P23681-B16: Bu araştırma, Avusturya Bilim Fonu&#39;nun (FWF) tarafından finanse edildi.

Bitki Materyallerinin Hazırlanması 1. <ol><li> Konu bitki materyali ya yaprakları veya tüm bitkiler (Hosta spp. Veya Phaseolus vulgaris) kullanın. </li></ol> Buz Çekirdeklenme Aktif (INA) Bakteri İçeren Su Çözümleri 2. Hazırlık <ol><li> Kültür INA bakteri Pseudomonas syringae 25 ° C Pseudomonas Agar F&#39;ta petri kaplarına (soy Cit-7), üreticinin yönde 100% gliserol, 10 g / L ile hazırlandı. </li><li> Kültürler, 4 ° C &#39;de yeteri kadar yer büyüdü sonra gerekli ama buz nükleasyon aktivitesi yüksek düzeyde sağlamak için önce iki gün boyunca 4 ° C&#39;de tutun kadar. </li><li> Tek kullanımlık bir plastik, ağarın yüzeyinden, tek bir levhadan bakteri Pençe ya da yeniden kullanılabilir metal bir spatula kullanımı ve yer zamanda iyonu giderilmiş su, 10-15 ml 25 ml&#39;lik atılabilir bir küvet içinde. konsantrasyonu, · 1 x 10 7 x 1 ila 10, 9 aralığında olmalıdır </sup&gt; Ml -1. Çözelti bulanık görünecektir. Konsantrasyon sadece yaklaşık gerekirse bir hemasitometre veya spektrofotometre kullanılarak konsantrasyon onaylamak için gerek yoktur. </li><li> Bakteri dağıtmak için 10 saniyelik bir en az küvet vorteksleyin. Not: Elde edilen INA karışımın belirli bir konsantrasyonu önemli değildir ve açıklanan protokol buz nükleasyon aktivitesi yeterli düzeyden daha fazla verecektir. INA bakteri ve su Bu karışım çekirdeklenme deneylerde daha sonra kullanılacaktır. </li></ol> 3. Donma Deneme Oluşturma <ol><li> Koruyucu akrilik kutusunun içindeki yüksek çözünürlüklü kızılötesi kamera (SC-660) yerleştirin, böylece kutunun önündeki açıklıktan mercek projeleri ve kutunun arka delikten bir dizüstü bilgisayar veya kayıt cihazı çıkmak için kamera bağlantı telleri . Kutunun kapağını sabitleyin ve bir yerde çevre odasında veya derin dondurucuda içine kutusu yerleştirmek tüm olacakow konu bitki materyali görülebilir. <ol><li> Yansıyan kızılötesi enerjiden girişimi önlemek için siyah inşaat kağıt ile odasının duvarlarını kaplayan bitki materyali etrafında karanlık bir arka plan sağlamak. </li><li> Görünür dalga boylarında kayıt görüntüleri gerektiğinde ışık kaynağından ısıtma aza indirmek için LED aydınlatma ile odasını takınız. Bitkiler kamerası tarafından görünür olmasını böyle bir pille çalışan dolap ışığı veya diğer küçük led aydınlatma cihazı olarak sadece minimum, gereklidir. <ol><li> Konu bitki materyali görünür görüntüleri alınır sonra, LED aydınlatma kapatın. Bir liman ya da odasında diğer delikten kameraya tüm harici kablolu bağlantıları (bilgisayar firewire bağlantısı, güç kablosu, vb) dağıtın. </li></ol></li><li> Önlemek veya bölme içinde sıcaklık değişimleri azaltmak için köpük yalıtım malzemesi ile liman ya da açılış herhangi fazladan boşluk doldurun. 1 ° C&#39;de odasının ilk sıcaklığını ayarlamak. </li></ol></li><li> Bitki materyali kameranın görüş alanı görünümünde ve bitki materyali uzaktan izleme ekranında veya seçilen yazılımın içinde görünür şekilde bitkiler ya da bitki parçaları hizalayın. </li><li> Bitkiler önceden kontrollü bir dondurma deney başlamadan, bitki malzemesinin boyutuna bağlı olarak, 1 saat 30 dakika boyunca 1 ° C&#39;de dengelenmeye bırakın. Bu donma deneyi başlatılır sonra bitkinin sıcaklığı birçok derece hava sıcaklığı gerisinde değil garanti eder. Bitkisel malzemenin sıcaklığı, hava sıcaklığı 0.5 ° C&#39;lik bir fark dahilinde olduğunda Dengeleme elde edilir. <ol><li> Saksı bitkileri kullanılması durumunda saksı bitkileri toprak üstünde Strafor yalıtım katmanı yerleştirin. Bitkiler dengeye ulaştıktan sonra, bölmenin soğutma başlar. Not: pot toprak yüzeyinde yalıtım tabakası tesisi çevreleyen havaya pot devam ısı kaybı miktarını azaltır ve fre kökleri engellerezing, bu tipik olarak sebebiyle toprakta kalan ısı mevcut kitlesel deposuna doğada bir don olayı sırasında meydana olmaz. </li></ol></li><li> 3.4.1-3.4.4 tartışıldığı gibi, istenen kamera parametrelerini (renk paleti, sıcaklık aralığı, belirli ilgi alanları, vb) ayarlayın. <ol><li> Canlı görüntüyü izlerken sıcaklık değişimlerini görüntülemek için gökkuşağı paleti seçin. </li><li> Sadece yazılımı görüntüsünün altında bulunan sıcaklık çubuğunu ayarlayarak 5 ° C sıcaklık aralığını ayarlayın. </li><li> Seçilen paleti (gökkuşağı) tarafından tanımlanan sahte renk görüntü içine kızılötesi verileri dönüştürmek için doğrusal ölçek (algoritma) seçin ve 5 ° C&#39;ye sıcaklık aralığını ayarlamak ve resmin göre otomatik olarak izlemek için. Deney yapılırken Alternatif olarak, manuel ayar aralığını ayarlayın. <ol><li> Softw tarafından sağlanan ilgi tanımlanan alan içinde belirli bir noktaya sıcaklığını ya da ortalama sıcaklık kullanınbulunmaktadır. . Kaydedilen video dizisinden veya görüntü dosyasında gömülü bilgilerden tüm piksellerin sıcaklık verileri almak 3 ResearchIR yazılım içinden tipik bir ekran göstermektedir. </li></ol></li><li> Ilgi belirli bir noktayı temsil bitki dokusu üzerinde bir yere bir imleci yerleştirin. Noktalarında (boyutu 1 -3 piksel), kutular, çizgiler, elips ya da çevrelerin gibi ilgi alanını tanımlayın. Noktalarla şekiller çoklu kombinasyonları görüntünün üzerinde yer alabilir. </li></ol></li><li> Bir video dizisi kaydetme <ol><li> 60 Hz ve kayıt elle durdurulması için kaydetmek için kamerayı ayarlayın. </li><li> Kaydedilen video dosyası alınacaktır bilgisayara veya harici sürücüde yerini belirtin. </li><li> Kayıt başlar. Not: büyük video dosyalarını oluşturulur çünkü harici sabit sürücüye kayıt şiddetle tavsiye edilir. Kaydedilen video dosyaları sonra KD içeren yalnızca bir bölümünü içerecek şekilde düzenlenebilircessary bilgiler. Bu büyük ölçüde dosya boyutunu azaltacaktır. </li><li> 0.5 -1.0 ° C aşamalı odasının ısısını düşürün. Bitki sıcaklığı hava sıcaklığı ile equilibrates kadar bekleyin ve ardından 0.5-1.0 ° C tekrar sıcaklığını düşürmek. Bitki gözlemlenen dokusu ve morfolojisinin kütlesine bağlı olarak, dengeleme 10 dakika 15 alabilir. Bu nedenle, yaklaşık 4 ° C / saatlik bir soğutma hızını vermek. </li><li> Bitki donuyor ve gözlemler tamamlanıncaya kadar bu şekilde devam edin. Dondurma işlemi tamamlandığında Kaydı bitirmek. Not: aynı sıcaklıkta olduğundan, bitki materyali ve arka plan rengi olduğunda, aynı bitki dokusu hava sıcaklığı ile dengelenmiş. Arka plan sıcaklığı ve bitki doku sıcaklığı aynı olduğundan, bu yeniden daha düşük sıcaklığa ve bitki doku ve a arasındaki sıcaklık farkı olana kadar, bitki malzemesinin görselleştirmek zor olabilirir sıcaklık. </li></ol></li></ol>

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Exp. Bot. 106, 4-12 (2014).</li><li>Wisniewski, M., Glenn, D. M., Fuller, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+hydrophobic+particle+film+as+a+barrier+to+extrinsic+ice+nucleation+in+tomato+plants.">Use of a hydrophobic particle film as a barrier to extrinsic ice nucleation in tomato plants.</a> HortScience. 127, 358-364 (2002).</li><li>Aryal, B., &amp;Neuner, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Leaf+wettability+decreases+along+an+extreme+altitudinal+gradient.">Leaf wettability decreases along an extreme altitudinal gradient.</a> Oecologia. 162, 1-9 (2010).</li><li>Wisniewski, M., Fuller, M. P., Margesin, R., Schinner, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Ice nucleation and deep supercooling in plants: new insights using infrared thermography. In: Cold adapted organisms. Ecology, physiology, enzymologyandmolecularbiology. , 105-118 (1999).</li><li>Franks, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Biophysics and biochemistry at low temperatures. , (1985).</li><li>Neuner, G., Kuprian, E., Hincha, D., Zuther, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infrared+thermal+analysis+of+plant+freezing+processes.">Infrared thermal analysis of plant freezing processes.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology: Plant Cold Acclimation. , 91-98 (2014).</li></ol>

Yazarlar hiçbir rakip mali çıkarlarını ya da çıkar çatışmalarının var.

Kuyu, 0 ° C&#39;nin altındaki sıcaklıklarda ve su oldukça değişken olabilir donacağı sıcaklığa süper-soğutmaya tabi yeteneğine sahiptir. Saf su süper-36 sıcaklık limiti yaklaşık -40 ° C&#39;dir ve homojen çekirdekleşme noktası olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Sıcak sıcaklıklarda su donmakta daha -40 ° C ila daha sonra buz oluşumu ve büyümesi için bir katalizör olarak hizmet eden oluşturulması için küçük buz embriyolar etkinleştirmek çekirdek oluşturucularının heterojen va...

Bitkilerin aktif büyüyor meydana dondurucu soğuklar bitki çok az veya hiç donma toleransının sahip, özellikle öldürücü olabilir. Böyle don olayları sık sık tarımsal üretim üzerinde yıkıcı etkileri ve özellikle alpin, alt-arktik ve arktik ekosistemler 1-6, bitkilerin doğal popülasyonlarında toplum yapısının şekillenmesinde önemli bir rol oynayabilir. Şiddetli ilkbahar donlarından Episodes son yıllarda 7-9 ABD ve Güney Amerika&#39;da meyve üretiminde önemli etkileri vardı ve daha tipik ortalama düşük sıcaklıklarda ardından sıcak hava erken başlangıçlı şiddetlenir edilmiştir. Erken sıcak hava no frost hoşgörü 1,3,10-12 çok az var hepsi yeni sürgünler, yapraklar, çiçekler ve büyümesini aktive kırmak için tomurcukları neden olur. Böyle düzensiz hava desenleri devam eden iklim değişikliği doğrudan yansıması olduğu bildirilmiştir ve ormanının için ortak bir hava desen olması bekleniyoreeable gelecek 13. Artan don toleransı sağlayabilir, ekonomik, etkili ve çevre dostu yönetim teknikleri ya da agrokimyasallar sağlamak için çabalar nedenlerle bir dizi için sınırlı bir başarı oldu ama bu kısmen tolerans donma ve bitkilerde kaçınma mekanizmaları donma karmaşık doğası isnat edilebilir. 14 Bitkilerde don sağkalım ile ilişkili adaptif mekanizmalar geleneksel hoşgörü dondurma ve kaçınma dondurma, iki kategoriye ayrılır oylandı. Birinci kategori bitkilerin varlığı ve dokuları buz dehidratif etkisiyle ilişkili stresini tolere izin spesifik bir gen grubu ile düzenlenir biyokimyasal mekanizmaları ile ilişkilidir. İkinci kategori, tipik olarak, ama sadece değil, bir bitkinin 14 yapısal olmadığını belirlemek, bir bitkinin yönleri ve buz formları ile ilişkili iken. Bir reklam dondurarak kaçınma yaygınlığı rağmenaptive mekanizma, az araştırma altında yatan mekanizmaları ve donma kaçınma düzenleme anlamak için son zamanlarda tahsis edilmiştir. okuyucu bu konuda daha ayrıntılı bilgi için, bir son gözden 15 olarak adlandırılır. Düşük sıcaklıklarda buz oluşumu basit bir süreç gibi görünse de, birçok faktör bitkinin içinde yayılır bitki dokularında hangi buz çekirdekleşirken ve nasıl sıcaklığın belirlenmesinde katkıda bulunur. Böyle çekirdek oluşturucularının Dışsal ve içsel buz varlığı, heterojen vs homojen çekirdeklenme olayları, termal-histerezis (antifriz) proteinler, belirli şekerler ve diğer osmolitler varlığı ve bitkinin yapısal yönlerini bir dizi gibi parametreler geleni önemli oynamak Bitkilerde dondurma işleminde rolü. Topluca, bu parametreler buz başlatmış ve büyür nasıl nerede bir bitki, donuyor hangi sıcaklığı etkiler. Ayrıca, elde edilen, buz kristallerinin morfolojisi etkileyebilir.Çeşitli yöntemler LTSEM&#39;ye (nükleer manyetik rezonans spektroskopi (NMR), 16, manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MRI), 17, kriyo-mikroskopi 18-19, ve düşük sıcaklık tarama elektron mikroskopisi de dahil olmak üzere laboratuar koşulları altında bitkilerde dondurma işlemi incelemek için kullanılmıştır ). laboratuvar ve saha ortamlarında tüm bitkilerin 20 Donma, ancak esas termokupl ile takip edilmektedir. dondurma incelemek için termokupl kullanımı su, katı bir sıvı bir faz geçişi uğrar ısı kurtuluş (füzyon entalpisi) dayanmaktadır. Donma sonra ekzotermik olay olarak kaydedilir. 21-23 termokuplar bitkilerde donma okuyan tercih tipik yöntemi olmasına rağmen, bunların kullanımı bir donma olayı sırasında elde edilen bilgilerin miktarını sınırlamak birçok sınırlamalar vardır. Örneğin, termokupl ile o yayar nasıl buz, bitkilerde başlatılan yeri belirlemek için neredeyse imkansız zordur,bir hatta hızında yayılır eğer ve bazı dokular buz serbest kalırsa. Yüksek çözünürlüklü kızılötesi termografi (HRIT) 24-27 Gelişmeler Bununla birlikte, önemli ölçüde bir diferansiyel görüntüleme modunda kullanıldığında, özellikle bütün bitkilerde donma süreci hakkında bilgi edinmek için yeteneğini artırmıştır. 28-33, mevcut raporda, donma sürecinin çeşitli yönlerini nerede ve ne sıcaklık buz at bitkilerde başlatılan etkileyen çeşitli parametreleri incelemek için bu teknolojinin kullanımını tarif eder. Bir protokol yüksek, sıfırın altındaki bir sıcaklıkta otsu bitkiye dondurma başlatan bir dış çekirdek oluşturucu olarak hareket etmek buz çekirdeklenme aktif (INA) bakterinin yeteneğinin, Pseudomonas syringae (Cit-7) göstermektedir ki sunulacaktır. Yüksek çözünürlüklü kızılötesi kamera Bu raporda belgelenen protokol ve örnekler kızılötesi yüksek çözünürlük kullananVideo radyometre. radyometre (Şekil 1), kızılötesi ve görünür spektrum görüntü ve sıcaklık verileri bir kombinasyonunu temin eder. Kameranın spektral tepkisi 7,5-13,5 um aralığındadır ve 640 x 480 piksel çözünürlükte içerir. Tarafından oluşturulan görünür spektrum görüntüleri dahili kamera kompleksi, termal görüntülerin yorumlanmasını kolaylaştıran gerçek zamanlı, IR görüntüleri ile kaynaşmış olabilir. Kamera için lensler bir dizi close-up ve mikroskobik incelemelerde bulunmak için kullanılabilir. Kamera bir stand-alone modunda kullanılan, ya da arabirim ve propietary yazılımını kullanarak bir dizüstü bilgisayar ile kontrol edilebilir. yazılımı kaydedildi videoları yerleşmiş olan termal çeşitli verileri elde etmek için kullanılabilir. Bu kızılötesi ışıma ölçerlerin geniş bir yelpazede piyasada mevcut olduğunu not etmek önemlidir. Bu nedenle, araştırmacı bilgili bir ürün mühendisi ile amaçlanan uygulama tartışmak ve araştırmacı herhangi specifi yeteneğini test esastırc radyometre gerekli bilgileri sağlamak. açıklanan protokol kullanılan görüntüleme radyometre akrilik kutusunda Strafor i n ısınma ve soğutma protokolleri esnasında yoğunlaşma maruziyeti caydırmak amacıyla yalıtılmış (Şekil 2) yerleştirilir. Bu koruma, tüm kameralar ya da uygulamalar için gerekli değildir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Infrared Camera</td>
			<td>FLIR</td>
			<td>SC-660</td>
			<td>Many models available depending on application</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infrared Analytical Software</td>
			<td>FLIR</td>
			<td>ResearchIR 4.10.2.5</td>
			<td align="right">$3,500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Pseudomonas syringae (strain Cit-7)</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
			<td rowspan="2"><a href="mailto:icelab@berkeley.edu">Kindly provided by Dr. Steven Lindow, University of California&#160; Berkeley icelab@berkeley.edu</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pseudomonas Agar F</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>DF0448-17-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the use of high-resolution infrared thermography (hrit) for the study of ice nucleation and ice propagation in plants

Freezing events that occur when plants are actively growing can be a lethal event, particularly if the plant has no freezing tolerance. Such frost events often have devastating effects on agricultural production and can also play an important role in shaping community structure in natural populations of plants, especially in alpine, sub-arctic, and arctic ecosystems. Therefore, a better understanding of the freezing process in plants can play an important role in the development of methods of frost protection and understanding mechanisms of freeze avoidance. Here, we describe a protocol to visualize the freezing process in plants using high-resolution infrared thermography (HRIT). The use of this technology allows one to determine the primary sites of ice formation in plants, how ice propagates, and the presence of ice barriers. Furthermore, it allows one to examine the role of extrinsic and intrinsic nucleators in determining the temperature at which plants freeze and evaluate the ability of various compounds to either affect the freezing process or increase freezing tolerance. The use of HRIT allows one to visualize the many adaptations that have evolved in plants, which directly or indirectly impact the freezing process and ultimately enables plants to survive frost events.

Ice + bakteri buz çekirdeklendirici aktivitesi Pseudomonas syringae (suş Cit-7) 10 ul su damlası ve P. ihtiva eden su içinde 10 ul syringae (Cit-7), bir Hosta yaprağın alt yüzeyi üzerine yerleştirilmiştir (Hosta spp.) (Şekil 4). Gösterildiği gibi, INA bakteriler içeren su damlası, ilk dondu ve yaprak yüzeyi üzerindeki suyun damla donmamış kalırken dondurmak için yaprak indüklemek için sorumludur. <p class="jove_c...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography HRIT for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants at JoVE.com

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography HRIT for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

Here we present a protocol that allows one to visualize sites of ice formation and avenues of ice propagation in plants utilizing high resolution infrared thermography (HRIT).

Bitkilerde Buz Çekirdeklenme ve Buz Yayma Çalışmaları Yüksek çözünürlüklü kızılötesi Termografi (HRIT) Kullanımı

Freezing events that occur when plants are actively growing can be a lethal event, particularly if the plant has no freezing tolerance. Such frost events ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

9.5K Görüntüleme.  Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Kearneysville, WV. Here we present a protocol that allows one to visualize sites of ice formation and avenues of ice propagation in plants utilizing high resolution infrared thermography (HRIT).

Video: The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography HRIT for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

Expression of Recombinant Cellulase Cel5A from Trichoderma reesei in Tobacco Plants

Cellulose degrading enzymes, cellulases, are targets of both research and industrial interests. The preponderance of these enzymes in difficult-to-culture organisms, such as hyphae-building fungi and anaerobic bacteria, has hastened the use of recombinant technologies in this field. Plant expression methods are a desirable system for large-scale production of enzymes and other industrially useful proteins. Herein, methods for the transient expression of a fungal endoglucanase, Trichoderma reesei Cel5A, in Nicotiana tabacum are demonstrated. Successful protein expression is shown, monitored by fluorescence using an mCherry-enzyme fusion protein. Additionally, a set of basic tests are used to examine the activity of transiently expressed T. reesei Cel5A, including SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, zymography, as well as&#160;fluorescence and dye-based substrate degradation assays. The system described here can be used to produce an active cellulase in a short time period, so as to assess the potential for further production in plants through constitutive or inducible expression systems.

Expression of Recombinant Cellulase Cel5A from Trichoderma reesei in Tobacco Plants

Tobacco plants were used to produce a fungal cellulase, TrCel5A, via a transient expression system. The expression could be monitored using a fluorescent fusion protein, and the protein activity was characterized post-expression.

Rekombinant Cellulase Cel5A İfade itibaren<em&gt; Trichoderma reesei</em&gt; Tütün Bitkilerinde

Cellulose degrading enzymes, cellulases, are targets of both research and industrial interests. The preponderance of these enzymes in difficult-to-culture ...

Çevre

Enhancement of the Initial Growth Rate of Agricultural Plants by Using Static Magnetic Fields

Electronic devices and high-voltage wires induce magnetic fields. A magnetic field of 1,300-2,500 Gauss (0.2 Tesla) was applied to Petri dishes containing seeds of Garden Balsam (Impatiens balsamina), Mizuna (Brassica rapa var. japonica), Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis), and Mescluns (Lepidium sativum). We applied magnets under the culture dish. During the 4 days of application, we observed that the stem and root length increased. The group subjected to magnetic field treatment (n = 10) showed a 1.4 times faster rate of growth compared with the control group (n = 11) in a total of 8 days (p &#60;0.0005). This rate is 20% higher than that reported in previous studies. The tubulin complex lines did not have connecting points, but connecting points occur upon the application of magnets. This shows complete difference from the control, which means abnormal arrangements. However, the exact cause remains unclear. These results of growth enhancement of applying magnets suggest that it is possible to enhance the growth rate, increase productivity, or control the speed of germination of plants by applying static magnetic fields. Also, magnetic fields can cause physiological changes in plant cells and can induce growth. Therefore, stimulation with a magnetic field can have possible effects that are similar to those of chemical fertilizers, which means that the use of fertilizers can be avoided.

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the acceleration of the initial growth rate of plants by applying static magnetic fields with no external energy.

Statik Manyetik Alanlar Kullanılarak Tarımsal İşletmelerin İlk Büyüme Oranı Geliştirme

Electronic devices and high-voltage wires induce magnetic fields. A magnetic field of 1,300-2,500 Gauss (0.2 Tesla) was applied to Petri dishes containing ...

Use of a Battery of Chemical and Ecotoxicological Methods for the Assessment of the Efficacy of Wastewater Treatment Processes to Remove Estrogenic Potency

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estrone (E1) have recently been included in a watch list of environmental pollutants under the European Water Framework Directive. Municipal wastewater treatment plants are major contributors to the estrogenic potency of surface waters. Much of the estrogenic potency of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents can be attributed to the discharge of steroid estrogens including estradiol (E2), EE2 and E1 due to incomplete removal of these substances at the treatment plant. An evaluation of the efficacy of wastewater treatment processes requires the quantitative determination of individual substances most often undertaken using chemical analysis methods. Most frequently used methods include Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS/MS) or Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS/MS) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Although very useful for regulatory purposes, targeted chemical analysis can only provide data on the compounds (and specific metabolites) monitored. Ecotoxicology methods additionally ensure that any by-products produced or unknown estrogenic compounds present are also assessed via measurement of their biological activity. A number of in vitro bioassays including the Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) are available to measure the estrogenic activity of wastewater samples. Chemical analysis in conjunction with in vivo and in vitro bioassays provides a useful toolbox for assessment of the efficacy and suitability of wastewater treatment processes with respect to estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds. This paper utilizes a battery of chemical and ecotoxicology tests to assess conventional, advanced and emerging wastewater treatment processes in laboratory and field studies.

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDC) pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Municipal wastewater treatment plants are major contributors to the estrogenic potency of surface waters. The methodology provided in this paper allows for an assessment of the efficacy and suitability of wastewater treatment processes with respect to EDC removal.

Atıksu Arıtma Süreçlerinin Etkinliğinin Değerlendirilmesi için Kimya ve Ekotoksikolojik Yöntemlerinin bir pil kullanılması östrojenik Potency çıkarmak

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estrone (E1) have recently been included in ...

Empirical, Metagenomic, and Computational Techniques Illuminate the Mechanisms by which Fungicides Compromise Bee Health

Growers often use fungicide sprays during bloom to protect crops against disease, which exposes bees to fungicide residues. Although considered &#34;bee-safe,&#34; there is mounting evidence that fungicide residues in pollen are associated with bee declines (for both honey and bumble bee species). While the mechanisms remain relatively unknown, researchers have speculated that bee-microbe symbioses are involved. Microbes play a pivotal role in the preservation and/or processing of pollen, which serves as nutrition for larval bees. By altering the microbial community, it is likely that fungicides disrupt these microbe-mediated services, and thereby compromise bee health. This manuscript describes the protocols used to investigate the indirect mechanism(s) by which fungicides may be causing colony decline. Cage experiments exposing bees to fungicide-treated flowers have already provided the first evidence that fungicides cause profound colony losses in a native bumble bee (Bombus impatiens). Using field-relevant doses of fungicides, a series of experiments have been developed to provide a finer description of microbial community dynamics of fungicide-exposed pollen. Shifts in the structural composition of fungal and bacterial assemblages within the pollen microbiome are investigated by next-generation sequencing and metagenomic analysis. Experiments developed herein have been designed to provide a mechanistic understanding of how fungicides affect the microbiome of pollen-provisions. Ultimately, these findings should shed light on the indirect pathway through which fungicides may be causing colony declines.

Microbial consortia within bumble bee hives enrich and preserve pollen for bee larvae. Using next generation sequencing, along with laboratory and field-based experiments, this manuscript describes protocols used to test the hypothesis that fungicide residues alter the pollen microbiome, and colony demographics, ultimately leading to colony loss.

Ampirik, Metagenomic ve bilgisayar teknikleri mekanizma hangi mantar ilaçları uzlaşma arı sağlık ile aydınlatmak

Growers often use fungicide sprays during bloom to protect crops against disease, which exposes bees to fungicide residues. Although considered ...

Automated, High-resolution Mobile Collection System for the Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of NOx

Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) are a family of atmospheric trace gases that have great impact on the environment. NOx concentrations directly influence the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere through interactions with ozone and hydroxyl radicals. The main sink of NOx is the formation and deposition of nitric acid, a component of acid rain and a bioavailable nutrient. NOx is emitted from a mixture of natural and anthropogenic sources, which vary in space and time. The collocation of multiple sources and the short lifetime of NOx make it challenging to quantitatively constrain the influence of different emission sources and their impacts on the environment. Nitrogen isotopes of NOx have been suggested to vary amongst different sources, representing a potentially powerful tool to understand the sources and transport of NOx. However, previous methods of collecting atmospheric NOx integrate over long (week to month) time spans and are not validated for the efficient collection of NOx in relevant, diverse field conditions. We report on a new, highly efficient field-based system that collects atmospheric NOx for isotope analysis at a time resolution between 30 min and 2 hr. This method collects gaseous NOx in solution as nitrate with 100% efficiency under a variety of conditions. Protocols are presented for collecting air in urban settings under both stationary and mobile conditions. We detail the advantages and limitations of the method and demonstrate its application in the field. Data from several deployments are shown to 1) evaluate field-based collection efficiency by comparisons with in situ NOx concentration measurements, 2) test the stability of stored solutions before processing, 3) quantify in situ reproducibility in a variety of urban settings, and 4) demonstrate the range of N isotopes of NOx detected in ambient urban air and on heavily traveled roadways.

Automated, High-resolution Mobile Collection System for the Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of NOx

Previous work suggests that the nitrogen isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrogen oxides might distinguish the influence of different sources in the environment. We report on an automated, mobile, field-based method for the high collection efficiency of atmospheric NOx for N isotopic analysis at an hourly time resolution.

Yüksek çözünürlüklü Mobil Toplama Sistemi NO Azot İzotop Analizi için, Otomatik<sub&gt; X</sub

Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) are a family of atmospheric trace gases that have great impact on the environment. NOx concentrations directly influence ...

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus area. Biomass capacitance plays an integral role in the avoidance of hydraulic impairment to transpiration. However, high temporal resolution measurements of dynamic changes in the hydraulic capacitance of large trees are rare. Here, we present procedures for the calibration and use of capacitance sensors, typically used to monitor soil water content, to measure the volumetric water content in trees in the field. Frequency domain reflectometry-style observations are sensitive to the density of the media being studied. Therefore, it is necessary to perform species-specific calibrations to convert from the sensor-reported values of dielectric permittivity to volumetric water content. Calibration is performed on a harvested branch or stem cut into segments that are dried or re-hydrated to produce a full range of water contents used to generate a best-fit regression with sensor observations. Sensors are inserted into calibration segments or installed in trees after pre-drilling holes to a tolerance fit using a fabricated template to ensure proper drill alignment. Special care is taken to ensure that sensor tines make good contact with the surrounding media, while allowing them to be inserted without excessive force. Volumetric water content dynamics observed via the presented methodology align with sap flow measurements recorded using thermal dissipation techniques and environmental forcing data. Biomass water content data can be used to observe the onset of water stress, drought response and recovery, and has the potential to be applied to the calibration and evaluation of new plant-level hydrodynamics models, as well as to the partitioning of remotely sensed moisture products into above- and belowground components.

The hydraulic capacitance of biomass is a key component of the vegetation water budget, which serves as a buffer against short and long-term drought stresses. Here, we present a protocol for the calibration and use of soil moisture capacitance sensors to monitor water content in the stems of large trees.

Kalibrasyon ve kapasite sensörler kullanımı ağaçlarda kök su içeriği izlemek için

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus ...

Stress Distribution During Cold Compression of Rocks and Mineral Aggregates Using Synchrotron-based X-Ray Diffraction

We report detailed procedures for performing compression experiments on rocks and mineral aggregates within a multi-anvil deformation apparatus (D-DIA) coupled with synchrotron X-radiation. A cube-shaped sample assembly is prepared and compressed, at room temperature, by a set of four X-ray transparent sintered diamond anvils and two tungsten carbide anvils, in the lateral and the vertical planes, respectively. All six anvils are housed within a 250-ton hydraulic press and driven inward simultaneously by two wedged guide blocks. A horizontal energy dispersive X-ray beam is projected through and diffracted by the sample assembly. The beam is commonly in the mode of either white or monochromatic X-ray. In the case of white X-ray, the diffracted X-rays are detected by a solid-state detector array that collects the resulting energy dispersive diffraction pattern. In the case of monochromatic X-ray, the diffracted pattern is recorded using a two-dimensional (2-D) detector, such as an imaging plate or a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector. The 2-D diffraction patterns are analyzed to derive lattice spacings. The elastic strains of the sample are derived from the atomic lattice spacing within grains. The stress is then calculated using the predetermined elastic modulus and the elastic strain. Furthermore, the stress distribution in two-dimensions allow for understanding how stress is distributed in different orientations. In addition, a scintillator in the X-ray path yields a visible light image of the sample environment, which allows for the precise measurement of sample length changes during the experiment, yielding a direct measurement of volume strain on the sample. This type of experiment can quantify the stress distribution within geomaterials, which can ultimately shed light on the mechanism responsible for compaction. Such knowledge has the potential to significantly improve our understanding of key processes in rock mechanics, geotechnical engineering, mineral physics, and material science applications where compactive processes are important.

We report detailed procedures for compression experiments on rocks and mineral aggregates within a multi-anvil deformation apparatus coupled with synchrotron X-radiation. Such experiments allow quantification of the stress distribution within samples, that ultimately sheds light on compaction processes in geomaterials.

Kayalar ve Mineral toplamları x-ışını kırınım sinkrotron tabanlı kullanarak soğuk sıkıştırma sırasında stres dağıtım

We report detailed procedures for performing compression experiments on rocks and mineral aggregates within a multi-anvil deformation apparatus (D-DIA) ...

Protocol for Producing Three-Dimensional Infrared Video of Freezing in Plants

Freezing in plants can be monitored using infrared (IR) thermography, because when water freezes, it gives off heat. However, problems with color contrast make 2-dimensions (2D) infrared images somewhat difficult to interpret. Viewing an IR image or the video of plants freezing in 3 dimensions (3D) would allow a more accurate identification of sites for ice nucleation as well as the progression of freezing. In this paper, we demonstrate a relatively simple means to produce a 3D infrared video of a strawberry plant freezing. Strawberry is an economically important crop that is subjected to unexpected spring freeze events in many areas of the world. An accurate understanding of the freezing in strawberry will provide both breeders and growers with more economical ways to prevent any damage to plants during freezing conditions.
The technique involves a positioning of two IR cameras at slightly different angles to film the strawberry freezing. The two video streams will be precisely synchronized using a screen capture software that records both cameras simultaneously. The recordings will then be imported into the imaging software and processed using an anaglyph technique. Using red-blue glasses, the 3D video will make it easier to determine the precise site of ice nucleation on leaf surfaces.

Here, we present a protocol to image a strawberry plant freezing in 3 dimensions. Two infrared cameras positioned at slightly different angles are used to produce a red-blue anaglyph video to observe the freezing of the plant in 3 dimensions.

Bitkilerde buz gibi üç boyutlu kızılötesi Video üretimi için iletişim kuralı

Freezing in plants can be monitored using infrared (IR) thermography, because when water freezes, it gives off heat. However, problems with color contrast ...

Long-term Video Tracking of Cohoused Aquatic Animals: A Case Study of the Daily Locomotor Activity of the Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus)

We present a protocol related to a video-tracking technique based on the background subtraction and image thresholding that makes it possible to individually track cohoused animals. We tested the tracking routine with four cohoused Norway lobsters (Nephrops norvegicus) under light-darkness conditions for 5 days. The lobsters had been individually tagged. The experimental setup and the tracking techniques used are entirely based on the open source software. The comparison of the tracking output with a manual detection indicates that the lobsters were correctly detected 69% of the times. Among the correctly detected lobsters, their individual tags were correctly identified 89.5% of the times. Considering the frame rate used in the protocol and the movement rate of lobsters, the performance of the video tracking has a good quality, and the representative results support the validity of the protocol in producing valuable data for research needs (individual space occupancy or locomotor activity patterns). The protocol presented here can be easily customized and is, hence, transferable to other species where the individual tracking of specimens in a group can be valuable for answering research questions.

Long-term Video Tracking of Cohoused Aquatic Animals: A Case Study of the Daily Locomotor Activity of the Norway Lobster Nephrops norvegicus

Here we present a protocol to individually track animals over a long period of time. It uses computer vision methods to identify a set of manually constructed tags by using a group of lobsters as case study, simultaneously providing information on how to house, manipulate, and mark the lobsters.

Cohoused suda yaşayan hayvanların uzun süreli Video izleme: Norveç ıstakoz (Nephrops norvegicus) ve günlük Lokomotor aktivite bir vaka çalışması

We present a protocol related to a video-tracking technique based on the background subtraction and image thresholding that makes it possible to ...

Single-throughput Complementary High-resolution Analytical Techniques for Characterizing Complex Natural Organic Matter Mixtures

Natural organic matter (NOM) is composed of a highly complex mixture of thousands of organic compounds which, historically, proved difficult to characterize. However, to understand the thermodynamic and kinetic controls on greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide [CO2] and methane [CH4]) production resulting from the decomposition of NOM, a molecular-level characterization coupled with microbial proteome analyses is necessary. Further, climate and environmental changes are expected to perturb natural ecosystems, potentially upsetting complex interactions that influence both the supply of organic matter substrates and the microorganisms performing the transformations. A detailed molecular characterization of the organic matter, microbial proteomics, and the pathways and transformations by which organic matter is decomposed will be necessary to predict the direction and magnitude of the effects of environmental changes. This article describes a methodological throughput for comprehensive metabolite characterization in a single sample by direct injection Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and proteomics analysis. This approach results in a fully-paired dataset which improves statistical confidence for inferring pathways of organic matter decomposition, the resulting CO2 and CH4 production rates, and their responses to environmental perturbation. Herein we present results of applying this method to NOM samples collected from peatlands; however, the protocol is applicable to any NOM sample (e.g., peat, forested soils, marine sediments, etc.).

This protocol describes a single throughput for complementary analytical and omics techniques culminating in a fully-paired characterization of natural organic matter and microbial proteomics in different ecosystems. This approach permits robust comparisons for identifying metabolic pathways and transformations important for describing greenhouse gas production and predicting responses to environmental change.