This work was supported by a CIHR operating grant (MOP-102624) to Q. Y. We thank Dr Carolyn Harley for helpful discussions throughout the study, Dr. Qinlong Hou, Amin Shakhawat, and Andrea Darby-King for technical support.

Her iki cinsiyette Sprague Dawley sıçan (Charles River) yavrular kullanılır. Litters (doğum PD0 olmak) PD1&#39;in 12 on itlaf edilir. Baraj gıda ve suya ad libitum giriş ile, 12 saat aydınlık / karanlık döngüsünde tutulur. Deneysel prosedürler Memorial Üniversitesi Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım Komitesi tarafından onaylanmıştır. 1. Burun Tak İnşaatı NOT:. Bu prosedür adapte Cummings ve ark modifiye edildi (1997) 35. <ol><li> Kazandırılacak polietilen-20 tüp ve 3-0 ipek sütür konu. </li><li> Yaklaşık olarak 0.8 mm olan polietilen boru 20 küçük bir parça kesin. </li><li> Iplik boru bölümünün her iki yanı üzerinde olduğu bir şekilde hazırlanan boru içinden Konu ipek dikiş ipliği. </li><li> Tıpanın dış ipliğin bir ucunda, ipliğin bir düğüm. </li><li> Iplik düğüm üzerinde aşağı tüp bölümünü çekin. Düğüm boru içine başvurusunda gerekir.</li><li> Ipliğin yaklaşık 2 mm hortumunun bir ucundan dışarı çıkıntı yapan şekilde, ipliğin her iki ucuna da trimerler (Şekil 1A bakınız). </li></ol> Eğitim öncesi 2. Naris Tıkanıklığı <ol><li> Düzenli yatak ile kaplı güvenli bir çanak baraj ve yerden yavru çıkarın. </li><li> Naris üzerine, lokal anestezik jöle,% 2 lidokain kurulamak için bir pamuk uçlu uygulamayı kullanmak tıkanacak. </li><li> Yavru ~ 3 dakika boyunca çanak dinlenmeye bırakın. </li><li> Baskın olmayan elle yavaşça ama güvenli yavru tutun. </li><li> Dominant eli kullanarak, burun fiş almak ve iplik çıkıntı değil hangi ucu etrafında aynı lokal anestezik jel hafifçe sürün. Bu fiş ekleme ile ilgili herhangi bir minör ağrıları için hem bir anestezik olarak hareket edecek ve naris içinde bir yağlayıcı olarak hareket edecektir. NOT: Xylocaine etkisi birkaç dakika içinde başlar ve 20-30 dakika sürer. Xylocaine jöle uygulamadan sonra fiş yerleştirilmesi için genel göstermek iyi tolerans yavrular (myayilan mücadele ve seslendirme). </li><li> Yavaşça sıkıca yavru tutan ve Fişin tamamen takıldığını ve sadece 2 mm diş naris çıkıntı kadar yavaş yavaş çok nazik itişlerle fişi çevirerek burun fişini takın (Şekil 1B bakınız). Bu işlem sırasında ya da herhangi bir kanama naris olmalıdır. Burun fiş yerleştirilmesi sırasında kanama ile yavrular hariç ve barajlar iade edilir </li><li> Hayvan tıpa alıştırmak amacıyla 5 dakika için bu çanak dinlenmeye bırakın. </li><li> Alışma çanak yavru çıkarın ve klima paradigmayı 24 başlar. </li></ol><img alt="Şekil 1" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51808/51808fig1highres.jpg" width="500" /> Bir burun fiş Şekil 1. İnşaat. A) Şemalar bir burun fişi yapma aşamalarını gösteren. Bir iş parçacığı polietilen boru ile çekilir; Bir düğüm yapılan ve pul edilirBunu engellemek için, borunun ortasına içine bırakılır; iki ucu) boru. b üzerinden bir ucunda 2 mm&#39;lik bir tortu ile ön ve bir naris bir burun fişi ile bir sıçan lateral bir görünüşünü kesilir. 3. Kokulu Yatak Hazırlama <ol><li> Yeni eldiven giyen ve koku bulaşmayı önlemek bir plastik torba içine woodchip yatak 500 ml yerleştirmek için bir davlumbaz. </li><li> 0.3 ml nane özü hazırlamak için bir şırınga kullanın ve plastik torba içinde yatak üzerinde bu sprey. </li><li> , Çanta kapalı kravat şiddetle çanta sallayın ve yatak 5 dakika boyunca torbaya dinlenmeye bırakın. </li><li> Kullanmadan önce, 5 dakika boyunca bir çeker ocak içinde ortaya çıkarılan bir net, sığ, akrilik eğitim kutusu (20 x 20 x 5 cm 3, Şekil 2A) olarak kokulu yatak yerleştirin. Yatak hazırlandıktan sonra, bu eldiven atmak ve bu eldivenler hayvanlarla temas etmesine izin vermeyin. </li><li> Özdeş bir şeffaf plastik kutu içinde kokusuz yatak yerleştirin, ve eno kokulu yatak veya kullanılan eldiven ile temas etmediğinden emin olun. </li></ol> 4. Koku Klima Paradigma (Şekil 2A resmi görmek) Yavrular PH 6, ya da birden çok deneme seansları (günde bir seans, PD 3-6) üzerinde, ya tek bir klima oturumu tabi. <ol><li> Kokulu yatak üzerinde habitüe yavru yerleştirin. Koku kontrolü sadece (O / S -) için yavrular, daha sonra 4,5 adıma atlayın, 10 dakika boyunca yatak üzerinde bu yavrular bırakın. Deneysel koku + inme (O / S +) yavrular, bu bölümde aşağıdaki adımlarla devam ediyor. </li><li> İnme 30 saniye boyunca yavru küçük bir fırça kullanarak. Öncelikle yavru arka bölgenin çevresinde hızlı dairesel hareketlerle kullanın. </li><li> Yavru 30 saniye boyunca dinlenmeye bırakın. </li><li> Tekrar 4.2 ve 10 dakika olmak üzere toplam 4,3 (okşayarak + koku yani 10 eşleşmeleri) adım. </li><li> , Klima kutusundan yavru çıkarın burun fişini çıkarın ve baraj yavru dönmek. </li></ol> &lt;p class = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 5. Lateralize Koku Tercih Test (Şekil 2B resmi görmek) Test, son antrenman sonra çeşitli zaman noktalarında (örneğin, 24 ya da 48 saat) oluşur. Test 2 cm nötr bölge ile ayrılmış iki eğitim kasası (eğitim kutu 3,4 tarif edilmiştir), üst üste yerleştirilir, paslanmaz çelik bir test bölmesinin (30 x 20 x 18 cm3) içinde gerçekleştirilir. Diğer kutusu temiz, kokusuz yatak içerir iken bir eğitim kutu nane kokulu yataklar içerir. Test bölmesinin tabanı daha sonra plastik örgü çıkarılabilir bir levha (Şekil 2B) ile kaplanmış olan bir metal ızgara vardır. <ol><li> Bir nane ve Bölüm 3 başına bir kokusuz yatak hazırlayın ve 2 cm aralıklarla test odasının, ters taraflarında altında her bir kutu yerleştirin. Test odasının metal ızgaralı zemin üzerine plastik örgü yerleştirin. </li><li> Baraj yavru çıkarın ve naris üzerinde kokusuz silikon gres bir firma dab koyunBu eğitim sırasında tıkanmaktadır. Yeniden başvuruda gerektiği gibi ilk test boyunca gres. NOT: eğitim ve test sırasında Rastgele naris tıkanıklığı önyargı önlemek için kabul edilebilir. </li><li> Test bölmesinin nötr bölgedeki yavru yerleştirin. </li><li> Yavru odasının iki tarafın üzerinden geçirdim ne kadar süre kayıt, yavru 1 dakika odasını keşfetmek için izin (yani nane veya tarafsız kokulu yatak üzerinde). </li><li> Yavru bir kapalı plastik tutma odasının 1 dakika dinlenmeye bırakın. </li><li> Tekrar 10 dakika toplam 5,2 ve 5,3 adım (5 ile kalan denemeleri ile ayrılan 5 testi denemeleri) yönünde tercihlerini kontrol etmek amacıyla oda içindeki yavru bir başlangıç ​​yönlenmesini anahtarlama. </li><li> Testin hemen ardından, naris gelen yağı silin. </li><li> Bölüm 2&#39;deki gibi ters naris, bir polietilen noseplug yerleştirin ve hayvan 10 dakika boyunca dinlenmeye bırakın. </li><li> Olarak bir kez daha test yavru<html> 5.3 -5.6, kapağı çıkarıp, baraja yavru dönmek. Çıkarın ve% 95 etanol ile test odasının plastik örgü temizlemek ve sıvı buharlaşmasına izin verin. Sonraki yavru test etmeden önce geri örgü yerleştirin. NOT: test sırasında ilk naris oklüzyon silikon gres uygulanması, kanama ve burun fiş ekleme ile ilişkili stres şansını engeller. </li></ol><img alt="Şekil 2" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51808/51808fig2highres.jpg" width="500" /> Şekil 2. Erken koku tercihi eğitim ve test. Paradigma okşayarak + koku kullanarak A) Erken koku tercih çalışması. B) bir tarafta nane yatak ile iki seçenek koku tercihini test, karşı tarafta yatak kokusuz kontrol eder. 2 cm nötr bölge arasına yerleştirilir. 6. Tek Naris Oklüzyonu Etkinliğinin Test nt &quot;&gt; Bu deney, tek naris tıkanma koku alma sisteminin lateralizan aktivasyonuna neden olup olmadığını belirlemek için yapılır. <ol><li> Bölüm 2&#39;de tarif edildiği gibi 6 veya PH 7 yavruların tek taraflı naris oklüzyonlarını gerçekleştirin. </li><li> ~ 5 dk alışma sonra, bir kapalı plastik kapta yavru koyun ve 10 dakika boyunca doku bir parça batırılmış 30 ul saf nane yağı maruz kalmaktadır. </li><li> Hemen nane kokusu maruz kaldıktan sonra, periton boşluğu içine (ip) dozunda genel anestezik olarak hidrat (400 mg / kg) ya da pentobarbitolün (150 mg / kg) ile yavru enjekte edilir. </li><li> Tam (baştan kuyruğa veya ayak tutam yanıt vermedikleri) anestezi sonra, transkardiyal 0.1 M fosfat tampon çözeltisi, PBS içinde çözüldü paraformaldehid (% 4, ardından ~ 1 dakika boyunca tuzlu su (% 0.9) içinde buz soğukluğunda çözümlerle yavru, serpmek ). </li><li> Daha sonra, trans, paraformaldehid perfüzyon 10 dakika sonra beyin toplamak ve 4 ° C&#39;de bir gece paraformaldehid koyunEk bir 24 saat boyunca, bir sakaroz çözeltisi (PBS içinde% 20) ile beyin fer. </li><li> Bir kriostat ile 30 mikron kalınlığında koronal beyin dilimleri kesin. OB ve PC dilimleri toplayın ve pCREB antikor 21,25,30 standart immünhistokimya boyama izledi jelatin kaplı slaytlar, üzerine monte. </li></ol> 7. Tek Naris Oklüzyonu reversibilite testi Bloke edici etkisi burun tıkacın çıkarılmasının ardından 24 saat sonra geri olup bu deney testleri. <ol><li> Bölüm 2&#39;de tarif edildiği gibi 6 veya PH 7 yavruların tek taraflı naris oklüzyonlarını gerçekleştirin. </li><li> (Eğitim sırasında tıkanıklığı naris süresine eşdeğer - 5 dk alışma + 10 dk eğitim) 15 dakika sonra, burun kapağı çıkarıp, baraja yavru dönmek. </li><li> 6.2 de tarif edildiği gibi 24 saat sonra, 10 dakika süre ile kapalı bir plastik kap içine nane kokusuna maruz yavru. </li><li> Mezhep aynı adımları izleyin6,3-6,6 iyonlar bulunmaktadır. </li></ol>

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W., Yuan, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olfactory+bulb+alpha2-adrenoceptor+activation+promotes+rat+pup+odor-preference+learning+via+a+cAMP-independent+mechanism.">Olfactory bulb alpha2-adrenoceptor activation promotes rat pup odor-preference learning via a cAMP-independent mechanism.</a> Learn Mem. 19, 499-502 (2012).</li><li>Isaacson, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Odor+representations+in+mammalian+cortical+circuits.">Odor representations in mammalian cortical circuits.</a> Curr Opin Neurobiol. 20, 328-331 (2010).</li><li>Lethbridge, R., Hou, Q., Harley, C. W., Yuan, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olfactory+bulb+glomerular+NMDA+receptors+mediate+olfactory+nerve+potentiation+and+odor+preference+learning+in+the+neonate+rat.">Olfactory bulb glomerular NMDA receptors mediate olfactory nerve potentiation and odor preference learning in the neonate rat.</a> PLoS One. 7, e35024 (2012).</li><li>Yuan, Q., Harley, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+a+nostril+knows:+olfactory+nerve-evoked+AMPA+responses+increase+while+NMDA+responses+decrease+at+24-h+post-training+for+lateralized+odor+preference+memory+in+neonate+rat.">What a nostril knows: olfactory nerve-evoked AMPA responses increase while NMDA responses decrease at 24-h post-training for lateralized odor preference memory in neonate rat.</a> Learn Mem. 19, 50-53 (2012).</li><li>Schwob, J. E., Price, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+axonal+connections+in+the+central+olfactory+system+of+rats.">The development of axonal connections in the central olfactory system of rats.</a> J Comp Neurol. 223, 177-202 (1984).</li><li>Kucharski, D., Hall, W. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+routes+to+early+memories.">New routes to early memories.</a> Science. 238, 786-788 (1987).</li><li>Kucharski, D., Johanson, I. B., Hall, W. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unilateral+olfactory+conditioning+in+6-day-old+rat+pups.">Unilateral olfactory conditioning in 6-day-old rat pups.</a> Behav Neural Biol. 46, 472-490 (1986).</li><li>Cummings, D. M., Henning, H. E., Brunjes, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olfactory+bulb+recovery+after+early+sensory+deprivation.">Olfactory bulb recovery after early sensory deprivation.</a> J Neurosci. 17, 7433-7440 (1997).</li><li>Kucharski, D., Hall, W. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+change+in+the+access+to+olfactory+memories.">Developmental change in the access to olfactory memories.</a> Behav Neurosci. 102, 340-348 (1988).</li><li>Brunjes, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unilateral+odor+deprivation:+time+course+of+changes+in+laminar+volume.">Unilateral odor deprivation: time course of changes in laminar volume.</a> Brain Res Bull. 14, 233-237 (1985).</li><li>Kass, M. D., Pottackal, J., Turkel, D. J., McGann, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+the+neural+representation+of+odorants+after+olfactory+deprivation+in+the+adult+mouse+olfactory+bulb.">Changes in the neural representation of odorants after olfactory deprivation in the adult mouse olfactory bulb.</a> Chem Senses. 38, 77-89 (2013).</li><li>Kim, H. H., Puche, A. C., Margolis, F. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Odorant+deprivation+reversibly+modulates+transsynaptic+changes+in+the+NR2B-mediated+CREB+pathway+in+mouse+piriform+cortex.">Odorant deprivation reversibly modulates transsynaptic changes in the NR2B-mediated CREB pathway in mouse piriform cortex.</a> J Neurosci. 26, 9548-9559 (2006).</li><li>Korol, D. L., Brunjes, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+changes+in+2-deoxyglucose+uptake+and+amino+acid+incorporation+following+unilateral+odor+deprivation:+a+laminar+analysis.">Rapid changes in 2-deoxyglucose uptake and amino acid incorporation following unilateral odor deprivation: a laminar analysis.</a> Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 52, 75-84 (1990).</li><li>Leung, C. H., Wilson, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trans-neuronal+regulation+of+cortical+apoptosis+in+the+adult+rat+olfactory+system.">Trans-neuronal regulation of cortical apoptosis in the adult rat olfactory system.</a> Brain Res. 984, 182-188 (2003).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Kritik bir zaman penceresi içinde sıçan yavrularında lateralizan koku, öğrenme ve bellek modeli ilk Hall ve arkadaşları tarafından kurulmuştur. Çalışmaların 33,34,36 bir dizi, onlar bir koku tercih bellek sıçan yavrularının PH 6 az bir naris için koku + süt eşleşmeleri tarafından lateralize olabileceğini gösterdi. Tercih bellek aynı naris eğitim ve test sırasında açık olduğunda sağlam, ancak tıkalı naris bloke edilmemiş ve kontrol edilmiş olduğu zaman gözlemlenmemiştir....

Olfaction başarıyla gezinmek veya kendi ortamında hayatta kalmak için mümkün olmaz onsuz kemirgenlerde primer duyu yöntemidir. Bu 1 beslemek için annelerini bulmak için koku alma duyusunu kullanmak için, ilk doğum sonrası hafta boyunca görmeniz ne duymak ne yenidoğan yavrular, için özellikle önemlidir. Sonuç olarak, yenidoğan sıçan yavrular basit deneysel manipülasyonlar ile kokuları tercih klimalı edilebilir. Uyaranların çeşitli iç içe geçme çevre 2,3, süt emzirme 4-6, okşayarak ve dokunma uyarısına 7 de dahil olmak üzere yeni yenidoğanlarda kokulara koşullandırılmış tepkileri (Koşullu uyarı, TH), indükleme koşulsuz uyarıcı (UCS) olarak kullanılmaktadır 12, kuyruk tutam 13, anne tükürük 13, hafif bir ayak şok 14-18, ve intrakranial beyin stimülasyonu 19. Bu çalışmada köklü bir erken koku tercihi paradigma istihdam edildiği bu durumda nane bir koku, bennane, 24 saat sonra 10,11,20 için bir tercih üretilmesi amacıyla dokunma uyarısına birlikte s. Bu kokular hafızası esas olarak koku ampuller (OB) 21-23 ve ön piriform korteks (APC), 24,25 de dahil olmak üzere, sağlam koku devresi bağlıdır. Erken koku tercihi öğrenme Deneysel araştırmalar derinleşti ve bir memeli hafıza moleküler ve fizyolojik temellerinin anlayışımızı genişlettik. Bu memeli model, bellek mekanizmaları okuyan birçok avantajı vardır. İlk olarak, UCS sinyalinin nöral kaynakları tespit edilmiştir. Yukarıda belirtildiği gibi, çeşitli uyarıcılar sırayla 22,27,28 öğrenmeyi desteklemek hücresel ve fizyolojik etkilere neden OB ve aPC&#39;ye birden adrenoreseptörler aktive odağı coeruleus norepinefrin salınımını 26 uyarırlar. İkincisi, bellek destek mekanizmaları iyi tanımlanmış laminer sinir yapıları yer almaktadır.yenidoğan sıçanlarda koku devrenin basitlik sinaptik plastisite ile ilgili karmaşık süreçleri ortaya çıkarmak için birlikte ideal bir çerçeve ile araştırmacılar sağlar. Diğer yapılar 29 arasında OB ve ipsilateral lateral koku yolu (LOT) ile piriform korteks (PC) dönüş projesi çerçevesinde bu mitral / sorguçlu hücrelerin mitral / tüylü hücreler üzerine koku epiteli projede koku alma duyu nöronları (OSN). OSN OB 30,31 sinapsların ve LOT aPC&#39;ye içinde 24,25 sinapsların sinaptik öğrenme destekleyen değişiklikler ve bellek için kritik loci olarak tespit edilmiştir. Üçüncü olarak, sıçanlarda erken yaşta, koku girişler kolayca lateralize edilebilir. Her aPC&#39;ye bu kez beyaz cevher tam post-natal gün 12 (PD12) 32&#39;de oluşturulan ön komissura&#39;da aracılığıyla ikili koku bilgilere erişimi vardır. PD 12 önce, koku girişli tek tıkanıklığı naris 24,25,31,33,34 &lt;aracılığıyla OB ve aPC&#39;nin ipisilateral izole edilebilir/ Sup&gt;. Tek naris tıkanıklığı açık naris gelen koku hafıza oluşumuna olanak ve 12 33 pd önce tıkalı naris aynı bellek önler. Koku hafızası hem OB ve aPC&#39;ye dahil ipsilateral hemisferde izole edilir. Bu nedenle, her sıçan yavru öğrenme ve fizyolojisini destekleyen için kendi kontrol edilebilir. Bu çalışmada, lateralize ilk koku tercih öğrenme protokol verilmektedir. Bu yöntem, böylece gerekli hayvan sayısını ve genel varyasyonu de azaltarak, intra-hayvan kontrolü 24,25,31 sağlayarak koku öğrenmenin temelini nöral mekanizmaları çalışmak için güçlü bir araç olarak hizmet vermektedir. Tıkanıklığı naris gres ya da burun tıkacın uygulanan ve en az stres veya hayvana zarar çıkarılabilir olması ile tersine çevrilebilir. Burada öncelikle, erken koku tercihi eğitim ve test prosedürleri ayrıntılı bir nos tek naris tıkanıklığı kullanarak lateralizan protokolü odaklanarak, tarif edilmektedire fiş. Sonra sonuçlar koku girişini izole ve lateralizan koku belleği üreten tek tıkanıklığı naris etkinliğini göstermek için sunulmaktadır. Son olarak, hem öğrenim hem de destek bellek ifade oluşturmak koku sistemi fizyolojik değişiklikleri incelemek için bu lateralizan öğrenme modelini kullanarak potansiyelleri tartışılmıştır.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Polythylene 20 tubing</td><td>Intramedic</td><td>427406</td><td>Non-radiopaque, Non-toxic</td></tr><tr><td>3-0 Silk suture thread</td><td>Syneture</td><td>Sofsilk</td><td>Non-absorbent</td></tr><tr><td>Silicone grease</td><td>Warner Instrument</td><td>64-0378</td><td>Odorless</td></tr><tr><td>2% Xylocaine gel</td><td>AstraZeneca</td><td>Prod. No 061</td><td>Lidocaine hydrochloride jelly, purchased at local pharmacy</td></tr><tr><td>Paint brush</td><td>Dynasty</td><td>206R</td><td>Similar size/other brands work too</td></tr><tr><td>Peppermint extract</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>W284807</td><td>Other brands should be okay too</td></tr><tr><td>Training box</td><td>Custom-made</td><td>N/A</td><td>Acrylic box (20 x 20 x 5 cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;), see &lt;b&gt;Figure 2A&lt;/b&gt;. Parameters and material for the box are not critical and can be modified. Material used should be odorless and does not absorb odors</td></tr><tr><td>Testing chamber</td><td>Custom-made</td><td>N/A</td><td>Stainless steel (30 x 20 x 18 cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;), see &lt;b&gt;Figure 2B&lt;/b&gt;. Parameters and material for the chamber are not critical and can be modified. For example, an acrylic chamber instead of a stainless steel one can be used</td></tr><tr><td>pCREB antibody</td><td>Cell Signaling</td><td>9198</td><td>Ser 133 (87G3) Rabbit mAb</td></tr><tr><td>Chloral hydrate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C8383</td><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehype</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P6148</td><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S9378</td><td>N/A</td></tr></tbody></table>

a lateralized odor learning model in neonatal rats for dissecting neural circuitry underpinning memory formation

Rat pups during a critical postnatal period (&#8804; 10 days) readily form a preference for an odor that is associated with stimuli mimicking maternal care. Such a preference memory can last from hours, to days, even life-long, depending on training parameters. Early odor preference learning provides us with a model in which the critical changes for a natural form of learning occur in the olfactory circuitry. An additional feature that makes it a powerful tool for the analysis of memory processes is that early odor preference learning can be lateralized via single naris occlusion within the critical period. This is due to the lack of mature anterior commissural connections of the olfactory hemispheres at this early age. This work outlines behavioral protocols for lateralized odor learning using nose plugs. Acute, reversible naris occlusion minimizes tissue and neuronal damages associated with long-term occlusion and more aggressive methods such as cauterization. The lateralized odor learning model permits within-animal comparison, therefore greatly reducing variance compared to between-animal designs. This method has been used successfully to probe the circuit changes in the olfactory system produced by training. Future directions include exploring molecular underpinnings of odor memory using this lateralized learning model; and correlating physiological change with memory strength and durations.

Burada koku girişini izole ve bir yarımkürede öğrenme tıkanıklığı naris etkinliğini ve bu yöntemin reverzibilitesini göstermek için daha önce kurulmuş sonuçlarının 24 bazı gözden. Erken koku tercihi eğitim sırasında tek naris tıkanıklık lateralizan koku hafızasına 24 yol açar. Bellek korunmuş naris (Şekil 3) ile sınırlıdır. Yavrular eğitimi sırasında olduğu gibi tıkanır aynı naris ile koku tercihi için test ed...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation at JoVE.com

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation

This protocol introduces lateralized early odor preference learning in rats using acute single naris occlusion. Lateralized learning permits the examination of behavioral outcomes and underpinning biological mechanisms within the same animals, reducing variance induced by between-animal designs. This protocol can be used to investigate molecular mechanisms underpinning early odor learning.

Sinir Devresi Temelini Bellek Oluşumunda Diseksiyon için Yenidoğan Sıçanlarda bir Lateralize Koku Öğrenme Modeli

Rat pups during a critical postnatal period (&#8804; 10 days) readily form a preference for an odor that is associated with stimuli mimicking maternal ...

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Neuroscience

8.9K Görüntüleme.  Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University. This protocol introduces lateralized early odor preference learning in rats using acute single naris occlusion. Lateralized learning permits the examination of behavioral outcomes and underpinning biological mechanisms within the same animals, reducing variance induced by between-animal designs. This protocol can be used to investigate molecular mechanisms underpinning early odor learning.

Video: A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their behavioral flexibility and required memory duration, the number of goals and pathways, and also the overall task complexity. A confounding feature in many of these tasks is the lack of control over the strategy employed by the rodents to reach the goal, e.g., allocentric (declarative-like) or egocentric (procedural) based strategies. The double-H maze is a novel water-escape memory task that addresses this issue, by allowing the experimenter to direct the type of strategy learned during the training period. The double-H maze is a transparent device, which consists of a central alleyway with three arms protruding on both sides, along with an escape platform submerged at the extremity of one of these arms.
Rats can be trained using an allocentric strategy by alternating the start position in the maze in an unpredictable manner (see protocol 1; &#167;4.7), thus requiring them to learn the location of the platform based on the available allothetic cues. Alternatively, an egocentric learning strategy (protocol 2; &#167;4.8) can be employed by releasing the rats from the same position during each trial, until they learn the procedural pattern required to reach the goal. This task has been proven to allow for the formation of stable memory traces.
Memory can be probed following the training period in a misleading probe trial, in which the starting position for the rats alternates. Following an egocentric learning paradigm, rats typically resort to an allocentric-based strategy, but only when their initial view on the extra-maze cues differs markedly from their original position. This task is ideally suited to explore the effects of drugs/perturbations on allocentric/egocentric memory performance, as well as the interactions between these two memory systems.

The goal of this protocol is to investigate spatial cognition in rodents. The double-H water maze is a novel test, which is particularly useful to elucidate the different components of learning, consolidation and memory, as well as the interplay of memory systems.

Çift H Maze: Kemirgenler A Sağlam Davranış Öğrenme için test ve Hafıza

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their ...

Davranış

A Method for Remotely Silencing Neural Activity in Rodents During Discrete Phases of Learning

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different forms of learning. Specifically, viral-mediated delivery is used to express a genetically modified inhibitory G-protein coupled receptor (the Designer Receptor) into a discrete brain region in the rodent. Three weeks later, when designer receptor expression levels are high, a pharmacological agent (the Designer Drug) is administered systemically 30 min prior to a specific behavioral session. The drug has affinity for the designer receptor and thus results in inhibition of neurons that express the designer receptor, but is otherwise biologically inert. The brain region remains silenced for 2-5 hr (depending on the dose and route of administration). Upon completion of the behavioral paradigm, brain tissue is assessed for correct placement and receptor expression. This approach is particularly useful for determining the contribution of individual brain regions to specific components of behavior and can be used across any number of behavioral paradigms.

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while rats are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different components of learning.

Öğrenmenin Ayrık Aşama sırasında Kemirgenler uzaktan suskunluğu Sinir Aktivitesi Bir Yöntem

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and ...

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants

Information is retrieved more effectively when the retrieval occurs in the same context as that in which the information was first encoded. This is termed context dependent memory (CDM). One category of cues that have been shown to effectively produce CDM effects are odors. However, it is unclear what the boundary conditions of these CDM effects are. In particular, given that olfaction has been called an implicit sense, it is possible that odors are only effective mnemonic cues when they are presented in the background. This assertion seems even more likely given that previous research has shown odors to be poor cues during paired associate memory tests, where odors are in the focus of attention as mnemonic cues for other information. In order to determine whether odors are only effective contextual mnemonic cues when presented outside the central focus of an observer, an olfactory CDM experiment was performed in which odorants were presented directly, rather than ambiently. Direct presentation was accomplished with the aid of an olfactometer. The olfactometer not only allows for direct presentation of odorants, but provides other methodological benefits, including the allowance of trial by trial manipulations of odorant presentations and, relatedly, time-specific releases of odorants. The presence of the same odor during both encoding and retrieval enhanced memory performance, regardless of whether the odor was presented ambiently or directly. This finding can serve as a basis for future olfactory CDM research which can utilize the benefits of direct presentation.

The use of an olfactometer for directly presenting odorants opens exciting opportunities for researchers of olfactory memory. The current paper discusses issues related to this methodology as related to a previously published experiment on olfactory context dependent memory.

Koku içerik bağımlı bellek: Odorants doğrudan sunulması

Information is retrieved more effectively when the retrieval occurs in the same context as that in which the information was first encoded. This is termed ...

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

In the following we describe the methodological details of appetitive associative olfactory learning in Drosophila larvae. The setup, in combination with genetic interference, provides a handle to analyze the neuronal and molecular fundamentals of specifically associative learning in a simple larval brain.
Organisms can use past experience to adjust present behavior. Such acquisition of behavioral potential can be defined as learning, and the physical bases of these potentials as memory traces1-4. Neuroscientists try to understand how these processes are organized in terms of molecular and neuronal changes in the brain by using a variety of methods in model organisms ranging from insects to vertebrates5,6. For such endeavors it is helpful to use model systems that are simple and experimentally accessible. The Drosophila larva has turned out to satisfy these demands based on the availability of robust behavioral assays, the existence of a variety of transgenic techniques and the elementary organization of the nervous system comprising only about 10,000 neurons (albeit with some concessions: cognitive limitations, few behavioral options, and richness of experience questionable)7-10.
Drosophila larvae can form associations between odors and appetitive gustatory reinforcement like sugar11-14. In a standard assay, established in the lab of B. Gerber, animals receive a two-odor reciprocal training: A first group of larvae is exposed to an odor A together with a gustatory reinforcer (sugar reward) and is subsequently exposed to an odor B without reinforcement 9. Meanwhile a second group of larvae receives reciprocal training while experiencing odor A without reinforcement and subsequently being exposed to odor B with reinforcement (sugar reward). In the following both groups are tested for their preference between the two odors. Relatively higher preferences for the rewarded odor reflect associative learning - presented as a performance index (PI). The conclusion regarding the associative nature of the performance index is compelling, because apart from the contingency between odors and tastants, other parameters, such as odor and reward exposure, passage of time and handling do not differ between the two groups9.

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

Drosophila larvae are able to associate odor stimuli with gustatory reward. Here we describe a simple behavioral paradigm that allows the analysis of appetitive associative olfactory learning.

In iştahlı İlişkilendirilebilir Olfaktör Öğrenme<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larva

In the following we describe the methodological  details of appetitive associative olfactory learning in Drosophila larvae. The setup, in combination with ...

Nörobilim

Drosophila Adult Olfactory Shock Learning

Drosophila have been used in classical conditioning experiments for over 40 years, thus greatly facilitating our understanding of memory, including the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involved in cognitive diseases1-7. Learning and memory can be assayed in larvae to study the effect of neurodevelopmental genes8-10 and in flies to measure the contribution of adult plasticity genes1-7. Furthermore, the short lifespan of Drosophila facilitates the analysis of genes mediating age-related memory impairment5,11-13. The availability of many inducible promoters that subdivide the Drosophila nervous system makes it possible to determine when and where a gene of interest is required for normal memory as well as relay of different aspects of the reinforcement signal3,4,14,16.
Studying memory in adult Drosophila allows for a detailed analysis of the behavior and circuitry involved and a measurement of long-term memory15-17. The length of the adult stage accommodates longer-term genetic, behavioral, dietary and pharmacological manipulations of memory, in addition to determining the effect of aging and neurodegenerative disease on memory3-6,11-13,15-21.
Classical conditioning is induced by the simultaneous presentation of a neutral odor cue (conditioned stimulus, CS+) and a reinforcement stimulus, e.g., an electric shock or sucrose, (unconditioned stimulus, US), that become associated with one another by the animal1,16. A second conditioned stimulus (CS-) is subsequently presented without the US. During the testing phase, Drosophila are simultaneously presented with CS+ and CS- odors. After the Drosophila are provided time to choose between the odors, the distribution of the animals is recorded. This procedure allows associative aversive or appetitive conditioning to be reliably measured without a bias introduced by the innate preference for either of the conditioned stimuli. Various control experiments are also performed to test whether all genotypes respond normally to odor and reinforcement alone.

Drosophila Adult Olfactory Shock Learning

The method to measure adult Drosophila associative memory is described. The assay is based on the ability of the fly to associate an odor presented with a negative reinforcer (electric shock) and then recall this information at a later time, allowing memory to be measured.

Drosophila Yetişkin Koku Şok Öğrenme

Drosophila have been used in classical conditioning experiments for over 40 years, thus greatly facilitating our understanding of memory, including the ...

A Low-Cost, Odor-Reward Association Task for Tests of Learning and Memory

Robust and simple behavioral paradigms of appetitive, associative memory are crucial for researchers interested in cellular and molecular mechanisms of memory. In this paper, an effective and low-cost mouse behavioral protocol is described for examining the effects of physiological manipulation (such as the infusion of pharmacological agents) on the learning rate and duration of odor-reward memory. Representative results are provided from a study examining the differential role of tyrosine kinase receptor activity in short-term (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Male mice were conditioned to associate a reward (sugar pellet) with one of the two odors, and their memory for the association was tested 2 or 48 h later. Immediately prior to the training, a tyrosine kinase (Trk) receptor inhibitor or vehicle infusions were delivered into the olfactory bulb (OB). Although there was no effect of the infusion on the learning rate, blockade of the Trk receptors in the OB selectively impaired LTM (48 h), and not short-term memory (STM; 2 h). The LTM impairment was attributed to the diminished odor selectivity as measured by the length of the digging time. The culmination of the results of this experiment showed that Trk receptor activation in the OB is the key in olfactory memory consolidation.

An odor-reward, associative learning task was used to investigate the differential effects of physiological manipulation on long-term and short-term memory.

Robust and simple behavioral paradigms of appetitive, associative memory are crucial for researchers interested in cellular and molecular mechanisms of ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Kemirgen koku alma deneyleri için esnek, uygun maliyetli bir olfaktometre tasarlama

Constructing an Olfactometer for Rodent Olfactory Behavior Studies

The use of olfactometers to study rodent behavior and brain activity during olfactory tasks is crucial for understanding brain circuits. These sophisticated devices allow researchers to precisely control and deliver odor stimuli, enabling the investigation of complex olfactory processes in rodents. Although commercially available olfactometers are convenient, they present challenges when technical issues arise, often requiring costly assistance and potentially disrupting research timelines. This article details the construction of a custom olfactometer specifically designed for mouse olfactory behavior experiments, providing a comprehensive list of parts and step-by-step instructions. The olfactometer is controlled through MATLAB, offering a user-friendly interface for researchers. Importantly, the open-source code allows users to modify and adapt the system, tailoring behavioral tasks to meet specific experimental needs. Building a customized olfactometer empowers users with the knowledge and capability to perform custom experimental design and troubleshooting independently, saving both time and resources. This approach not only enhances research flexibility but also fosters a deeper understanding of the equipment's functionality, ultimately leading to more robust and reliable olfactory studies in rodents.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Kemirgen Koku Alma Davranışı Çalışmaları için Bir Olfaktometre Oluşturulması: Yakın Kızılötesi Spektroskopisi, Psikolojik Danışmada Hipertarama Çalışması

This protocol describes the construction of an olfactometer for go/no-go olfactory behavior experiments. Step-by-step instructions, along with images, are provided to ensure the successful construction of the olfactometer. Information for troubleshooting issues encountered during the process is also included.

Kemirgen Koku Alma Davranışı Çalışmaları için Bir Olfaktometre Oluşturma

The use of olfactometers to study rodent behavior and brain activity during olfactory tasks is crucial for understanding brain circuits. These ...

An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice

Olfaction is the predominant sensory modality in mice and influences many important behaviors, including foraging, predator detection, mating, and parenting. Importantly, mice can be trained to associate novel odors with specific behavioral responses to provide insight into olfactory circuit function. This protocol details the procedure for training mice on a Go/No-Go operant learning task. In this approach, mice are trained on hundreds of automated trials daily for 2&#8211;4 weeks and can then be tested on novel Go/No-Go odor pairs to assess olfactory discrimination, or be used for studies on how odor learning alters the structure or function of the olfactory circuit. Additionally, the mouse olfactory bulb (OB) features ongoing integration of adult-born neurons. Interestingly, olfactory learning increases both the survival and synaptic connections of these adult-born neurons. Therefore, this protocol can be combined with other biochemical, electrophysiological, and imaging techniques to study learning and activity-dependent factors that mediate neuronal survival and plasticity.

Here, we train mice on an associative learning task to test odor discrimination. This protocol also allows for studies on learning-induced structural changes in the brain.

Sinir Devresi Temelini Bellek Oluşumunda Diseksiyon için Yenidoğan Sıçanlarda bir Lateralize Koku Öğrenme Modeli

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Drosophila Yetişkin Koku Şok Öğrenme

A Low-Cost, Odor-Reward Association Task for Tests of Learning and Memory

Kemirgen Koku Alma Davranışı Çalışmaları için Bir Olfaktometre Oluşturma

Kemirgen Koku Alma Davranışı Çalışmaları için Bir Olfaktometre Oluşturma

Kemirgen Koku Alma Davranışı Çalışmaları için Bir Olfaktometre Oluşturma

Koku öğrenme ve ayrımcılık farelerde bir objektif ve tekrarlanabilir testi