This project was funded by, in part, by start-up funds from Wayne State University to M.H. Malek.

Tüm işlemler İnsan Konular için Üniversite Kurumsal Değerlendirme Kurulu tarafından onaylanmıştır. Katılımcının Bacağın 1. Hazırlık <ol><li> Katılımcı düzgünce istenilen bacak onların şort sıvayıp var. Kuadriseps kas grubu maruz kalan ve katılımcı tıraş için gereken alanın etrafında bir çizgi çizmek olduğunu femoris böylece Sonra şort bantlayın. </li><li> ÖNEMLİ: Bu EMG sinyali engel olabilir hiçbir stubbles olduğunu garanti olarak katılımcı testi yerine önceki gün önce bacak tıraş mı. </li><li> Katılımcı bacak istenen alana tıraş bittikten sonra, EMG sinyali etkileyebilir tıraş jeli (veya krem) hiçbir kalıntıları olmadığından emin olmak için ispirto ile traş bölgeyi temizleyin. </li></ol> Elektrot Yerleştirme Bacak 2. Ölçme <ol><li> Vastus EMG elektrot yerleştirmek için kas lateralis olarak, fo yapmakllowing ölçümleri <ol><li> Katılımcı araştırmacı bakan düz durmak zorunda. </li><li> Üstün (ASIS) iliaca anterior spina ve patellanın lateral tarafını bulun. ASIS kalça kemiği olduğu; göbek altındaki karın iki tarafındaki elini koyarak onu palpe. </li><li> Bir mezura ile, yukarıda tanımlanan iki konum arasındaki mesafeyi ölçmek ve patellanın lateral tarafına ASIS hat üzerinde bu değerin 2/3 alır. Not: http://www.seniam.org/: EMG elektrot yerleştirme ile ilgili ayrıntılı bilgiye SENIAM (Kasların Non-İnvaziv Değerlendirme Yüzey Elektromiyografi) URL bulunabilir </li></ol></li></ol> EMG Elektrotlar 3. Yerleştirme <ol><li> Vastus lateralis yeri tespit edildikten sonra, yapıştırıcı sh çıkarmadan vastus lateralis üzerinde EMG elektrotları (çoğu araştırmacı piyasada mevcut tek kullanımlık Ag-Ag Cl elektrotları kullanın) ve gerçekleşecekield. Sonra bir kalemle elektrodun jel kısmı kas temas ettiği bölgeyi işaretlemek. Elektrotlar arası mesafe 20 mm merkezi merkeze olduğundan emin olun. </li><li> Nazikçe cilt yüzeysel tabakayı kaldırmak için bu iki alanı aşındırmak için zımpara (60 iri) bir parça kullanın. Bu süre zarfında, katılımcıya rahatsızlık düzeyini isteyin. Katılımcı alanı sıcak gösterdiğinde aşındırma durdurun. </li><li> Alkol ya da alkol bez sürtünme ile nemlendirilmiş bir havlu ile aşınan bölgeleri temizleyin. Bacakta alan EMG elektrotları yerleştirmeden önce kurumasını bekleyin. </li><li> Aşınmış edildi siteleri (Şekil 2) EMG elektrotları yerleştirin. Iliotibial bandında (BT bandı) üzerine elektrotlar yerleştirmek için özen gösterin. Vastus lateralis palpe amacıyla kuadriseps femoris kasları sözleşme katılımcıyı değildir. BT bandında değil emin olmak için kas üzerindeki elektrotlar yerleştirin. Not: IT bandı üzerinde ise elektrotlar, EMG sinyal woukatılımcı sözleşmeyi maksimum için sorulduğunda ld nemlendirilmelidir. </li><li> Böyle ASIS böylece egzersiz maçın sırasında alt ekstremite hareketi ile müdahale olarak değil, bir kemikli eki sitesinde referans elektrot (3. elektrot) yerleştirin. </li></ol> 4. EMG Sinyali Kontrol <ol><li> Egzersiz testi başlamadan önce, elektrotlar arası empedans kontrol edin. Not: Sinyal çok fazla gürültü varsa o zaman egzersiz testi sırasında toplanan EMG verileri geçersiz olacak çünkü bu adım çok önemlidir. <ol><li> Katılımcı bir sandalyede oturup EMG katılımcının bacağına bağlı kendi elektrotlar yol açar bağlamak zorunda. </li><li> Bu noktada, katılımcı kasında hiçbir gerilimine sahip, kendi bacak dinlenmek var. Ardından rahatlama yaklaşık 30 saniye sonra, katılımcı maksimum 5 saniye onların kuadriseps femoris kasları sözleşme ve sonra tamamen rahat olması için geri gitmek zorunda. </li><li> Görev a yaparkenBove (adım 4.1.2), bilgisayardaki katılımcılar EMG sinyali kaydedin. </li><li> Elektrotlar arası empedans &lt;2,000 ohm olduğundan emin olun. Bir voltmetre laboratuvar mevcuttur Ayrıca, eğer, o zaman başlangıçtaki gürültü kontrol edin ve 5 uV altında tutun. Buna ek olarak, 1000 Hz örnekleme frekansını ayarlayın. </li></ol></li></ol> 5. Ayar-up Döngüsü Ergometer <ol><li> Elektrotlar arası empedans kontrol ettikten sonra, bisiklet ergometresinde sandalyeden katılımcı hareket var. </li><li> Katılımcı bisiklet ergometresinde yanında durmak ve uyluk yere paralel olana kadar kendi diz yükseltmek var. Ardından katılımcı bu konumda tutun ve katılımcının uyluk aynı yüksekliğe maç için koltuk yüksekliğini ayarlamak var. </li><li> Bundan sonra, katılımcı bisiklet ergometresi koltuğuna oturup sonra koltuk yüksekliği ile rahat bunları sorarken birkaç kez pedal var. Gerekirse, koltuk yüksekliğini ayarlayın. </li><li> Tha olunt katılımcının bacakları her pedal devrim sırasında dizde hafif bir viraj (~ 5 °) ile yakın tam uzantısıdır. </li><li> Teste başlamadan önce, kalp hızı egzersiz testi boyunca belgelenmiş böylece katılımcı bir polar kalp hızı monitörü giymek var. </li></ol> 6. EMG Yorgunluk Eşik Protokolü Sahne <ol><li> Katılımcı bisiklet başlangıç ​​ve yavaş yavaş / dak 70 devrimler kendi ritim artırmak var. Ardından 50 W için bisiklet ergometresinde güç çıkışını artırmak </li><li> Yaklaşık 2-3 dakika boyunca bu güç çıkışında katılımcı döngüsüne sahiptir. Not: Bu bir düşük yoğunluklu egzersiz ve ısınma olarak görev yapacak. </li><li> Katılımcı artık 70 devir / dk ritim koruyabiliyor ya da test durdurulması olduğunu istekleri kadar ısınma döneminden sonra, her 2 dakikada W 25 güç çıkışını artırmak. Not: egzersiz testi sırasında, EMG sinyali 10 için kaydedilmektedir dikkat edilmelidirsec 10-20, 30-40, 50-60, 70-80, 90-100 her 2 dakika aşamasında dönemini ve 110-120 21. Çoğu EMG sistemleri istenilen aralıklarla otomatik kaydı ayarlamak için bir seçenek olacaktır. Bu durumda, her bir aşama için 6 veri dosyaları olmalıdır. </li><li> Artan testi sonucuna sonra, W. aşağı serin uzunluğu ısınma aşamasında değere katılımcının kalp hızı dönüşü sahip tekabül olmadığını kontrol edin katılımcı, 50 bir serin aşağı gerçekleştirmek var. Kutup kalp hızı monitörü kullanarak katılımcının kalp hızı kontrol ederek bu izleyin. </li><li> Cool down tamamlandığında, EMG açar kaldırmak ve katılımcı döngüsü Ergometreyi kapalı adım ve sandalyeye dönmek zorunda. Sonra dikkatlice EMG elektrotları çıkarın ve alkol ya da alkol bez sürtünme ile nemlendirilmiş temiz bir havluyla silin alanları. </li></ol> 7. EMG Sinyali İşleme <ol><li> Test tamamlandıktan sonra, proveri EMG yorgunluk eşiğini belirlemek için kullanılabilir, böylece egzersiz testi sırasında toplanan ham EMG veri dosyaları Vergisi. <ol><li> EMG sinyali toplamak için kullanılan yazılım ya da MATLAB veya LabVIEW gibi çeşitli platformlar kullanarak özel yazılı yazılımlar ile ya EMG sinyalinin işlenmesini gerçekleştirin. </li><li> Bir bant geçiren filtre kullanılarak toplanan EMG sinyallerini Filtre. 500 Hz 10 bir ayarı kullanın. Not: Bu, &lt;ortamdan (10 Hz, ve yüksek frekans eserler EMG potansiyel) hareket (&gt; 500 Hz) düşük frekanslı eserler, kaldırılır, böylece sinyalinin frekansını değiştirir. Bilgisayar veya EMG sistemi güç kaynağından herhangi bir müdahalenin olup olmadığını 60 Hz çentik filtresi kullanın. </li><li> Sinyal filtrelenmiş edildikten sonra, kök sinyalinin kare değeri ortalama hesaplayarak sinyal genliğini belirler: Kare her veri noktası, veri noktalarının sayısına göre, bölme bunları topladığınızda, sonra ortaya çıkan değerin karekökünü almak. Söz konusu yazılım kullanarak bu hesaplamaları gerçekleştirmek. </li></ol></li></ol> 8. Her Katılımcı için EMG Yorgunluk Eşik belirlenmesi <ol><li> Her katılımcı için aşağıdaki adımları uygulayın. <ol><li> EMG sinyali işlendikten sonra; bir istatistik programı (örn: GraphPad Prism) kullanın ve test için kullanılan güç çıkışları ile ilk sütun &quot;Time&quot; ve sonraki sütunlar etiket. </li><li> Her güç çıkışı için, dolgu her 20 sn aralığı için gelen EMG genlik değeri. </li><li> Regresyon çizgisinin eğimi belirgin sıfırdan farklı (p &lt;0.05) ise her güç çıkışı için belirlemek için EMG genlikli (y ekseni) lineer regresyon ile ilişkisi vs zaman (x ekseni) analiz. </li><li> Lineer regresyon gerçekleştiren tüm güç çıkışları için analizler sonra, anlamlı olmayan (p&gt; 0.05) eğimle en yüksek güç çıkışı tespit. </li><li> Sonra l tanımlamakanlamlı (p &lt;0,05) eğime sahip owest güç çıkışı. </li><li> Bu iki güç çıkışları tespit edildikten sonra, bunları ekleyin ve 2 bölün; Elde edilen güç çıkışı tahmini EMG yorgunluk eşiği olduğunu. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Biz burada kuadriseps nöromüsküler yorgunluk belirlemek için bir yöntem dinamik egzersiz için femoris kasları sunuyoruz. Bu yöntem yüzey EMG kullanarak basit ve non-invaziv bir yaklaşım sağlar. Üstelik, bu yöntemin çok yönlülüğü araştırmacılar, koşu bandı 20 olarak egzersiz diğer modlara adapte olmasıdır. Teorik olarak, EMG yorgunluk eşiğinin veya altında şiddetleri için katılımcı süresiz 12,13 egzersiz workbout sürdürmek gerekir. ...

Yüzey elektromiyografi (EMG) izometrik 1-3 esnasında motor ünite işe, izokinetik 4-6 veya sürekli 7-10 kas eylem okuyan bir noninvaziv bir yaklaşımdır. EMG sinyalinin genliği aktif motor birimlerin sayısı, motor birimlerin ateşleme hızı, ya da her ikisi 11 oluşur, kas aktivasyonunu gösterir. EMG yorulma eşik kavramı bağımsız bir EMG genlik 8 bir artış olmadan belirsiz egzersiz hangi yüksek iş yükünü belirtmek için kullanılır. Kısaca tartışmaya EMG yorgunluk eşiğinin kökeni önemlidir. DeVries ve ark., 12 orijinal çalışma EMG genlik, her bir iş maçı için zamana karşı çizilen (genellikle 3-4) sürekli çalışması nöbetleri, çoklu oluşan bir protokol içeriyordu. güç çıkışı daha sonra zaman iliflkilerimiz aç karşı EMG genliği gelen eğim katsayılarının karşı çizilmiştir<html> iliski ve sıfır eğimin (y-kesişimi) 12 ekstrapole. Yazarlar 12 başlangıçta bu protokolünü yorgunluk eşiği (PWCFT) fiziksel çalışma kapasitesini nitelendirdi. Bir başka çalışmada, deVries ark. 13 süreksiz iş nöbetleri kullanılan, ancak zaman ilişkisi karşı EMG genliği için önemli bir yamaçta sonuçlandı birinci güç çıkışı bulmak için lineer regresyon kullanılır. Yazarlar 13 Literatürde bazı karışıklığa yaratarak, bu protokol PWCFT adlandırılır. Bir sonraki makalede, deVries ark. 14 daha önceki protokol 13 modifiye ve sürekli artan bir protokol geliştirmiştir. EMG genlik, her bir güç çıkışı için zamana karşı çizilen ve PWCFT zamanla EMG genlik hiçbir değişiklik ve zaman üzerinden 14 EMG amplitüdünde bir artışa neden olan en düşük güç çıkışı ile sonuçlanan en yüksek güç çıkışının ortalaması olarak tanımlandı . ent &quot;&gt; Bu PWC başlangıçta 1950&#39;lerin 15,16 tanıtıldı edildi ve dönem edebiyatının bir bolluk (geçmiş, şimdiki ve farklı ülkelerde) Verilen iş yükü 17 aerobik kapasiteyi incelenmesi ile eşanlamlı olduğu unutulmamalıdır. Ayrıca, dönem böyle bir montaj fabrikasında 18 birey olarak 8 saatlik iş günü boyunca tekrarlayan eylemi gerçekleştiren işçilerin gün-gün verimlilik odaklanmak ergonomik ve endüstriyel literatürde kullanılmaktadır. Onlar zaman ilişki karşı EMG genlik eğim katsayılarının karşı güç çıkışı çizilen ve sıfır yamaç noktasına hesaplanmıştır deVries 12 protokol modifiye sonra dönem EMG yorgunluk eşiği başlangıçta Matsumoto ve arkadaşları 19 tarafından kullanıldı. Daha yakın zamanda, Guffey ve ark., 20 ve Briscoe ve ark., 8 DeVries ve ark., 14 metodu ve Matsumoto ve a terminolojil. 19 operasyonel EMG yorgunluk eşiğini tanımlamak için kullanılır. İleride, biz dönem EMG yorgunluk eşiği kullanılmasını öneririz. Böylece, zaman ilişkisi karşı EMG genliği her güç çıkışı için çizilen ve daha sonra lineer regresyon analizleri (Şekil 1) kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. EMG yorgunluk eşiği, önemsiz bir (p&gt; 0.05) eğim ve anlamlı olan en düşük güç çıkışı ile yüksek güç çıkışı tahmin etmek (p &lt;0.05) eğim tanımlanır ve daha sonra ortalama 14 hesaplanmıştır. Bu protokol, basit, kullanışlı ve 15-20 dakika içinde tamamlanır olduğunu. Ayrıca, artan oran alışılmış fiziksel aktivite bireyin seviyesine göre modüle edilebilir ve bu nedenle klinik ortamlarda potansiyel uygulamalar vardır.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>839 E Monark cycle ergometer&#160;</td>
			<td>Monark Exercise AB</td>
			<td>839 E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heart rate monitor</td>
			<td>Polar</td>
			<td>Polar H1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laptop</td>
			<td>Dell Inspiron</td>
			<td>varies</td>
			<td>any laptop computer with USB slots should work.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EMG amplifiers</td>
			<td>BioPac Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td>100B</td>
			<td>100C are the latest version</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable EMG electrodes</td>
			<td>BioPac Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td>EL-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sandpaper</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>9 in. x 11 in. 60 Grit course no-slip grip Advanced Sandpaper (3-Pack)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

determining the electromyographic fatigue threshold following a single visit exercise test

Teorik olarak, elektromiyografi (EMG) yorgunluk eşiği bireysel EMG amplitüdünde bir artış ile ilişkili olduğu daha motorlu birimi askere gerek kalmadan süresiz koruyabilirsiniz egzersiz şiddetidir. Farklı protokoller EMG yorgunluk eşiği tahmin etmek için kullanılmıştır olmasına rağmen onlar bir klinik ortamda için pratik değildir çoklu ziyaret gerektirir. Burada, biz tek bir ziyaret gerektirir çevrim ergometrisi için EMG yorgunluk eşiği tahmin etmek için bir protokol mevcut. Bu protokol, bu nedenle, klinisyenler egzersiz reçetesi kullanabileceğiniz bir araç çevrilmesi potansiyeline sahip, basit, kullanışlı ve 15-20 dakika içinde tamamlanır olduğunu.

Şekil 1 &#39;de gösterildiği gibi, tek bir katılımcı için tamamlandığında, her bir güç çıkışı vastus lateralis kası EMG genliği temsil altı veri noktaları vardır. Önemli olan düşük güç çıkışı (p &lt;0.05) eğim bu katılımcı EMG için, Bu nedenle, 225 W. ise nedenle, bu örnekte, olmayan bir önemli (p&gt; 0.05) eğime sahip yüksek güç çıkışı, 200 watt olduğunu EMG yorgunluk eşiği daha sonra çıkarımsal istatistik yapılabilir her katıl?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test at JoVE.com

Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test

This protocol describes the electromyographic fatigue threshold which demarcates between nonfatiguing and fatiguing exercise workloads. This information could be used to develop a more individualized training program.

Tek Ziyaret Egzersiz Testi ardından Elektromiyografik Yorgunluk Eşik belirlenmesi

Theoretically, the electromyographic (EMG) fatigue threshold is the exercise intensity an individual can maintain indefinitely without the need to recruit ...

determining-electromyographic-fatigue-threshold-following-single

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.4K Görüntüleme.  Wayne State University. This protocol describes the electromyographic fatigue threshold which demarcates between nonfatiguing and fatiguing exercise workloads. This information could be used to develop a more individualized training program.

Video: Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test

Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery

The ability to hear is only the first step towards making sense of the range of information contained in an auditory signal. Of equal importance are the abilities to extract and use the information encoded in the auditory signal. We refer to these as listening skills (or auditory processing AP). Deficits in these skills are associated with delayed language and literacy development, though the nature of the relevant deficits and their causal connection with these delays is hotly debated.
When a child is referred to a health professional with normal hearing and unexplained difficulties in listening, or associated delays in language or literacy development, they should ideally be assessed with a combination of psychoacoustic (AP) tests, suitable for children and for use in a clinic, together with cognitive tests to measure attention, working memory, IQ, and language skills. Such a detailed examination needs to be relatively short and within the technical capability of any suitably qualified professional. Current tests for the presence of AP deficits tend to be poorly constructed and inadequately validated within the normal population. They have little or no reference to the presenting symptoms of the child, and typically include a linguistic component. Poor performance may thus reflect problems with language rather than with AP. To assist in the assessment of children with listening difficulties, pediatric audiologists need a single, standardized child-appropriate test battery based on the use of language-free stimuli.
We present the IMAP test battery which was developed at the MRC Institute of Hearing Research to supplement tests currently used to investigate cases of suspected AP deficits. IMAP assesses a range of relevant auditory and cognitive skills and takes about one hour to complete. It has been standardized in 1500 normally-hearing children from across the UK, aged 6-11 years. Since its development, it has been successfully used in a number of large scale studies both in the UK and the USA. IMAP provides measures for separating out sensory from cognitive contributions to hearing. It further limits confounds due to procedural effects by presenting tests in a child-friendly game-format. Stimulus-generation, management of test protocols and control of test presentation is mediated by the IHR-STAR software platform. This provides a standardized methodology for a range of applications and ensures replicable procedures across testers. IHR-STAR provides a flexible, user-programmable environment that currently has additional applications for hearing screening, mapping cochlear implant electrodes, and academic research or teaching.

A test battery (IMAP) for performing an in-depth assessment of auditory and cognitive abilities contributing to listening skills is described. It is quick to administer, child-friendly and free from linguistic confounds. Stimulus generation and protocol management are controlled via a software platform (IHR-STAR) to ensure replicable procedures.

Dinlemede Making Sense IMAP Test Batarya:

The ability to hear is only the first step towards making sense of the range of information contained in an auditory signal. Of equal importance are the ...

Tıp

The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress

This article demonstrates a psychological stress protocol for use in a laboratory setting. Protocols that allow researchers to study the biological pathways of the stress response in health and disease are fundamental to the progress of research in stress and anxiety.1 Although numerous protocols exist for inducing stress response in the laboratory, many neglect to provide a naturalistic context or to incorporate aspects of social and psychological stress. Of psychological stress protocols, meta-analysis suggests that the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) is the most useful and appropriate standardized protocol for studies of stress hormone reactivity.2 In the original description of the TSST, researchers sought to design and evaluate a procedure capable of inducing a reliable stress response in the majority of healthy volunteers.3 These researchers found elevations in heart rate, blood pressure and several endocrine stress markers in response to the TSST (a psychological stressor) compared to a saline injection (a physical stressor).3 Although the TSST has been modified to meet the needs of various research groups, it generally consists of a waiting period upon arrival, anticipatory speech preparation, speech performance, and verbal arithmetic performance periods, followed by one or more recovery periods. The TSST requires participants to prepare and deliver a speech, and verbally respond to a challenging arithmetic problem in the presence of a socially evaluative audience.3 Social evaluation and uncontrollability have been identified as key components of stress induction by the TSST.4 In use for over a decade, the goal of the TSST is to systematically induce a stress response in order to measure differences in reactivity, anxiety and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) or sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axis during the task.1 Researchers generally assess changes in self-reported anxiety, physiological measures (e.g. heart rate), and/or neuroendocrine indices (e.g. the stress hormone cortisol) in response to the TSST. Many investigators have adopted salivary sampling for stress markers such as cortisol and alpha-amylase (a marker of autonomic nervous system activation) as an alternative to blood sampling to reduce the confounding stress of blood-collection techniques. In addition to changes experienced by an individual completing the TSST, researchers can compare changes between different treatment groups (e.g. clinical versus healthy control samples) or the effectiveness of stress-reducing interventions.1

This article describes a protocol for inducing psychological stress in participants, which enables researchers to measure psychological, physiological and neuroendocrine responses to stress within single participants or between groups.

Psikolojik Stres Başlatmaya Trier Sosyal Stres Testi Protokolü

This article demonstrates a psychological stress protocol for use in a laboratory setting.  Protocols that allow researchers to study the biological ...

Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication

Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic conditions. As part of a diagnostic assessment, the early detection of postural deficits is important so that appropriate and targeted interventions can be prescribed. The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) on the EquiTest determines an individual&#39;s use of the sensory systems (somatosensory, visual, and vestibular) that are responsible for postural control. Somatosensory and visual input are altered by the calibrated sway-referenced support surface and visual surround, which move in the anterior-posterior direction in response to the individual&#39;s postural sway. This creates a conflicting sensory experience. The Motor Control Test (MCT) challenges postural control by creating unexpected postural disturbances in the form of backwards and forwards translations. The translations are graded in magnitude and the time to recover from the perturbation is computed.
Intermittent claudication, the most common symptom of peripheral arterial disease, is characterized by a cramping pain in the lower limbs and caused by muscle ischemia secondary to reduced blood flow to working muscles during physical exertion. Claudicants often display poor balance, making them susceptible to falls and activity avoidance. The Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) is a noninvasive method for indicating the presence of peripheral arterial disease and intermittent claudication, a common symptom in the lower extremities. ABPI is measured as the highest systolic pressure from either the dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial artery divided by the highest brachial artery systolic pressure from either arm. This paper will focus on the use of computerized dynamic posturography in the assessment of balance in claudicants.

Individuals with intermittent claudication exhibit poor balance compared to healthy controls. Computerized dynamic posturography is an objective method for measuring an individual's postural responses to balance disturbances. This provides an objective reflection of the person&#x2019;s ability to respond to situations under which sensory stimuli are altered and unexpected perturbations occur.

Aralıklı topallama Hastalarda Postural Kontrol Değerlendirme için bilgisayarlı dinamik postürografi

Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic ...

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality and a major cause of disability worldwide. The dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is a pathological condition characterized mainly by a disruption in the balance between vasodilator and vasoconstrictor substances and is proposed to play an important role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Therefore, a precise evaluation of endothelial function in humans represents an important tool that could help better understand the etiology of multiple cardio-centric pathologies.
Over the past twenty-five years, many methodological approaches have been developed to provide an assessment of endothelial function in humans. Introduced in 1989, the FMD test incorporates a forearm occlusion and subsequent reactive hyperemia that promotes nitric oxide production and vasodilation of the brachial artery. The FMD test is now the most widely utilized, non-invasive, ultrasonic assessment of endothelial function in humans and has been associated with future cardiovascular events.
Although the FMD test could have clinical utility, it is a physiological assessment that has inherited several confounding factors that need to be considered. This article describes a standardized protocol for determining FMD including the recommended methodology to help minimize the physiological and technical issues and improve the precision and reproducibility of the assessment.

The flow mediated dilation (FMD) test is the most commonly utilized, non-invasive, ultrasound assessment of endothelial function in humans. Although the FMD test has been related with the prediction of future cardiovascular disease and events, it is a physiological assessment with many inherent confounding factors that need to be considered.

Endotel Fonksiyon Ultrason Değerlendirmesi: Akış aracılı dilatasyon Testinin A Teknik Klavuzu

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality and a major cause of disability worldwide. The dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is a ...

Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals

Reliable exercise protocols are required to test changes in exercise performance in elite athletes. Performance improvements in these athletes may be small; therefore, sensitive tools are fundamental to exercise physiology. There are currently many exercise tests that allow for the examination of exercise capacity in able-bodied athletes, with protocols mainly for lower-body or whole-body exercise. There is a trend to test athletes in a sport-specific setting that closely resembles the actions that the participants are used to performing. Only a few protocols test short-term, high-intensity exercise capacity in participants with an impairment of the lower body. Most of these protocols are very sport-specific and are not applicable to a wide range of athletes. One well-known test protocol is the 30 s Wingate test, which is well-established in cycling and in arm crank exercise testing. This test analyzes high-intensity exercise performance over a 30 s time duration. In order to monitor exercise performance over a longer duration, a different method was modified for application to the upper body. The 3 min, all-out arm crank ergometer test allows athletes to be tested in a manner specific to 1,500 m wheelchair racing (in terms of exercise duration), as well as to upper body exercises such as rowing or hand-cycling. In order to increase the reliability with identical test conditions, it is crucial to precisely replicate settings such as the resistance (i.e., torque factor) and the position of the participants (i.e., the height of the crank, the distance between the crank and the participant, and the fixation of the participant). Another important issue concerns the beginning of the exercise test. Fixed revolutions per minute are required to standardize the test conditions for the start of the exercise test. This exercise protocol shows the importance of accurate operations to reproduce identical test conditions and settings.

We present a protocol to test the aerobic and anaerobic power of the upper body muscles over a duration of 3 min in able-bodied as well as in paraplegic and tetraplegic individuals. The protocol presents specific modifications in its application for upper-body exercise in individuals with or without disability.

Omurga Kordonunda Yaralanan ve Güçlü Bireylerde Üç Dakikalık, Tümü Kol Krank Egzersiz Testinin Deneysel Protokolü

Reliable exercise protocols are required to test changes in exercise performance in elite athletes. Performance improvements in these athletes may be ...

A Technique for Subcutaneous Abdominal Adipose Tissue Biopsy via a Non-diathermy Method

Adipose tissue biopsies offer tissue samples that, upon analysis, may provide insightful overviews of mechanisms relating to metabolism and disease. To obtain subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies in the abdominal area, researchers and physicians use either a surgical or a needle-based technique. However, surgical subcutaneous fat biopsies can offer tissue samples that may provide a more comprehensive overview of the complexities of biological indices in white adipose tissue. Usually, a surgical adipose tissue biopsy includes a diathermy treatment for cauterizing blood vessels to prevent excessive bleeding. Nevertheless, side effects, such as flash fires and skin lesions in the tissue, have been reported after diathermy. Therefore, we aimed to standardize a surgical abdominal adipose tissue biopsy performed under local anesthesia using a non-diathermy method. We conducted 115 subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies in healthy men using a non-diathermy abdominal surgical biopsy method. Our results showed three cases of excessive post-operation bleeding out of 115 operations (2.61%).In conclusion, our standardized subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue surgical biopsy using a non-diathermy method can be safely applied to healthy men at the bedside, with minimal side effects.

We standardized an abdominal adipose tissue biopsy using a non-diathermy method performed under local anesthesia. Three cases of excessive post-operation bleeding out of 115 operations (2.61%) occurred.We conclude that an abdominal adipose tissue surgical biopsy using a non-diathermy method can be safely applied to healthy men.

Bir teknik subkutan karın yağ doku biyopsisi diyatermi sigara yöntemi ile için

Adipose tissue biopsies offer tissue samples that, upon analysis, may provide insightful overviews of mechanisms relating to metabolism and disease. To ...

Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test

The emerging importance of taste in medicine and biomedical research, and new knowledge about its genetic underpinnings, has motivated us to supplement classic taste-testing methods in two ways. First, we explain how to do a brief assessment of the mouth, including the tongue, to ensure that taste papillae are present and to note evidence of relevant disease. Second, we draw on genetics to validate taste test data by comparing reports of perceived bitterness intensity and inborn receptor genotypes. Discordance between objective measures of genotype and subjective reports of taste experience can identify data collection errors, distracted subjects or those who have not understood or followed instructions. Our expectation is that fast and valid taste tests may persuade researchers and clinicians to assess taste regularly, making taste testing as common as testing for hearing and vision. Finally, because many tissues of the body express taste receptors, taste responses may provide a proxy for tissue sensitivity elsewhere in the body and, thereby, serve as a rapid, point-of-care test to guide diagnosis and a research tool to evaluate taste receptor protein function.

This protocol measures human taste responses and includes a brief anatomical assessment, a short taste test, and a validation method using the subject&#39;s reported sensation and taste receptor genotype.

Tat sınavı: Bir kısa ve doğrulanan Test

The emerging importance of taste in medicine and biomedical research, and new knowledge about its genetic underpinnings, has motivated us to supplement ...

'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake

Different methods can be used in research to assess dietary intake, many of which are still paper-based. Written estimated food diaries are often utilized in clinical trials, despite being a burden for both study participants and researchers. This method requires participant literacy, it is time consuming, labor intensive, and can easily lead to under-reporting. With advancements in technology, there is a growing interest in electronic diaries that automate the dietary assessment process. These are focused on improving accuracy, reducing both time and cost and providing users with a visual and more enjoyable experience. The methodology presented here aimed to validate the &#39;Boden Food Plate&#39;, a novel web-based platform for self-recording of food and drink items, compared to a traditional estimated food diary. The application was also rated on a satisfaction scale by study participants using a paper-based questionnaire. Sixty-seven participants completed the dietary measures on both the three-day electronic and paper food diaries. For the analysis, only dietary data completed at both study time points (baseline and week six) was utilized. Despite small mean differences between dietary data collection methods, Bland Altman analysis showed fairly wide 95% limits of agreement between the electronic platform and the written estimated food diary and there were few cases which did not fall within the 95% confidence intervals. Overall, participants found the electronic food diary to be more fun than the paper method and as easy to use as hard copy diaries. The new platform has potential as a self-recording tool for the collection of dietary data, particularly when utilized in clinical trial settings. However, further validation studies are needed to improve the validity of this novel electronic dietary data collection tool.

&#039;Boden Food Plate&#039;: Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake

The &#39;Boden Food Plate&#39; is an electronic food diary designed to be an interactive and fun method to collect dietary intake using visual depictions. The purpose of this study was to validate the web-based application against a traditional three-day estimated food diary method.

'Boden gıda plaka': roman etkileşimli Web tabanlı yöntemi diyet alımı değerlendirilmesi için

Different methods can be used in research to assess dietary intake, many of which are still paper-based. Written estimated food diaries are often utilized ...

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic responses to acute exercise are predominantly influenced by the duration and intensity of the exercise regimen. As exercise is increasingly thought of as a therapeutic treatment and/or diagnostic tool, it is important that standardizable methodologies be utilized to understand the variability and to increase the reproducibility of exercise outputs and measurements of responses to such regimens. To that end, we describe two different cycling exercise regimens that yield different physiologic outputs. In a maximal exercise test, exercise intensity is continually increased with a greater workload resulting in an increasing cardiopulmonary and metabolic response (heart rate, stroke volume, ventilation, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production). In contrast, during endurance exercise tests, the demand is increased from that at rest, but is raised to a fixed submaximal exercise intensity resulting in a cardiopulmonary and metabolic response that typically plateaus. Along with the protocols, we provide suggestions on measuring physiologic outputs that include, but are not limited to, heart rate, slow and forced vital capacity, gas exchange metrics, and blood pressure to enable the comparison of exercise outputs between studies. Biospecimens can then be sampled to assess cellular, protein, and/or gene expression responses. Overall, this approach can be easily adapted into both short- and long-term effects of two distinct exercise regimens.

To assess the influence of exercise intensity on physiologic and biologic responses, two different exercise testing protocols were utilized. Methods outlining exercise testing on a cycle ergometer as an incremental maximal oxygen consumption test and endurance, steady state submaximal endurance test are described.

Maksimal ve Submaximal dayanıklılık egzersiz akut egzersiz insanlarda biyolojik ve fizyolojik yanıtlarını ölçmek için test iletken

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic ...

Setup and Execution Of the Blindfolded Code Training Exercise

Miscommunication is the most common cause of preventable patient harm in medicine. Currently, there is limited knowledge of innovative techniques to improve resident physician communication and leadership strategies in high-acuity situations. The blindfolded code training exercise removes visual stimuli from the team leader, forcing the team leader to effectively utilize closed-loop communication. The simple act of blindfolding the team leader creates a learning environment where the leader must utilize a conceptual framework and critical thinking strategies to organize the team and manage the resuscitation. An advantage to this teaching technique is that it does not require any special simulation equipment, making it a low-cost approach. The blindfolded code training exercise can be applied to the management of any critically ill patient where the primary objective is to focus on developing communication skills in acute resuscitations. The purpose of the description of the blindfolded code training exercise is to provide guidance on how to perform this innovative teaching technique to force effective closed-loop communication.

The blindfolded code training exercise, which blindfolds the team leader in a code resuscitation simulation, is an advanced teaching technique to improve closed-loop communication, organizational skills, and critical thinking.&#160;

Kurulum ve yürütme Blindfolded kod eğitim egzersiz

Miscommunication is the most common cause of preventable patient harm in medicine. Currently, there is limited knowledge of innovative techniques to ...