilen dalga üreteci, lazer darbeleri senkronize etmek için kull...

Lazer kaynaklı arıza spektroskopisi (LIBS) teknikleri 1-5 atom 6-12 uygulamaları ve lazer radyasyonu ile oluşturulan plazmanın 13-20 moleküler çalışmalar var. Zaman çözüldü spektroskopisi plazmanın geçici özelliklerinin tespiti için gereklidir. Adı ancak iki plazma parametreleri sıcaklık ve elektron yoğunluğu, plazma arıza makul bir teorik bir model kullanılabilir Resim ölçülebilir. Atomik ve moleküler emisyonları serbest elektron radyasyon ayrılık bize doğru geçici fenomenleri keşfetmek sağlar. Belirli bir zamansal pencerede odaklanarak, bir plazma çürüme &quot;dondurma&quot; ve böylece doğru spektroskopik parmak izi elde edebilirsiniz. LIBS çeşitli uygulamalar vardır ve alanında yayıncılık araştırmacı sayısına göre ölçülen zaman yakın LIBS-teşhis faiz önemli bir artış göstermektedir. Pico ve femtosecond üretilen Mikoplazma devam ait değildirAraştırma ilgi, ancak, tarihsel deneysel KIBS düzenlemeler nanosaniye lazer radyasyonu kullanmaktadır. Şekil 1, lazer kaynaklı arıza spektroskopisi için tipik bir deneysel düzenleme gösterir. Bu protokol için, başlangıç ​​ışın için işlevsel analizi enerji 1064 nm kızılötesi dalga boyunda, 75 mJ darbenin mertebesindedir. Gerektiğinde bu darbe enerjisi ayarlanabilir. . Plazma spektrometresi ile dağıtılmış ve Yoğunlaştırılmış 2 boyutlu Charge Coupled Device (ICCD) üzerine görüntülenmiş alternatif olarak, yoğunlaştırılmış doğrusal bir diyot dizisi ve OMA veya, ile ölçülür Şekil 2 zamana bağlı deneyler için zamanlama diyagramı göstermektedir: darbe senkronizasyonu okuma, lazer darbe tetiklemeli, lazer yangın ve kapı açık gecikme ile lazer radyasyonu. Başarılı zaman çözüme spektroskopisi çeşitli kalibrasyon prosedürleri gerektirir. Bu prosedürler geri, dalgaboyu kalibrasyonu dahilzemin düzeltme, ve en önemlisi, detektörün duyarlılık düzeltme. Duyarlılık veri ölçülür ve model spektrumlarının karşılaştırılması için önemlidir düzeltildi. Sinyal-gürültü oranının artması için, birden çok lazer kaynaklı arıza olayları kaydedilir.

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			<td style="width:167px;">500 MHz - 5 GS/sec, Companies: Amazon, Tektronix, Fluke, Agilent Technologies, Pico Technology</td>
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			<td style="width:71px;">Wavetek</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Nd:YAG Laser Line Mirror, 1,064 nm</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NB1-K13</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Edmund Optics, Newport</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">1 in Fused Silica Bi-Convex Lens, uncoated</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SBX031</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Edmund Optics, Thorlabs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:216px;">2 in Fused Silica Plano-Convex lens, uncoated</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SPX049</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Convex lens, f/4.&#160; Companies: Edmund Optics, Thorlabs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Spectrograph</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Instruments S.A. division Jobin-Yvon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HR 640</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Andor, Newport, Horiba</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Manual and electronic controller for Spectrograph</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Instruments S.A. division Jobin-Yvon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 980028</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Manual and electronic controller for Spectrograph</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Mega 4000</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Mega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 129709</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Computer interface for Spectrograph</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Gateway 2000 Crystal Scan 1024 monitor</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Gateway</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PMV14AC</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Monitor for computer interface</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">20 MHz Oscilloscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">BK Precision</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 2125</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Amazon, Tektronix, Fluke, Agilent Technologies, Pico Technology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">6040 Universal Pulse Generator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Berkeley Nucleonics Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 6040</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Agilent Technologies, Tektronix, Quantum Composers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Separate component to 6040 Universal Pulse Generator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Berkeley Nucleonics Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 202 H</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Separate component to 6040 Universal Pulse Generator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">ICCD Camera</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">EG&#38;G Parc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 46113</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Andor, Standford Computer Optics, LaVision, Hamamatsu</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">OMA III</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">EG&#38;G Parc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 1460</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Spectral data acquisition and analysis. Unit discontinued, replaced by software installed on computers.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement and analysis of atomic hydrogen and diatomic molecular alo, c2, cn, and tio spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown

Bu çalışmada, lazerle endüklenmiş bir ışıksal bozulma aşağıdaki atom ve iki atomlu spektrumları zamana bağlı ölçümler mevcut. Tipik bir düzenleme, LIBS kullanılır. 1064 nm temel dalga boyunda 10 Hz&#39;lik bir frekansta YAG lazer: Burada bir Nd çalışır. 190 mJ / nabız anenergy ile 14 NSEC darbeleri optik arıza veya hava lazer ablasyon bir plazma oluşturmak için 50 mikron spot büyüklüğü odaklanmıştır. Mikroplazma 0.6 m spektrometre giriş yarık üzerine görüntülü ve spektrumları bir yoğunlaştırılmış lineer diyot dizisi ızgara 1.800 oluklar / mm ve optik çok kanallı analizör (OMA) veya bir ICCD kullanılarak kaydedilir. Ilgi elektron yoğunluğunu anlaması için hidrojen Balmer serisinin Stark-genişletti atom çizgilerdir. Ayrıca alüminyum monoksit (AIO) ait iki atomlu emisyon spektrumları sıcaklık ölçümleri üzerinde durmak, karbon (C 2), siyanojen (CN) ve titanyum monoksit (TiO). Deneysel prosedürleri içerir wavelength ve duyarlılık kalibrasyonları. Kaydedilen moleküler spektrumlarının analizi tablo satır güçlü olan verilerin takılması ile gerçekleştirilir. Dahası, Monte-Carlo tipi simülasyonları hata marjları tahmin yapılmaktadır. Zamana bağlı ölçümler LIBS sık karşılaşılan geçici plazma için gereklidir.

LIBS yeterli bir plazma oluşturmak için bir örnek iyonize etmek için darbeli lazer radyasyon kullanır. Katı yüzeylere lazerle ablasyon numunenin yüzeyi üzerinde plazma üretecek gaz halindeki maddelerin, lazer kaynaklı arıza, uyarım ışının odak bölgesi ile ilgili ortalanır plazma oluşturur. Plazma nanosaniye dökümü bakliyat için 100 GW / cm 2 sipariş üzerine optik radyasyon odaklanarak tarafından oluşturulur. , Lazer ablasyon plazma üretmek için genellikle 1 GW / cm 2 f...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown at JoVE.com

Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

Zaman çözülmesi atomik ve moleküler Diatomik türler LIBS kullanılarak ölçülür. Spektrumlar Nd optik arıza plazmanın nesil sonra çeşitli zaman gecikmeleri toplanır: YAG lazer ışını ve elektron yoğunluğu ve sıcaklık anlaması için analiz edilir.

Ölçme ve Atomik Hidrojen ve iki atomlu moleküler AIO, C Analizi<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;, CN, ve TiO Spectra takiben lazer kaynaklı Optik Dağılımı

In this work, we present time-resolved measurements of atomic and diatomic spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown. A typical LIBS arrangement ...

measurement-analysis-atomic-hydrogen-diatomic-molecular-alo-c2-cn-tio

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

14.1K Görüntüleme.  University of Tennessee Space Institute.  Zaman çözülmesi atomik ve moleküler Diatomik türler LIBS kullanılarak ölçülür. Spektrumlar Nd optik arıza plazmanın nesil sonra çeşitli zaman gecikmeleri toplanır: YAG lazer ışını ve elektron yoğunluğu ve sıcaklık anlaması için analiz edilir. 

Video: Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

Construction and Testing of Coin Cells of Lithium Ion Batteries

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime. Lithium ion batteries have also been considered to be used in electric and hybrid vehicles1 or even electrical grid stabilization systems2. All these applications simulate a dramatic increase in the research and development of battery materials3-7, including new materials3,8, doping9, nanostructuring10-13, coatings or surface modifications14-17 and novel binders18. Consequently, an increasing number of physicists, chemists and materials scientists have recently ventured into this area. Coin cells are widely used in research laboratories to test new battery materials; even for the research and development that target large-scale and high-power applications, small coin cells are often used to test the capacities and rate capabilities of new materials in the initial stage. 
 In 2010, we started a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored research project to investigate the surface adsorption and disordering in battery materials (grant no. DMR-1006515). In the initial stage of this project, we have struggled to learn the techniques of assembling and testing coin cells, which cannot be achieved without numerous help of other researchers in other universities (through frequent calls, email exchanges and two site visits). Thus, we feel that it is beneficial to document, by both text and video, a protocol of assembling and testing a coin cell, which will help other new researchers in this field. This effort represents the "Broader Impact" activities of our NSF project, and it will also help to educate and inspire students.
In this video article, we document a protocol to assemble a CR2032 coin cell with a LiCoO2 working electrode, a Li counter electrode, and (the mostly commonly used) polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. To ensure new learners to readily repeat the protocol, we keep the protocol as specific and explicit as we can. However, it is important to note that in specific research and development work, many parameters adopted here can be varied. First, one can make coin cells of different sizes and test the working electrode against a counter electrode other than Li. Second, the amounts of C black and binder added into the working electrodes are often varied to suit the particular purpose of research; for example, large amounts of C black or even inert powder were added to the working electrode to test the "intrinsic" performance of cathode materials14. Third, better binders (other than PVDF) have also developed and used18. Finally, other types of electrolytes (instead of LiPF6) can also be used; in fact, certain high-voltage electrode materials will require the uses of special electrolytes7.

A protocol to construct and test coin cells of lithium ion batteries is described. The specific procedures of making a working electrode, preparing a counter electrode, assembling a cell inside a glovebox and testing the cell are presented.

İnşaat ve Lityum İyon pillerin Coin Hücre Testi

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime.  Lithium ion ...

Mühendislik

Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A New Approach for Nanoparticle's Mapping and Quantification in Organ Tissue

Emission spectroscopy of laser-induced plasma was applied to elemental analysis of biological samples. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) performed on thin sections of rodent tissues: kidneys and tumor, allows the detection of inorganic elements such as (i) Na, Ca, Cu, Mg, P, and Fe, naturally present in the body and (ii) Si and Gd, detected after the injection of gadolinium-based nanoparticles. The animals were euthanized 1&#160;to 24 hr&#160;after intravenous injection of particles. A two-dimensional scan of the sample, performed using a motorized micrometric 3D-stage, allowed the infrared laser beam exploring the surface with a lateral resolution less than 100 &#956;m. Quantitative chemical images of Gd element inside the organ were obtained with sub-mM sensitivity. LIBS offers a simple and robust method to study the distribution of inorganic materials without any specific labeling. Moreover, the compatibility of the setup with standard optical microscopy emphasizes its potential to provide multiple images of the same biological tissue with different types of response:&#160;elemental, molecular, or cellular.

Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A New Approach for Nanoparticle&#039;s Mapping and Quantification in Organ Tissue

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy performed on thin organ and tumor tissue successfully detected natural elements and artificially injected gadolinium (Gd), issued from Gd-based nanoparticles. Images of chemical elements reached a resolution of 100 &#956;m and quantitative sub-mM sensitivity. The compatibility of the setup with standard optical microscopy emphasizes its potential to provide multiple images of a same biological tissue.

Lazer kaynaklı Arıza Spektroskopisi: Organ Doku Nanopartikülün en Mapping ve Nicelik için Yeni Bir Yaklaşım

Emission spectroscopy of laser-induced plasma was applied to elemental analysis of biological samples. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) ...

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and non-destructively reveals the hydrogen density distribution at surfaces, at interfaces, and in the volume of solid materials with high depth resolution. The technique applies a 15N ion beam of 6.385 MeV provided by an electrostatic accelerator and specifically detects the 1H isotope in depths up to about 2 &#956;m from the target surface. Surface H coverages are measured with a sensitivity in the order of ~1013 cm-2 (~1% of a typical atomic monolayer density) and H volume concentrations with a detection limit of ~1018 cm-3 (~100 at. ppm). The near-surface depth resolution is 2-5 nm for surface-normal 15N ion incidence onto the target and can be enhanced to values below 1 nm for very flat targets by adopting a surface-grazing incidence geometry. The method is versatile and readily applied to any high vacuum compatible homogeneous material with a smooth surface (no pores). Electrically conductive targets usually tolerate the ion beam irradiation with negligible degradation. Hydrogen quantitation and correct depth analysis require knowledge of the elementary composition (besides hydrogen) and mass density of the target material. Especially in combination with ultra-high vacuum methods for in-situ target preparation and characterization, 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C NRA is ideally suited for hydrogen analysis at atomically controlled surfaces and nanostructured interfaces. We exemplarily demonstrate here the application of 15N NRA at the MALT Tandem accelerator facility of the University of Tokyo to (1) quantitatively measure the surface coverage and the bulk concentration of hydrogen in the near-surface region of a H2 exposed Pd(110) single crystal, and (2) to determine the depth location and layer density of hydrogen near the interfaces of thin SiO2 films on Si(100).

We illustrate the application of 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C resonant nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) to quantitatively evaluate the density of hydrogen atoms on the surface, in the volume, and at an interfacial layer of solid materials. The near-surface hydrogen depth profiling of a Pd(110) single crystal and of SiO2/Si(100) stacks is described.

Nükleer Reaksiyon Analizi Derinlik Profiling yoluyla Yüzey ve Arayüz Katmanlar ve Dökme Malzeme Hidrojen Konsantrasyonları miktar tayini

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and ...

Laser-induced Forward Transfer of Ag Nanopaste

Over the past decade, there has been much development of non-lithographic methods1-3 for printing metallic inks or other functional materials. Many of these processes such as inkjet3 and laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT)4 have become increasingly popular as interest in printable electronics and maskless patterning has grown. These additive manufacturing processes are inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and well suited for rapid prototyping, when compared to more traditional semiconductor processing techniques. While most direct-write processes are confined to two-dimensional structures and cannot handle materials with high viscosity (particularly inkjet), LIFT can transcend both constraints if performed properly. Congruent transfer of three dimensional pixels (called voxels), also referred to as laser decal transfer (LDT)5-9, has recently been demonstrated with the LIFT technique using highly viscous Ag nanopastes to fabricate freestanding interconnects, complex voxel shapes, and high-aspect-ratio structures. In this paper, we demonstrate a simple yet versatile process for fabricating a variety of micro- and macroscale Ag structures. Structures include simple shapes for patterning electrical contacts, bridging and cantilever structures, high-aspect-ratio structures, and single-shot, large area transfers using a commercial digital micromirror device (DMD) chip.

We demonstrate the use of the Laser-induced forward transfer technique (LIFT) for the printing of high-viscosity Ag paste. This technique offers a simple, low temperature, robust process for non-lithographically printing microscale 2D and 3D structures.

Ag Nanopaste lazer kaynaklı İleri Transferi

Over the past decade, there has been much development of non-lithographic methods1-3 for printing metallic inks or other functional materials. Many of ...

Optical Trap Loading of Dielectric Microparticles In Air

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly scattered dielectric microparticles adhered to a glass substrate are momentarily detached using ultrasonic vibrations generated by a piezoelectric transducer (PZT). Then, the optical beam focused on a selected particle lifts it up to the optical trap while the vibrationally excited microparticles fall back to the substrate. A particle may be trapped at the nominal focus of the trapping beam or at a position above the focus (referred to here as the levitation position) where gravity provides the restoring force. After the measurement, the trapped particle can be placed at a desired position on the substrate in a controlled manner. 
In this protocol, an experimental procedure for selective optical trap loading in air is outlined. First, the experimental setup is briefly introduced. Second, the design and fabrication of a PZT holder and a sample enclosure are illustrated in detail. The optical trap loading of a selected microparticle is then demonstrated with step-by-step instructions including sample preparation, launching into the trap, and use of electrostatic force to excite particle motion in the trap and measure charge. Finally, we present recorded particle trajectories of Brownian and ballistic motions of a trapped microparticle in air. These trajectories can be used to measure stiffness or to verify optical alignment through time domain and frequency domain analysis. Selective trap loading enables optical tweezers to track a particle and its changes over repeated trap loadings in a reversible manner, thereby enabling studies of particle-surface interaction.

A protocol for launching and stably trapping selected dielectric microparticles in air is presented.

Havada Dielektrik mikropartiküllerin Optik Tuzak Yükleme

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly ...

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

High pressure hydrogen gas is known to adversely affect metallic components of compressors, valves, hoses, and actuators. However, relatively little is known about the effects of high pressure hydrogen on the polymer sealing and barrier materials also found within these components. More study is required in order to determine the compatibility of common polymer materials found in the components of the hydrogen fuel delivery infrastructure with high pressure hydrogen. As a result, it is important to consider the changes in physical properties such as friction and wear in situ while the polymer is exposed to high pressure hydrogen. In this protocol, we present a method for testing the friction and wear properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) elastomer samples in a 28 MPa high pressure hydrogen environment using a custom-built in situ pin-on-flat linear reciprocating tribometer. Representative results from this testing are presented which indicate that the coefficient of friction between the EPDM sample coupon and steel counter surface is increased in high pressure hydrogen as compared to the coefficient of friction similarly measured in ambient air.

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

A test methodology for quantifying tribological properties of polymers used in hydrogen infrastructure service is demonstrated and characteristic results for a common elastomer are discussed.

Situ Yüksek basınçlı hidrojen hidrojen teslim altyapısında kullanılan ortak Polimer malzemelerin test Tribolojik

High pressure hydrogen gas is known to adversely affect metallic components of compressors, valves, hoses, and actuators. However, relatively little is ...

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model

Vanadium dioxide is a material that has a reversible metal-insulator phase change near 68 &#176;C. To grow VO2 on a wide variety of substrates, with wafer-scale uniformity and angstrom level control of thickness, the method of atomic-layer deposition was chosen. This ALD process enables high-quality, low-temperature (&#8804;150 &#176;C) growth of ultrathin films (100-1000 &#197;) of VO2. For this demonstration, the VO2 films were grown on sapphire substrates. This low temperature growth technique produces mostly amorphous VO2 films. A subsequent anneal in an ultra-high vacuum chamber with a pressure of 7x10-4 Pa of ultra-high purity (99.999%) oxygen produced oriented, polycrystalline VO2 films. The crystallinity, phase, and strain of the VO2 were determined by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, while the stoichiometry and impurity levels were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and finally the morphology was determined by atomic force microscopy. These data demonstrate the high-quality of the films grown by this technique. A model was created to fit to the data for VO2 in its metallic and insulating phases in the near infrared spectral region. The permittivity and refractive index of the ALD VO2 agreed well with the other fabrication methods in its insulating phase, but showed a difference in its metallic state. Finally, the analysis of the films&#39; optical properties enabled the creation of a wavelength- and temperature-dependent model of the complex optical refractive index for developing VO2 as a tunable refractive index material.

Thin films (100-1000 &#197;) of vanadium dioxide (VO2) were created by atomic-layer deposition (ALD) on sapphire substrates. Following this, the optical properties were characterized through the metal-insulator transition of VO2. From the measured optical properties, a model was created to describe the tunable refractive index of VO2.

Atom katman birikimi Vanadyum dioksit ve sıcaklık-bağımlı optik manken

Vanadium dioxide is a material that has a reversible metal-insulator phase change near 68 &#176;C. To grow VO2 on a wide variety of substrates, with ...

Quantitative Analysis of Vacuum Induction Melting by Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Vacuum induction melting is a popular method for refining high purity metal and alloys. Traditionally, standard process control in metallurgy involves several steps, include drawing samples, cooling, cutting, transport to the laboratory, and analysis. The whole analysis process requires more than 30 minutes, which hinders on-line process control. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is an excellent on-line analysis method that can satisfy the requirements of vacuum induction melting because it is fast and noncontact and does not require sample preparation. The experimental facility uses a lamp-pumped Q-switched laser to ablate melted liquid steel with an output energy of 80 mJ, a frequency of 5 Hz, a FWHM pulse width of 20 ns, and a working wavelength of 1,064 nm. A multi-channel linear charge coupled device (CCD) spectrometer is used to measure the emission spectrum in real time, with a spectral range from 190 to 600 nm and a resolution of 0.06 nm at a wavelength of 200 nm. The protocol includes several steps: standard alloy sample preparation and an ingredient test, smelting of standard samples and determination of the laser breakdown spectrum, and construction of the elements concentration quantitative analysis curve of each element. To realize the concentration analysis of unknown samples, the spectrum of a sample also needs to be measured and disposed with the same process. The composition of all main elements in the melted alloy can be quantitatively analyzed with an internal standard method. The calibration curve shows that the limit of detection of most metal elements ranges from 20-250 ppm. The concentration of elements, such as Ti, Mo, Nb, V, and Cu, can be lower than 100 ppm, and the concentrations of Cr, Al, Co, Fe, Mn, C, and Si range from 100-200 ppm. The R2 of some calibration curves can exceed 0.94.

During vacuum induction melting, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is used to perform real-time quantitative analysis of the main-ingredient elements of a molten alloy.

Lazer kaynaklı arıza spektroskopisi ile vakum Indüksiyon erime niceliksel Analizi

Vacuum induction melting is a popular method for refining high purity metal and alloys. Traditionally, standard process control in metallurgy involves ...

Method Development for Contactless Resonant Cavity Dielectric Spectroscopic Studies of Cellulosic Paper

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of data that can be obtained from an individual sample and renders it difficult to produce statistically relevant data for unique and rare materials. Resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy is a non-destructive, contactless technique which can simultaneously interrogate both sides of a sheeted material and provide measurements which are suitable for statistical interpretations. This offers analysts the ability to quickly discriminate between sheeted materials based on composition and storage history. In this methodology article, we demonstrate how contactless resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy may be used to differentiate between paper analytes of varying fiber species compositions, to determine the relative age of the paper, and to detect and quantify the amount of post-consumer waste (PCW) recycled fiber content in manufactured office paper.

A protocol for the non-destructive analysis of the fiber content and relative age of paper.

Temassız Rezonans Kavite Dielektrik Spektroskopik Çalışmalar için Yöntem Geliştirme Selülozik Kağıt

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of ...

Measurement of Chladni Mode Shapes with an Optical Lever Method

Quantitatively determining the Chladni pattern of an elastic plate is of great interest in both physical science and engineering applications. In this paper, a method of measuring mode shapes of a vibrating plate based on an optical lever method is proposed. Three circular acrylic plates were employed in the measurement under different center harmonic excitations. Different from a traditional method, only an ordinary laser pen and a light screen made of ground glass are employed in this novel approach. The approach is as follows: the laser pen projects a beam to the vibrating plate perpendicularly, and then the beam is reflected to the light screen in the distance, on which a line segment made of the reflected spot is formed. Due to the principle of vision persistence, the light spot could be read as a bright straight line. The relationship between the slope of the mode shape, length of the light spot and the distance of the vibrating plate and the light screen can be obtained with algebraic operations. Then the mode shape can be determined by integrating the slope distribution with suitable boundary conditions. The full-field mode shapes of Chladni plate could also be determined further in such a simple way.

A simple method of measuring the Chladni mode shape on an elastic plate by the principle of an optical lever is proposed.

Optik Kol Yöntemi ile Chladni Mod Şekillerinin Ölçülmesi

Quantitatively determining the Chladni pattern of an elastic plate is of great interest in both physical science and engineering applications. In this ...