Yazarlar minnetle Labex-Imust finansal destek için minnettarım.

1.. Biyolojik Örnek Hazırlığı Bu çalışmada açıklanan tüm deneyler CECCAPP (Lyon, Fransa) (yetki # LYONSUD_2012_004) Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Kurulu tarafından onaylanmış ve deneyler yetkili kişiler (L. Sancey, DDPP yetki içinde gözetiminde yapılmıştır 38 05 32). <ol><li> Gadolinyum (Gd) bazlı nanopartiküllerin 100 umol, H 2 O 1 ml 15 dakika bekleyin ve 2 H O 100 ul ve 80 ul HEPES 50 mM 20 ul, 1.325 M NaCl, 20 mM CaCI2 eklemek Gd-tabanlı nanopartiküller birincil çözeltisinin hazır-inject 40 mM (: Villeurbanne, laboratuarda City) de 200 ul çözüm elde etmek. </li><li> Intravenöz anestezi tümör taşıyan kemirgenlerde (: Lyon Sud (Oullins), laboratuarda 15 km Şehir) içine 200 ul Gd-tabanlı nanopartiküller çözüm enjekte. </li><li> 1-24 saat enjeksiyonundan sonra, fareler kurban birsıvı nitrojen ile soğutulan izopentanın içine biyolojik örnekleri koydu d. (: Laboratuarda Lyon Sud (Oullins), 15 km Şehir) 80 ° C - en örnekleri saklamak. </li><li> Örnek dilimleyin (Şehir: Genellikle Grenoble, laboratuardan 100 km; ben Lyon Sud bir erişim için çalışacağız) 100 mikron kalınlığında slaytlar ve özel plastik tabaklar (Petri) üzerinde biyolojik slaytlar koydu. -80 ° C&#39;de saklayın Not: Plastik yemekleri temelde çok saf polimer örnek vardır. Bunlar doku içerdiği öğeleri karışmalarını önlemek için kullanılır. </li></ol> Kalibrasyon için 2. Numune Hazırlama <ol><li> Su (0 nM, 100 nM, 500 nM, 1 uM, 5 uM, 10 uM, 50 uM, 100 uM, 500 uM, 1 mM, ve 5 mM) Gd bazlı nanoparçacık artan dozları ile şişeler hazırlayın. </li><li> Düzenli olarak Petri tabağına 3 mm aralıklı, her bir solüsyon 5 ul-damla koyun. </li><li> 20 dakika boyunca oda sıcaklığında kurutulur. </li></ol>3.. LIBS Deney <ol><li> LIBS Kur başlatılıyor <ol><li> Lazer Ayarları. Araçların açıldıktan sonra, lazer darbe enerji stabilizasyon için 10-20 dakika bekleyin ve -20 ° C&#39;ye ICCD kamera soğuma Zayıflatıcı ile darbe enerjisini ayarlayın. Not: haritalama dokular için uygun lazer parametreleri 5 NSEC darbe süresi, 1.064 nm dalga boyu ve yaklaşık 4 mJ darbe enerji vardır. YAG lazer nanosaniye: kullanan lazer tipik bir Nd. </li><li> LIBS Ayarları. Daha küçük krater çapı elde etmek için (örnek yüzeyine göre) lazer odaklama konumunu ayarla (yaklaşık 50 um veya daha az.) Not: Bu bir lazer darbeli odaklılığıyla numune yüzeyinin altında 100 um karşılık gelir. </li><li> Spektrometre Ayarları. Izgara, 1.200 satır / mm ve yüksek zamansal çözünürlük ICCD kamera ile kombine Czerny-Turner spektrometre kullanın. Bilgisayardaki tüm bu cihazları kontrol. 40 um giriş yarık değerini ayarlayın. Spektral aralığı yeniden ayarlayınanaliz edilecek elemanı mesi. Spektral yüksek hassasiyet ile tespit Gd 325-355 nm aralığı kapsayan, hem de Na, Cu ve Ca kullanın. 300 nsaniye bir gecikme, 2 mikro saniye bir kapısı ve 200 kazanç ile ICCD parametrelerini ayarlayın. </li></ol></li><li> Haritalama Ölçme <ol><li> LIBS motorlu örneği üzerindeki biyolojik numunenin yerleştirin. </li><li> Lazer odak konumuna göre numunenin yüksekliği ayarlayın. </li><li> Örnek dilimin yüksek çözünürlüklü fotoğraf çekmek. </li><li> Yaklaşık 100 mikron çözünürlükte aralıklı genellikle 100 x 100 ölçüm noktaları ile bir harita gerçekleştirmek için KIBS toplama yazılımı eşleme modülü ayarlayın. </li><li> Satın alma başlayın. Bu noktadan itibaren her şey otomatik; sekansını hem de spektrum kayıt taşıma ve tasarruf sağlar. 40 dakika (100 um çözünürlüğü için 1 cm2 eşdeğer) 10.000 puan bir eşleme için gereklidir. Aynı dosyanın içine tüm kaydedilen spektrumları yeniden toplamak. </li><li> Ne zaman finished, örnek dilimin ikinci bir fotoğraf çekmek </li></ol></li><li> Kalibrasyon Ölçüm </li></ol> Aynı deney parametreleri ile (hazırlık ayrıntılar için bakınız bölüm 2) Kalibrasyon örneklerini ölçmek. Kalibrasyon damla her birinde bir ilk ya da (damla merkez kısmında ölçüm bölgelerinde de elde edilmiş) 25 kayıt spektrumları yapın. 4 LIBS Spektrum Analizi:. Kimyasal Görüntüler İnşası <ol><li> Tutanak tüm LIBS doku haritalama spektrumları ve KIBS yazılım analizi yükleyin. Her spektrum için temel çıkarma ve yanlış bir renk kullanarak bağıl şiddet ölçeği ile kimyasal görüntüler oluşturmak. Not: Bir algoritması, Gd, Cu, Na ya da Ca gibi belirli çizgi yoğunlukları, alır. </li><li> Kalibrasyon eğrileri hesaplama (yoğunluk ve konsantrasyon arasındaki ilişki) izin ve aq inşa kalibre örnekten ölçülen spektrumları üzerine aynı işlemiuantitative harita veya görüntü Gd için (veya diğer ilgi elemanı). </li><li> Böyle interpolasyon veya düzleştirme gibi kimyasal görüntüleri, yeterli tedavi uygulayın. Görüntü formatı (bitmap) olarak yoğunluğu veya konsantrasyon haritalar kaydedin. </li></ol>

<ol>
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Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Biyolojik numune uygulandığında bu teknik, farklı organlarda enjekte Gd bazlı nano parçacıklardan Gd ve Si haritalama ve miktarının, örneğin, kimyasal görüntüleme sağlar. Ana kritik ayarlarından, lazer özellikleri (dalga boyu, darbe enerjisi, odaklama ve kararlılık) kontrol hassas ve ince doku ablasyonu (örneğin, eşleme çözünürlük) için hem de hassasiyeti için çok önemlidir. Yüksek enerji çalışmak daha iyi bir hassasiyet sağlar ama maalesef bozulmuş uzaysal çözün...

Biyolojik uygulamalarda nanopartiküllerinin büyük gelişme biyolojik örneklerindeki miktar ve görüntüleme için analitik teknikler paralel iyileşme istedi. Genellikle organlarda nanopartiküllerin algılama ve eşleme floresan veya konfokal mikroskopi ile yapılır. Ne yazık ki, bu yöntem özellikle hidrofobik özellikleri nedeniyle çok küçük nano partikül için, nanopartiküllerin biyodağılımı değiştirmek için, bir yakın kızıl ötesi boya ile nanopartiküllerin etiketleme gerektirir. Etiketli nanopartiküller ve özellikle çok küçük nano partiküller (boyut &lt;10 nm) tespiti, ve böylece bütün vücut ölçekli değil, aynı zamanda, doku ve hücre seviyelerde biyo-dağılımının etkileşebilir. Herhangi bir etiketleme olmadan nanopartıküllerıni tespit edebiliyoruz yeni cihazların geliştirilmesi davranışları ve kinetik çalışmaları için yeni olanaklar sunuyor. Ayrıca, bu tür beyin demir ve bakır gibi iz elementlerinin rolü bir hastalıklarıBöyle Alzheimer 1, Menkes 2,3, veya Wilson 4 olarak d nörodejeneratif hastalıklar dokularındaki bu unsurları incelemek ve lokalize ilgi öneririz. Çeşitli teknikler farklı malzemelerin elemental eşleme veya mikroanaliz temin etmek üzere kullanılmıştır. 2006 yılında yayınladıkları yorumu kağıt, R. Lobinski vd. Biyolojik ortamda, analitik bilimler 5 için en zorlu ortamlarda birinde element mikroanalizi için mevcut standart tekniklerin bir bakış sağladı. Element konsantrasyonu yeterli ise bir transmisyon elektron mikroskobu enerji dispersif X-ışını mikroanalizi oluşur elektron mikroprob, çok sayıda çalışma uygulanabilir (&gt; 100-1.000 ug / g). Alt algılama sınırlarını ulaşmak için aşağıdaki teknikler kullanılır olmuştur: <ul><li> kullanılarak iyon demeti mikroprop parçacık kaynaklı X-ışını emisyonu μ-PIXE (1-10 ug / g) 6 </li><li> synradyasyon mikroanaliz μ-SXRF chrotron (0.1-1 ug / g) 7 </li><li> ikincil iyon kütle spektrometrisi SIMS (0.1 ug / g), 8 </li><li> lazer ablasyon indüktif (aşağı 0.01 ug / g) LA-ICP-MS 9,10 kütle spektrometresi birleştiğinde </li></ul> Lobinski et al çıkarılan, Tablo 1 de gösterildiği gibi, yukarıda belirtilen teknikler mikrometrik çözünürlüğü sağlar. Seri 2D soruşturmaların 3D rekonstrüksiyon da derin dokulara 11 yeniden inşası için teklif olabilir. Ancak, tüm cihazları ve sistemlerinin her ikisi de son derece pahalı ekipman orta nitelikli profesyoneller, ve uzun süreli deneyler (bir μ-SXRF için x 100 mikron 100 mikron ve LA-ICP-MS için x 10 mm 10 mm için genellikle fazla 4 saat gerektirir ) 12. Toplamda, bu gereksinimleri, element mikro çok kısıtlayıcı ve geleneksel optik görüntüleme sistemleri ile uyumlu halefloresan mikroskobu ya da doğrusal olmayan mikroskopisi. Burada bahsettiğimiz bir başka nokta kantitatif ölçüm yeteneği hala oldukça sınırlıdır ve matriks uyumlu laboratuvar standartları bulunmasına bağlıdır olmasıdır. Sanayi süreçleri, jeoloji, biyoloji ve uygulamalar diğer alanlarda element mikroanalizi kullanımının daha da yaygınlaştırılması önemli kavramsal ve teknolojik atılımlar üretecektir. Mevcut yazının amacı, geleneksel optik mikroskop ile tam uyumlu bir masaüstü enstrümantasyon ile biyolojik dokular kantitatif element haritalama (veya element mikroanalizi) için çözümler önermektir. Yaklaşımımız lazer kaynaklı arıza spektroskopisi (LIBS teknolojisi) dayanmaktadır. LIBS olarak, lazer darbeli malzemenin bozulmasını ve kıvılcım oluşturmak için ilgi numune üzerinde odaklanmıştır. Plazmada yayılan radyasyonu atom, daha sonra, bir spektrometre ile analiz edilir Elemental konsantrasyonları 13,14 önceden yapılan kalibrasyon ölçümleri ile alınabilir. LIBS avantajları, kompakt, çok temel numune hazırlama, numune ile temas anında tepki olarak ve tam anlamıyla (mikro) yüzey analizi yokluğu (hemen hemen tüm unsurları için ug / g) duyarlılığı içerir. Doku lazer ablasyon ince birlikte mikrogram / ​​g aralığında 15,16 duyarlılığı yüksek uzaysal çözünürlüğü ile haritaları gerçekleştirmek için kontrol edilmelidir Ancak, doku kimyasal görüntüleme uygulaması zorlu kalır. Bu tür bir çözüm sayesinde, izleyici ya da etiketleme ajanlar adjunction biyolojik dokulardaki kendi doğal ortamında doğrudan inorganik elementler tespit sağlar ki, gerekli değildir. Laboratuvarımızda geliştirilen KIBS enstrüman sağlar 0.1 mm 16, eşdeğer 35 ug / g altında Gd için tahmini bir hassasiyet ile 100 mikron aşağı bir akım çözünürlüğü sunuyorbüyük numunelerin eşleme (&gt; 1 cm2), 30 dakika içinde. Buna ek olarak, ev yapımı yazılım veri alma ve sömürü kolaylaştırır. Bu alet gadolinyumun doku dağılımı, ilk tespit etmek ve ölçmek için kullanılır (Gd) bazlı nanopartiküller 17 - küçük hayvanlardan böbrekler ve tümör örneklerinde 18, 1 parçacıkların damar içine enjeksiyonundan sonra 24 saat için (boyut &lt;5 nm) . Örneğin Fe, Ca, Na ve P gibi içsel bir biyolojik doku içerdiği inorganik elementler, aynı zamanda tespit edilebilir ve görüntülü edilmiştir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="747">
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		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Laser nanosecond Nd:YAG</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Quantel</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Brillant</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">5ns pulse witdh, wavelength 1064 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Spectrometer</td>
			<td>Andor Technology</td>
			<td>Shamrock 303</td>
			<td>with 1200 l/mm blazed at 300 nm grating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Detector ICCD</td>
			<td>Andor Technology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Istar</td>
			<td>2 ns temporal resolution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">LIBS Unit</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">ILM</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Homemade Instrumentation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:129px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gd-based nanoparticles</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Nano-H</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>particles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H4034</td>
			<td>for particle&#39;s dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CaCl2</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21108</td>
			<td>for particle&#39;s dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S5886</td>
			<td>for particle&#39;s dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">mice</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Charles River</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">depending of animal breeding</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Coveto / Virbac</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>for anaesthesia - Isofluranum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">isopentane</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">59060</td>
			<td>to froze the sample&#160; slowly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">liquide nitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Air Liquide</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>to cool down the isopentane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">cryostat</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CM-3050S</td>
			<td>to slide the samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">petri dishes</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Dutscher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">353004</td>
			<td>to stick the sample</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: a new approach for nanoparticle's mapping and quantification in organ tissue

Lazer kaynaklı plazma emisyon spektroskopisi biyolojik numunelerin element analizi uygulanmıştır. Lazer kaynaklı arıza Spektroskopisi (LIBS) kemirgen dokuların ince bölümlerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir: böbrekler ve tümör sağlar, örneğin, (i), Na, Ca, Cu, Mg, P ve Fe, vücutta doğal olarak bulunan ve benzeri gibi inorganik elemanlarının tespiti (ii) Si ve Gd, gadolinyum bazlı nanopartiküllerin enjeksiyonundan sonra algılandı. Hayvanlar, parçacıkların damar içine enjeksiyonundan sonra 1-24 saat kurban edilmiştir. Numunenin iki boyutlu tarama, kızılötesi bir lazer ışını bir yanal çözünürlüğü az 100 μ m ile yüzey keşfetmek izin verilen, bir motorlu mikrometrik olarak 3D-sahne kullanılarak gerçekleştirilir. Organ içindeki Gd elementinin kantitatif kimyasal görüntüleri alt mM duyarlılığı ile elde edilmiştir. LIBS herhangi bir labeli olmayan inorganik maddelerin dağılımını incelemek için basit ve sağlam bir yöntem sunmaktadırng. , Element moleküler veya hücresel: Ayrıca, standart optik mikroskop ile kurulum uyumluluğu tepkisinin farklı tipleri ile aynı biyolojik doku birden fazla görüntü sağlama potansiyelini vurguluyor.

Şekil 1, bir Nd ışın gösterildiği gibi: 1.064 nm temel dalga boyunda YAG lazer 50 mm odak uzaklığı bir kuvars lens ile doku dilim dikey aşağı duruldu. Darbe enerji 4 mJ ve tekrarlama oranı 10 Hz. Hava plazma oluşumunu önlemek için, lazer ışını, numune yüzeyinin altında 100 um civarında odaklanmıştır. Resim plazma hava bu durumda gözlenmiştir. Deneyler sırasında, numune, numunenin (tek atış) sadece tek bir konumda bir plazma oluşturmak için bir kademeli motor tarafından...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A New Approach for Nanoparticle's Mapping and Quantification in Organ Tissue at JoVE.com

Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A New Approach for Nanoparticle&#039;s Mapping and Quantification in Organ Tissue

Ince organ ve tümör dokusu üzerinde yapılan lazer kaynaklı arıza spektroskopi başarıyla Gd-tabanlı nanopartikülleri çıkarılacak doğal unsurlar ve yapay enjekte gadolinyum (Gd), tespit. Kimyasal elementlerin Görüntüler 100 mikron ve kantitatif alt mM hassasiyet çözünürlüğü ulaştı. Standart optik mikroskop ile kurulum uyumluluğu aynı biyolojik doku birden fazla görüntü sağlama potansiyelini vurguluyor.

Lazer kaynaklı Arıza Spektroskopisi: Organ Doku Nanopartikülün en Mapping ve Nicelik için Yeni Bir Yaklaşım

Emission spectroscopy of laser-induced plasma was applied to elemental analysis of biological samples. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) ...

laser-induced-breakdown-spectroscopy-new-approach-for-nanoparticle-s

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A New Approach for Nanoparticle's Mapping and Quantification in Organ Tissue

13.6K Görüntüleme.  CNRS - Université Lyon 1.  Ince organ ve tümör dokusu üzerinde yapılan lazer kaynaklı arıza spektroskopi başarıyla Gd-tabanlı nanopartikülleri çıkarılacak doğal unsurlar ve yapay enjekte gadolinyum (Gd), tespit. Kimyasal elementlerin Görüntüler 100 mikron ve kantitatif alt mM hassasiyet çözünürlüğü ulaştı. Standart optik mikroskop ile kurulum uyumluluğu aynı biyolojik doku birden fazla görüntü sağlama potansiyelini vurguluyor. 

Video: Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A New Approach for Nanoparticle's Mapping and Quantification in Organ Tissue

Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures

The physical properties of a material are defined by its electronic structure. Electrons in solids are characterized by energy (&omega;) and momentum (k) and the probability to find them in a particular state with given &omega; and k is described by the spectral function A(k, &omega;). This function can be directly measured in an experiment based on the well-known photoelectric effect, for the explanation of which Albert Einstein received the Nobel Prize back in 1921. In the photoelectric effect the light shone on a surface ejects electrons from the material. According to Einstein, energy conservation allows one to determine the energy of an electron inside the sample, provided the energy of the light photon and kinetic energy of the outgoing photoelectron are known. Momentum conservation makes it also possible to estimate k relating it to the momentum of the photoelectron by measuring the angle at which the photoelectron left the surface. The modern version of this technique is called Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy (ARPES) and exploits both conservation laws in order to determine the electronic structure, i.e. energy and momentum of electrons inside the solid. In order to resolve the details crucial for understanding the topical problems of condensed matter physics, three quantities need to be minimized: uncertainty* in photon energy, uncertainty in kinetic energy of photoelectrons and temperature of the sample.
In our approach we combine three recent achievements in the field of synchrotron radiation, surface science and cryogenics. We use synchrotron radiation with tunable photon energy contributing an uncertainty of the order of 1 meV, an electron energy analyzer which detects the kinetic energies with a precision of the order of 1 meV and a He3 cryostat which allows us to keep the temperature of the sample below 1 K. We discuss the exemplary results obtained on single crystals of Sr2RuO4 and some other materials. The electronic structure of this material can be determined with an unprecedented clarity.

The overall goal of this method is to determine the low-energy electronic structure of solids at ultra-low temperatures using Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation.

Ultra-düşük sıcaklıklarda Açı çözüldü Photoemission Spektroskopi

The physical properties of a material are defined by its  electronic structure. Electrons in solids are characterized by energy (&omega;)  and momentum ...

Mühendislik

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen 1-7. The performance of SOFCs and the rates of many chemical and energy transformation processes in energy storage and conversion devices in general are limited primarily by charge and mass transfer along electrode surfaces and across interfaces. Unfortunately, the mechanistic understanding of these processes is still lacking, due largely to the difficulty of characterizing these processes under in situ conditions. This knowledge gap is a chief obstacle to SOFC commercialization. The development of tools for probing and mapping surface chemistries relevant to electrode reactions is vital to unraveling the mechanisms of surface processes and to achieving rational design of new electrode materials for more efficient energy storage and conversion2. Among the relatively few in situ surface analysis methods, Raman spectroscopy can be performed even with high temperatures and harsh atmospheres, making it ideal for characterizing chemical processes relevant to SOFC anode performance and degradation8-12. It can also be used alongside electrochemical measurements, potentially allowing direct correlation of electrochemistry to surface chemistry in an operating cell. Proper in situ Raman mapping measurements would be useful for pin-pointing important anode reaction mechanisms because of its sensitivity to the relevant species, including anode performance degradation through carbon deposition8, 10, 13, 14 ("coking") and sulfur poisoning11, 15 and the manner in which surface modifications stave off this degradation16. The current work demonstrates significant progress towards this capability. In addition, the family of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques provides a special approach to interrogate the electrode surface with nanoscale resolution. Besides the surface topography that is routinely collected by AFM and STM, other properties such as local electronic states, ion diffusion coefficient and surface potential can also be investigated17-22. In this work, electrochemical measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and SPM were used in conjunction with a novel test electrode platform that consists of a Ni mesh electrode embedded in an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte. Cell performance testing and impedance spectroscopy under fuel containing H2S was characterized, and Raman mapping was used to further elucidate the nature of sulfur poisoning. In situ Raman monitoring was used to investigate coking behavior. Finally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) were used to further visualize carbon deposition on the nanoscale. From this research, we desire to produce a more complete picture of the SOFC anode.

We present a unique platform for characterizing electrode surfaces in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that allows simultaneous performance of multiple characterization techniques (e.g. in situ Raman spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy alongside electrochemical measurements). Complementary information from these analyses may help to advance toward a more profound understanding of electrode reaction and degradation mechanisms, providing insights into rational design of better materials for SOFCs.

Katı Oksit Yakıt Hücreleri Elektrot Yüzeyler Sondalama ve Haritalama

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen ...

Scanning-probe Single-electron Capacitance Spectroscopy

The integration of low-temperature scanning-probe techniques and single-electron capacitance spectroscopy represents a powerful tool to study the electronic quantum structure of small systems - including individual atomic dopants in semiconductors. Here we present a capacitance-based method, known as Subsurface Charge Accumulation (SCA) imaging, which is capable of resolving single-electron charging while achieving sufficient spatial resolution to image individual atomic dopants. The use of a capacitance technique enables observation of subsurface features, such as dopants buried many nanometers beneath the surface of a semiconductor material1,2,3. In principle, this technique can be applied to any system to resolve electron motion below an insulating surface.
As in other electric-field-sensitive scanned-probe techniques4, the lateral spatial resolution of the measurement depends in part on the radius of curvature of the probe tip. Using tips with a small radius of curvature can enable spatial resolution of a few tens of nanometers. This fine spatial resolution allows investigations of small numbers (down to one) of subsurface dopants1,2. The charge resolution depends greatly on the sensitivity of the charge detection circuitry; using high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) in such circuits at cryogenic temperatures enables a sensitivity of approximately 0.01 electrons/Hz&frac12; at 0.3 K 5.

Scanning-probe single-electron capacitance spectroscopy facilitates the study of single-electron motion in localized subsurface regions. A sensitive charge-detection circuit is incorporated into a cryogenic scanning probe microscope to investigate small systems of dopant atoms beneath the surface of semiconductor samples.

Tarama-prob Tek elektron Kapasite Spektroskopisi

The integration of low-temperature scanning-probe techniques and single-electron capacitance spectroscopy represents a powerful tool to study the ...

Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

In this work, we present time-resolved measurements of atomic and diatomic spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown. A typical LIBS arrangement is used. Here we operate a Nd:YAG laser at a frequency of 10 Hz at the fundamental wavelength of 1,064 nm. The 14 nsec pulses with anenergy of 190 mJ/pulse are focused to a 50 &#181;m spot size to generate a plasma from optical breakdown or laser ablation in air. The microplasma is imaged onto the entrance slit of a 0.6 m spectrometer, and spectra are recorded using an 1,800 grooves/mm grating an intensified linear diode array and optical multichannel analyzer (OMA) or an ICCD. Of interest are Stark-broadened atomic lines of the hydrogen Balmer series to infer electron density. We also elaborate on temperature measurements from diatomic emission spectra of aluminum monoxide (AlO), carbon (C2), cyanogen (CN), and titanium monoxide (TiO).
The experimental procedures include wavelength and sensitivity calibrations. Analysis of the recorded molecular spectra is accomplished by the fitting of data with tabulated line strengths. Furthermore, Monte-Carlo type simulations are performed to estimate the error margins. Time-resolved measurements are essential for the transient plasma commonly encountered in LIBS.

Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

Time-resolved atomic and diatomic molecular species are measured using LIBS. The spectra are collected at various time delays following the generation of optical breakdown plasma with Nd:YAG laser radiation&#160;and are analyzed to infer electron density and temperature.

Ölçme ve Atomik Hidrojen ve iki atomlu moleküler AIO, C Analizi<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;, CN, ve TiO Spectra takiben lazer kaynaklı Optik Dağılımı

In this work, we present time-resolved measurements of atomic and diatomic spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown. A typical LIBS arrangement ...

Proton Transfer and Protein Conformation Dynamics in Photosensitive Proteins by Time-resolved Step-scan Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Monitoring the dynamics of protonation and protein backbone conformation changes during the function of a protein is an essential step towards understanding its mechanism. Protonation and conformational changes affect the vibration pattern of amino acid side chains and of the peptide bond, respectively, both of which can be probed by infrared (IR) difference spectroscopy. For proteins whose function can be repetitively and reproducibly triggered by light, it is possible to obtain infrared difference spectra with (sub)microsecond resolution over a broad spectral range using the step-scan Fourier transform infrared technique. With ~102-103 repetitions of the photoreaction, the minimum number to complete a scan at reasonable spectral resolution and bandwidth, the noise level in the absorption difference spectra can be as low as ~10-4, sufficient to follow the kinetics of protonation changes from a single amino acid. Lower noise levels can be accomplished by more data averaging and/or mathematical processing. The amount of protein required for optimal results is between 5-100 &#181;g, depending on the sampling technique used. Regarding additional requirements, the protein needs to be first concentrated in a low ionic strength buffer and then dried to form a film. The protein film is hydrated prior to the experiment, either with little droplets of water or under controlled atmospheric humidity. The attained hydration level (g of water / g of protein) is gauged from an IR absorption spectrum. To showcase the technique, we studied the photocycle of the light-driven proton-pump bacteriorhodopsin in its native purple membrane environment, and of the light-gated ion channel channelrhodopsin-2 solubilized in detergent.

Key steps of protein function, in particular backbone conformational changes and proton transfer reactions, often take place in the microsecond to millisecond time scale. These dynamical processes can be studied by time-resolved step-scan Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, in particular for proteins whose function is triggered by light.

Tarafından Işığa Proteinler Proton Transferi ve Protein Konformasyon Dynamics Zamanda çözülmüş kızılötesi spektroskopi Fourier-dönüşümü Step-tarama

Monitoring the dynamics of protonation and protein backbone conformation changes during the function of a protein is an essential step towards ...

In Situ Time-dependent Dielectric Breakdown in the Transmission Electron Microscope: A Possibility to Understand the Failure Mechanism in Microelectronic Devices

The time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) in on-chip interconnect stacks is one of the most critical failure mechanisms for microelectronic devices. The aggressive scaling of feature sizes, both on devices and interconnects, leads to serious challenges to ensure the required product reliability. Standard reliability tests and post-mortem failure analysis provide only limited information about the physics of failure mechanisms and degradation kinetics. Therefore it is necessary to develop new experimental approaches and procedures to study the TDDB failure mechanisms and degradation kinetics in particular. In this paper, an in situ experimental methodology in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) is demonstrated to investigate the TDDB degradation and failure mechanisms in Cu/ULK interconnect stacks. High quality imaging and chemical analysis are used to study the kinetic process. The in situ electrical test is integrated into the TEM to provide an elevated electrical field to the dielectrics. Electron tomography is utilized to characterize the directed Cu diffusion in the insulating dielectrics. This experimental procedure opens a possibility to study the failure mechanism in interconnect stacks of microelectronic products, and it could also be extended to other structures in active devices.

In Situ Time-dependent Dielectric Breakdown in the Transmission Electron Microscope: A Possibility to Understand the Failure Mechanism in Microelectronic Devices

The time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) in on-chip interconnect stacks is one of the most critical failure mechanisms for microelectronic devices. This paper demonstrates the procedure of an in situ TDDB experiment in the transmission electron microscope, which opens a possibility to study the failure mechanism in microelectronic products.

Transmisyon Elektron Mikroskobu Situ Zamana bağlı Dielektrik Dağılımı In: Bir imkanı Mikroelektronik aygıtlar Başarısızlık Mekanizması Anlayın

The time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) in on-chip interconnect stacks is one of the most critical failure mechanisms for microelectronic devices. ...

Laser-induced Forward Transfer for Flip-chip Packaging of Single Dies

Flip-chip (FC) packaging is a key technology for realizing high performance, ultra-miniaturized and high-density circuits in the micro-electronics industry. In this technique the chip and/or the substrate is bumped and the two are bonded via these conductive bumps. Many bumping techniques have been developed and intensively investigated since the introduction of the FC technology in 19601 such as stencil printing, stud bumping, evaporation and electroless/electroplating2. Despite the progress that these methods have made they all suffer from one or more than one drawbacks that need to be addressed such as cost, complex processing steps, high processing temperatures, manufacturing time and most importantly the lack of flexibility. In this paper, we demonstrate a simple and cost-effective laser-based bump forming technique known as Laser-induced Forward Transfer (LIFT)3. Using the LIFT technique a wide range of bump materials can be printed in a single-step with great flexibility, high speed and accuracy at RT. In addition, LIFT enables the bumping and bonding down to chip-scale, which is critical for fabricating ultra-miniature circuitry.

We demonstrate the use of the Laser-induced Forward Transfer (LIFT) technique for flip-chip assembly of optoelectronic components. This approach provides a simple, cost-effective, low-temperature, fast and flexible solution for fine-pitch bumping and bonding on chip-scale for achieving high-density circuits for optoelectronic applications.

Tek Dies Flip-çip Ambalaj Lazer kaynaklı İleri Transferi

Flip-chip (FC) packaging is a key technology for realizing high performance, ultra-miniaturized and high-density circuits in the micro-electronics ...

Energy Dispersive X-ray Tomography for 3D Elemental Mapping of Individual Nanoparticles

Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy within the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) provides accurate elemental analysis with high spatial resolution, and is even capable of providing atomically resolved elemental maps. In this technique, a highly focused electron beam is incident upon a thin sample and the energy of emitted X-rays is measured in order to determine the atomic species of material within the beam path. This elementally sensitive spectroscopy technique can be extended to three dimensional tomographic imaging by acquiring multiple spectrum images with the sample tilted along an axis perpendicular to the electron beam direction.
Elemental distributions within single nanoparticles are often important for determining their optical, catalytic and magnetic properties. Techniques such as X-ray tomography and slice and view energy dispersive X-ray mapping in the scanning electron microscope provide elementally sensitive three dimensional imaging but are typically limited to spatial resolutions of &gt; 20 nm. Atom probe tomography provides near atomic resolution but preparing nanoparticle samples for atom probe analysis is often challenging. Thus, elementally sensitive techniques applied within the scanning transmission electron microscope are uniquely placed to study elemental distributions within nanoparticles of dimensions 10-100 nm.
Here, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy within the STEM is applied to investigate the distribution of elements in single AgAu nanoparticles. The surface segregation of both Ag and Au, at different nanoparticle compositions, has been observed.

The use of energy dispersive X-ray tomography in the scanning transmission electron microscope to characterize elemental distributions within single nanoparticles in three dimensions is described.

Bireysel Nanopartiküller 3D Elemental Haritalama için Enerji Dağılımı X-ışını Tomografi

Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy within the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) provides accurate elemental analysis with high spatial ...

Detection and Recovery of Palladium, Gold and Cobalt Metals from the Urban Mine Using Novel Sensors/Adsorbents Designated with Nanoscale Wagon-wheel-shaped Pores

Developing low-cost, efficient processes for recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals from urban mine remains a significant challenge in industrialized countries. Here, the development of optical mesosensors/adsorbents (MSAs) for efficient recognition and selective recovery of Pd(II), Au(III), and Co(II) from urban mine was achieved. A simple, general method for preparing MSAs based on using high-order mesoporous monolithic scaffolds was described. Hierarchical cubic Ia3d wagon-wheel-shaped MSAs were fabricated by anchoring chelating agents (colorants) into three-dimensional pores and micrometric particle surfaces of the mesoporous monolithic scaffolds. Findings show, for the first time, evidence of controlled optical recognition of Pd(II), Au(III), and Co(II) ions and a highly selective system for recovery of Pd(II) ions (up to ~95%) in ores and industrial wastes. Furthermore, the controlled assessment processes described herein involve evaluation of intrinsic properties (e.g., visual signal change, long-term stability, adsorption efficiency, extraordinary sensitivity, selectivity, and reusability); thus, expensive, sophisticated instruments are not required. Results show evidence that MSAs will attract worldwide attention as a promising technological means of recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals.

Because of the importance and extensive use of palladium, gold and cobalt metals in high-technology equipment, their recovery and recycling constitute an important industrial challenge. The metal recovery system described herein is a simple, low-cost means for the effective detection, removal, and recovery of these metals from the urban mine.

Algılama ve Palladium Kurtarma Kentsel Madeninde Altın ve Kobalt Metal Nano Wagon tekerlekli şeklindeki Porların ile Belirlenmiş Yeni Sensörler / adsorbanlar kullanma

Developing low-cost, efficient processes for recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals from urban mine remains a significant challenge in ...

Blast Quantification Using Hopkinson Pressure Bars

Near-field blast load measurement presents an issue to many sensor types as they must endure very aggressive environments and be able to measure pressures up to many hundreds of megapascals. In this respect the simplicity of the Hopkinson pressure bar has a major advantage in that while the measurement end of the Hopkinson bar can endure and be exposed to harsh conditions, the strain gauge mounted to the bar can be affixed some distance away. This allows protective housings to be utilized which protect the strain gauge but do not interfere with the measurement acquisition. The use of an array of pressure bars allows the pressure-time histories at discrete known points to be measured. This article also describes the interpolation routine used to derive pressure-time histories at un-instrumented locations on the plane of interest. Currently the technique has been used to measure loading from high explosives in free air and buried shallowly in various soils.

This protocol details the use of Hopkinson pressure bars to measure reflected blast loading from near-field explosive events. It is capable of interpolating a pressure-time history at any point on a reflective boundary and as such can be used to fully characterize the spatial and temporal variations in loading produced.

Blast Ölçümü Hopkinson Basınç Barlar kullanma

Near-field blast load measurement presents an issue to many sensor types as they must endure very aggressive environments and be able to measure pressures ...