Yazarlar minnetle bu projenin verdikleri destek için Missouri State Üniversitesi Kimya Bölümü ve Lisansüstü Koleji kabul. Biz de onların transmisyon elektron mikroskobu ve karbon kaplı ızgaraları kullanımı için Kanser Araştırma Frederick Ulusal Laboratuvarı&#39;nda Elektron Mikroskopi Laboratuvarı kabul.

Indiyum fosfit / Çinko Sülfür (InP / ZnS) Kuantum Noktalarının 1. Sentezi <ol><li> Indiyum fosfit (InP) Kuantum Nokta Çekirdek Sentezi <ol><li> 12 inç kondansatör ile 100 ml&#39;lik bir yuvarlak tabanlı, 3 boyunlu, şişeyi monte edin. 30 mi oleilamin (OLA), 0.398 gr indiyum (III) klorür (Dahil 3), 0.245 g çinko (II) klorid (ZnCl2) ilave edilir ve 1 saat süre ile bir vakum kullanılarak, oda sıcaklığında tahliye sırasında karıştırıldı. Çözelti beyaz bir çökelti ile renksiz görünmelidir. </li><li> bir termokupl ve oransal-entegral-türev (PID) sıcaklık kontrol cihazı, bir ısıtma gömleği kullanılarak, 120 ° C&#39;ye kadar çözeltinin sıcaklığı artar. Çekirdek büyümesini etkileyebilir düşük kaynama noktalı yabancı maddelerin ayrılması için 20 dakika boyunca vakum altında çözelti tahliye edin. Not: bir ısıtıcı kullanılarak bir kum banyosu ve termometre kullanmak mümkündür PID reaksiyon ürünlerinin muntazamlığı ve tekrar üretilebilirliği arttığı gözlenmektedir. </li><li> Atıl gaz altında (örnN, 2), çözelti geri akışa ve 15 dakika boyunca 220 ° C&#39;ye kadar sıcaklık artışı. Dahil olmak 3 ve ZnCl2 tamamen açık sarı bir çözelti elde çözülür. Sıcaklık, 10 dakika dengelenmesine izin verin. </li><li> tek kullanımlık, 3 ml plastik şırınga ve 4 inç, azot gazı ile 22 G iğne temizleyin. Şırınga kullanarak hızlı bir şekilde dahil olmak 3 çözeltisine, 0.5 ml tris (dimetilamino) fosfin (TDMAP) sağlar. Çözelti sıcaklığı biraz azalmakta ve 220 ° C&#39;ye kadar döner. şeffaf gelen çözüm değişiklikleri, siyah, opak sarı soluk. </li><li> Sıcaklık 200 ° C&#39;ye altına inene kadar 9.5 dakika sonra, ısıtma mantosu reaksiyon şişesi çıkarın. InP çekirdek bütünlüğünü korumak için, adım 1.2.1 ZnS kaplama doğrudan geçin. </li></ol></li><li> Çinko Sülfür (ZnS) Kuantum Nokta Kabuklar sentezi <ol><li> bir ısıtma gömleği adım 1.1.5 reaksiyon şişesi yerleştirin ve t stabilize200 ° C de emperature. Yavaş yavaş InP QD&#39;lerin içeren çözeltiye 15 saniye boyunca 3.58 g dodekantiol (DDT) ilave edin. Çözelti 1 saat süre ile reaksiyona girmesine izin verir. Not: ZnS kabuk kalınlığı artan ya da kademesi 1.2.4 ilave Çinko stearat miktarının azaltılmasıyla değiştirilebilir. Adımlar 1.1.1 ve 1.2.1 ZnCI2 miktarını ya da dodekanetiyol değiştirilmesi önemli ölçüde reaksiyon kinetiği değiştirerek QDS kalitesini etkileyebilir. <ol><li> Daha sonra, ısıtma mantosu reaksiyon şişesi çıkarın ve çözelti, yaklaşık olarak 60 ° C&#39;ye soğumasını sağlayın. </li></ol></li><li> InP / ZnS solüsyonu ~ ulaştığında 60 ° C, 10 mi heksan ilave bir 50 ml polipropilen santrifüj tüpüne yaklaşık 45 ml tüm çözeltisini. girmemiş katı öncüllerini ortadan kaldırmak için numune (10 dakika 3.000 xg) santrifüj. </li><li> Dikkatle (santrifüj 3000 x çözelti, 250 ml&#39;lik bir polipropilen santrifüj şişesine süpernatan transferi 200 ml aseton ekleyin ve10 dakika) g InP / ZnS QD&#39;lerin çökeltildi. Gerekli rotor / aksesuarları ile bir santrifüj mevcut değilse, bu hacmi de santrifüj dört 50 ml tüpler içine eşit bölünebilir. Süpernatant boşaltacaktır ve asetonun çıkarılması için azot gazı ile iyice QD pelet kurutulur. </li><li> Sonikasyon kullanılarak 20 mi Ola QD&#39;lerin süspanse bir 50 ml&#39;lik yuvarlak tabanlı, 3-boyunlu şişe, ihtiva eden 0.474 g çinko stearat ve karışmaya aktarın. Oda sıcaklığında 20 dakika boyunca vakum altında çözelti tahliye edin. </li><li> azot gazı altında, 180 ° C sıcaklık artışı ve reaksiyon, 3 saat devam etmesine izin verir. Bu reaksiyon sırasında meydana gelen reaksiyon çözeltisine, herhangi bir göze çarpan optik bir değişiklik olmakla birlikte, çinko stearat eklenmesi ve böylece QDS 12. yüzey pasivasyonu geliştirerek QY artan ZnS kabuk kalınlığı artar. Reaksiyon tamamlandıktan sonra, ısıtma mantosu balonun çıkarın ve çözelti, yaklaşık olarak 60 ° C&#39;ye soğumasını sağlayın. </li><li> InP / ZnS soluti kezulaştığında üzerinde ~ 60 ° C, 20 mL heksanlar ekleyin ve 50 ml polipropilen santrifüj tüpüne aktarılır. reaksiyona girmemiş çinko stearat kaldırmak için numune (10 dakika 3.000 xg) santrifüj. </li><li> Dikkatle, 250 ml&#39;lik bir polipropilen santrifüj şişesine süpernatantı transfer InP / ZnS QD&#39;lerin çökeltmek için 200 ml aseton ve santrifüj çözeltisi (10 dakika boyunca 3,000 x g) ekleyin. Süpernatantı dikkatlice süzün ve asetonu uzaklaştırmak için azot gazı ile iyice kurulayın. </li><li> 30 ml heksan içinde InP / ZnS QD pelet çözülür. Vortex ve tam dağılmayı sağlamak için kısaca çözüm sonikasyon. </li><li> Tekrarlama arıtma aşırı organik ligandların tam kaldırılmasını sağlamak için 1.2.6-1.2.8 iki kez daha yineleyin. amfifilik polimer ve adım 1.2 &#39;de QD arasındaki etkileşimler aşırı ligandlar varlığında tehlikeye girebilir. </li><li> Xie tarafından ayrıntılı hesaplamalar, vd. 16, UV-Vis Spektroskopisi kullanarak sentezlenen InP / ZnS QDS büyüklüğünü ve konsantrasyonunu belirlemek. <br/&gt; Not: Bu analiz için önemli spektral karakteristik absorpsiyon tepe omuz olduğunu. Bu omuz maksimum dalga boyu ve absorbans değerleri sırasıyla, boyut ve QDS konsantrasyonunu hesaplamak için kullanılır. Bu reaksiyon tipik olarak 600 nm&#39;de emisyon tepe noktası ile yaklaşık 5 umol QDS verir. Farklı renklerde QD&#39;lerin sentezlemek için, reaksiyon süresi ve / veya sıcaklık değiştirilebilir. Daha uzun bir reaksiyon süresi ve / veya kırmızı-kaydırılmış emisyon tepe çözüm sonuçlarının daha yüksek ısı. Örneğin, 10 dakika 240 ° C&#39;ye kadar, reaksiyon sıcaklığı artmaktadır ve bakımını reaksiyon süresi, 680 nm, maksimum emisyon tepe QDS neden olur. Benzer bir şekilde, 2 dakika, reaksiyon süresini azaltmak ve 470 nm maksimum emisyon tepe QDS neden olur kullanılan çinko klorür katlama. Bu InP / ZnS QDS inert bir gaz altında, karanlıkta 4 ° C&#39;de en az bir ay boyunca stabildir. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Suamfifilik polimer kullanılarak InP / ZnS Kuantum Nokta hidrolizi <ol><li> su Çözme <ol><li> Aşama 1.2.10 arasında InP / ZnS QD&#39;lerin kullanılarak, 1 uM QDS 1 ml elde etmek üzere heksan ile QDS bir kısmını seyreltin. <ol><li> bir santrifüj tüpü içinde, her bir tüp içine 0.25 ml InP / ZnS QD&#39;lerin aktarın. Santrifüj tüp ve santrifüj (10 dakika boyunca 3,000 x g), 1 ml aseton veya metanol ekleyin. Süpernatantı dikkatlice çıkarın ve 1 ml tetrahidrofuran (THF) içinde, her bir çökelti çözülür. </li><li> 100 ml&#39;lik bir yuvarlak tabanlı şişe içine THF InP / ZnS QD&#39;lerin aktarın ve 16 ml THF ile seyreltilir. Çözeltideki parçaların sayısını azaltmak 5-10 dakika süreyle QD&#39;lerin sonikasyon. </li></ol></li><li> 10 mi moleküler sınıf su içinde 30 mg poli (maleik andhydride- Alt -1 oktadesen), 3- (dimetilamino) -1-propilamin (PMAL-d) içinde çözülür. Çözelti berrak hale gelene kadar su banyosu sonikasyon ya da hafif karıştırma işlemi tamamen polimer erimesi için yeterlidir.girdap veya sert karıştırma kullanımı QD polimerin etkileşimini engelleyen birçok kabarcık üretebilir. Yuvarlak THF InP / ZnS QD&#39;lerin ihtiva dipli bir şişeye 100 ml, 10 ml, polimer solüsyonu ekleyin. </li><li> Bir dönen buharlaştıncı kullanarak QD / polimer çözeltisinden THF buharlaşır. polimer ve QD arasındaki etkileşimi kolaylaştırmak için buharlaştırma sırasında bir buz banyosu içine yerleştirilir. Vakum gücüne bağlı olarak, en fazla 10 dakika sonra, THF buharlaştırılmakta ve çözelti bulanık görünür. <ol><li> Çözelti, 10 ml kadar buharlaştırılır sonra, döner bir buharlaştırıcı şişeden çıkarın ve 30 ml moleküler sınıf su ilave edilir. Döner bir buharlaştırıcı için şişeyi geri dönün ve 2 ml kadar buharlaşmaya devam etmektedir. Bu son buharlaşma adım saatler sürebilir; buz banyosu korunmasını sağlar. </li></ol></li><li> bir pipet, yuvarlak dipli bir şişeye su çözünür InP / ZnS QD&#39;lerin çıkarın. 0.1 um naylon sy bağlanmış bir 3 ml&#39;lik plastik bir şırınga kullanılarak QD solüsyonu Filtreringe 5 ml santrifüj tüpü içine filtre. </li><li> 20.000 MWCO membran diyaliz ünitesine QD&#39;lerin yerleştirin ve aşırı polimer çıkarmak için 0.05 M borat tamponu pH 8.5 karşı dialyze. (PH değeri, bu tampon çözeltisi olmak için 8.5 olana kadar yavaş yavaş, kuvvetli bir şekilde karıştırılarak, 0.05 M borik asit 0.05 M sodyum tetraborat dekahidratı ekleyin.), Bir vakum konsantratör kullanılarak, 1 ml borat tampon maddesi içinde QD&#39;lerin konsantre edilir. </li><li> depolama için, Parafilm ile sızdırmazlık önce azot gazı ile çözüm temizlemek. suda çözünür InP / ZnS QDS karanlıkta 4 ° C&#39;de en az 4 ay boyunca stabildir. </li></ol></li></ol>

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Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Bu protokol, bir çok biyolojik sistemlerde kullanılabilir yüksek floresan InP / ZnS QDS sentezini göstermektedir. Burada sentezlenen QD ürünleri için diğer daha önce tarif edilen sentezlerin 12 ile karşılaştırılabilir 73 nm (Şekil 1) &#39;in bir FWHM, 600 nm&#39;de odaklanmış olan tek bir floresans emisyon tepe sergiledi. Tepki süresi ve reaksiyon sıcaklığı QD sentez kalitesi ve tekrarlanabilirlik üzerindeki derin etkisi nedeniyle son derece önemli adımlardır. Suda ?...

A correction was made to: <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/53684/synthesis-cd-free-inpzns-quantum-dots-suitable-for-biomedical" target="_blank">Synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS Quantum Dots Suitable for Biomedical Applications</a>. There was an error with an author's given name. The author's name was corrected to:
Katye M. Fichter
from:
Kathryn M. Fichter

A correction was made to: <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/53684/synthesis-cd-free-inpzns-quantum-dots-suitable-for-biomedical" target="_blank">Synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS Quantum Dots Suitable for Biomedical Applications</a>.

Erratum: Synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS Quantum Dots Suitable for Biomedical Applications

Kuantum nokta (QD&#39;lerin) ışık 1 ile ışınlanmış zaman floresan özellikleri sergileyen nanokristaller yarıiletken vardır. Nedeniyle kendi küçük birçok büyük biyomoleküllerin benzer büyüklükte (2-5 nm) ve biofunctionalization kolaylığı, QD&#39;lerin biyomedikal uygulamaları için son derece cazip bir araçtır. Bunlar, biyolojik etiketleme kullanım bulmuşlardır, diğer kullanımlar 2-8 arasındaki tek-molekül canlı hücre görüntüleme, ilaç verme, in vivo görüntüleme, patojen tespiti ve hücre takibi. CD tabanlı QDS en çok nedeniyle şiddetli floresan ve dar emisyon tepe genişlikleri 9 biyomedikal uygulamalarda kullanılmaktadır. Ancak, endişeler sebebiyle Cd potansiyel toksisitesi ortaya atılan 2+ Nanopartikülün bozulması yoluyla serbest bırakılabilir 10 iyonlar. Birçok flüoresan özellikleri korumak için en son, InP tabanlı QDS CD tabanlı QDS alternatif olarak araştırılmıştırve QD&#39;lerin Cd-tabanlı ve 11 daha biyouyumlu olabilir. CD tabanlı QDS sadece 48 saat sonra 11, 10 pM kadar düşük konsantrasyonlarda, in vitro deneylerde InP tabanlı QDS önemli ölçüde daha fazla toksik olduğu tespit edilmiştir. QDS floresans emisyon renk boyut ayarlanabilir 1&#39;dir. Bu QD boyutu arttıkça, floresans emisyon kırmızı kaydırılır vardır. QD ürün boyutu ve boyut dispersitesi reaksiyon 12 boyunca sıcaklık, reaksiyon süresi, ve ön-madde konsantrasyonu, koşullarını değiştirerek değiştirilebilir. InP QDS emisyon tepe tipik olarak daha geniş ve CD tabanlı QDS daha az yoğun olduğu birlikte, InP QDS spektral çakışmasını önlemek için tasarlanmış bir renk büyük bir çeşitlilik içinde yapılır ve en çok biyomedikal uygulamalar 12 yeterince yoğundur edilebilir. Bu protokol, ayrıntılı bir sentez 600 nm&#39;de odaklanmış olan kırmızı salma tepe QD&#39;lerin verir. Birkaç adım af alınırQD çekirdeklerinin ter sentezi QDS optik bütünlüğünü korumak ve biyolojik uygulamalar için uyumlu hale getirmek için. QD iç yüzeyi söndürülmesi neden olabilir oksitleme veya yüzey kusurları korunmalıdır; Bu nedenle, bir ZnS kabuğu InP / ZnS (çekirdek / kabuk) 13 QDS üretmek için iç kısım üzerine kaplanır. Bu kaplama, QD ürünün fotolüminesans korumak için gösterilmiştir. InP QD sentezi sırasında çinko iyonlarının bulunması, yüzey kusurları, ve düşüş büyüklüğü dağılımı 12 sınırlamak için gösterilmiştir. Hatta, reaksiyon ortamı içinde Zn2 + varlığında ile InZnP sentezi 12 yüksek olası değildir. Kaplamadan sonra, elde edilen InP / ZnS QDS örneğin trioctylphosphine oksit (TOPO) ya da oleilamin 12,14 hidrofobik ligandlar içinde kaplanır. Amfifilik polimerin suda çözünürlüğü 15 vermek için QD yüzeye hidrofobik ligandlar olarak toplu su molekülleri ile etkileşime girebilir. karbo ile amfifilik polimerlerxylate kimyasal gruplar ayrıca QD&#39;lerin işlevselleştirilmesi &quot;Kimyasal kulp&quot; olarak da kullanılabilir. Bu protokol, çok yoğun floresan emisyonu ve nispeten küçük boyutu yayılganlığı ile sentezi ve suda çözünür InP / ZnS QDS fonksiyonalizasyonu göstermektedir. Bu QDS potansiyel yaygın olarak kullanılan CdSe / ZnS QDS daha az toksiktir. Burada InP / ZnS QDS sentezi biyomedikal uygulamalar için Cd-tabanlı QDS için pratik bir alternatif sunuyor.

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synthesis of cd-free inp/zns quantum dots suitable for biomedical applications

Fluorescent nanocrystals, specifically quantum dots, have been a useful tool for many biomedical applications. For successful use in biological systems, quantum dots should be highly fluorescent and small/monodisperse in size. While commonly used cadmium-based quantum dots possess these qualities, they are potentially toxic due to the possible release of Cd2+ ions through nanoparticle degradation. Indium-based quantum dots, specifically InP/ZnS, have recently been explored as a viable alternative to cadmium-based quantum dots due to their relatively similar fluorescence characteristics and size. The synthesis presented here uses standard hot-injection techniques for effective nanoparticle growth; however, nanoparticle properties such as size, emission wavelength, and emission intensity can drastically change due to small changes in the reaction conditions. Therefore, reaction conditions such temperature, reaction duration, and precursor concentration should be maintained precisely to yield reproducible products. Because quantum dots are not inherently soluble in aqueous solutions, they must also undergo surface modification to impart solubility in water. In this protocol, an amphiphilic polymer is used to interact with both hydrophobic ligands on the quantum dot surface and bulk solvent water molecules. Here, a detailed protocol is provided for the synthesis of highly fluorescent InP/ZnS quantum dots that are suitable for use in biomedical applications.

kaplanmamış InP çekirdekler gözle önemli görünür floresan göstermek yok. Ancak, InP / ZnS (çekirdek / kabuk) kuantum noktaları, UV ışınlama altında göz ile parlak floresan görünür. InP / ZnS QDS flüoresansı, flüoresans spektroskopisi ile karakterize edilmiştir. Heksan içinde QDS floresan spektrumu 73 nm yarı maksimum (FWHM) tam bir genişliğe sahip 600 nm&#39;de ortalanmış bir majör tepe gösterir mil 533 uyarıldığında (Şekil 1). <strong...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS Quantum Dots Suitable for Biomedical Applications at JoVE.com

Synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS Quantum Dots Suitable for Biomedical Applications

In this protocol, the synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) is detailed. InP-based QDs are gaining popularity due to the toxicity of Cd2+ ions that may be released through nanoparticle degradation. After synthesis, QDs are solubilized in water using an amphiphilic polymer for use in biomedical applications.

Biyomedikal Uygulamalar için uygundur InP / ZnS Kuantum Noktaları Cd-serbest sentezi

Fluorescent nanocrystals, specifically quantum dots, have been a useful tool for many biomedical applications. For successful use in biological systems, ...

synthesis-cd-free-inpzns-quantum-dots-suitable-for-biomedical

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

13.5K Görüntüleme.  Missouri State University. In this protocol, the synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) is detailed. InP-based QDs are gaining popularity due to the toxicity of Cd2+ ions that may be released through nanoparticle degradation. After synthesis, QDs are solubilized in water using an amphiphilic polymer for use in biomedical applications.

Video: Synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS Quantum Dots Suitable for Biomedical Applications

Preparation of Hydrophobic Metal-Organic Frameworks via Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perfluoroalkanes for the Removal of Ammonia

Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of perfluoroalkanes has long been studied for tuning the wetting properties of surfaces. For high surface area microporous materials, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), unique challenges present themselves for PECVD treatments. Herein the protocol for development of a MOF that was previously unstable to humid conditions is presented. The protocol describes the synthesis of Cu-BTC (also known as HKUST-1), the treatment of Cu-BTC with PECVD of perfluoroalkanes, the aging of materials under humid conditions, and the subsequent ammonia microbreakthrough experiments on milligram quantities of microporous materials. Cu-BTC has an extremely high surface area (~1,800 m2/g) when compared to most materials or surfaces that have been previously treated by PECVD methods. Parameters such as chamber pressure and treatment time are extremely important to ensure the perfluoroalkane plasma penetrates to and reacts with the inner MOF surfaces. Furthermore, the protocol for ammonia microbreakthrough experiments set forth here can be utilized for a variety of test gases and microporous materials.

Herein the procedures for plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of perfluoroalkanes on microporous materials such as metal-organic frameworks to enhance their stability and hydrophobicity are described. Furthermore, breakthrough testing of milligram quantities of samples is described in detail.

Plazma ile Hidrofobik Metal-Organik Altyapıları hazırlanması Amonyak Kaldırma için perfluorobütanlar Kimyasal Buhar Kaplama Geliştirilmiş

Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of perfluoroalkanes has long been studied for tuning the wetting properties of surfaces. For high ...

Kimya

Synthesis of Immunotargeted Magneto-plasmonic Nanoclusters

Magnetic and plasmonic properties combined in a single nanoparticle provide a synergy that is advantageous in a number of biomedical applications including contrast enhancement in novel magnetomotive imaging modalities, simultaneous capture&#160;and detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs),&#160;and multimodal molecular imaging combined with photothermal therapy of cancer cells. These applications have stimulated significant interest in development of protocols for synthesis of magneto-plasmonic nanoparticles with optical absorbance in the near-infrared (NIR) region and a strong magnetic moment. Here, we present a novel protocol for synthesis of such hybrid nanoparticles that is based on an oil-in-water microemulsion method. The unique feature of the protocol described herein is synthesis of magneto-plasmonic nanoparticles of various sizes from primary blocks which also have magneto-plasmonic characteristics. This approach yields nanoparticles with a high density of magnetic and plasmonic functionalities which are uniformly distributed throughout the nanoparticle volume. The hybrid nanoparticles can be easily functionalized by attaching antibodies through the Fc moiety leaving the Fab portion that is responsible for antigen binding available for targeting.

Here, we describe a protocol for synthesis of magneto-plasmonic nanoparticles with a strong magnetic moment and a strong near-infrared (NIR) absorbance. The protocol also includes antibody conjugation to the nanoparticles through the Fc moiety for various biomedical applications which require molecular specific targeting.

Immunotargeted sentezi Magneto-plasmonik nanoklastırlar

Magnetic and plasmonic properties combined in a single nanoparticle provide a synergy that is advantageous in a number of biomedical applications ...

Synthesis of Indoxyl-glycosides for Detection of Glycosidase Activities

Indoxyl glycosides proved to be valuable and versatile tools for monitoring glycosidase activities. Indoxyls are released by enzymatic hydrolysis and are rapidly oxidized, for example by atmospheric oxygen, to indigo type dyes. This reaction enables fast and easy screening in vivo without isolation or purification of enzymes, as well as rapid tests on agar plates or in solution (e.g., blue-white screening, micro-wells) and is used in biochemistry, histochemistry, bacteriology and molecular biology. Unfortunately the synthesis of such substrates proved to be difficult, due to various side reactions and the low reactivity of the indoxyl hydroxyl function. Especially for glucose type structures low yields were observed. Our novel approach employs indoxylic acid ester as key intermediates. Indoxylic acid esters with varied substitution patterns were prepared on scalable pathways. Phase transfer glycosylations with those acceptors and peracetylated glycosyl halides can be performed under common conditions in high yields. Ester cleavage and subsequent mild silver mediated glycosylation yields the peracetylated indoxyl glycosides in high yields. Finally deprotection is performed according to Zempl&#233;n.

Indoxyl glycosides are well-established and widely used tools for enzyme screening and enzyme activity monitoring. Especially for glucose type structures previous syntheses proved to be challenging and low yielding. Our novel approach employs indoxylic acid esters as precious intermediates to yield a considerable number of indoxyl glycosides in good yields.

Glikosidaz Faaliyetlerinin Belirlenmesi için indoksil-glikozitler sentezi

Indoxyl glycosides proved to be valuable and versatile tools for monitoring glycosidase activities. Indoxyls are released by enzymatic hydrolysis and are ...

Fabrication and Testing of Photonic Thermometers

In recent years, a push for developing novel silicon photonic devices for telecommunications has generated a vast knowledge base that is now being leveraged for developing sophisticated photonic sensors. Silicon photonic sensors seek to exploit the strong confinement of light in nano-waveguides to transduce changes in physical state to changes in resonance frequency. In the case of thermometry, the thermo-optic coefficient, i.e., changes in refractive index due to temperature, causes the resonant frequency of the photonic device such as a Bragg grating to drift with temperature. We are developing a suite of photonic devices that leverage recent advances in telecom compatible light sources to fabricate cost-effective photonic temperature sensors, which can be deployed in a wide variety of settings ranging from controlled laboratory conditions, to the noisy environment of a factory floor or a residence. In this manuscript, we detail our protocol for the fabrication and testing of photonic thermometers.

We describe the process of fabrication and testing of photonic thermometers.

İmalat ve fotonik termometreler test

In recent years, a push for developing novel silicon photonic devices for telecommunications has generated a vast knowledge base that is now being ...

Synthesis of Core-shell Lanthanide-doped Upconversion Nanocrystals for Cellular Applications

Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals (UCNs) have attracted much attention in recent years based on their promising and controllable optical properties, which allow for the absorption of near-infrared (NIR) light and can subsequently convert it into multiplexed emissions that span over a broad range of regions from the UV to the visible to the NIR. This article presents detailed experimental procedures for high-temperature co-precipitation synthesis of core-shell UCNs that incorporate different lanthanide ions into nanocrystals for efficiently converting deep-tissue penetrable NIR excitation (808 nm) into a strong blue emission at 480 nm. By controlling the surface modification with biocompatible polymer (polyacrylic acid, PAA), the as-prepared UCNs acquires great solubility in buffer solutions. The hydrophilic nanocrystals are further functionalized with specific ligands (dibenzyl cyclooctyne, DBCO) for localization on the cell membrane. Upon NIR light (808 nm) irradiation, the upconverted blue emission can effectively activate the light-gated channel protein on the cell membrane and specifically regulate the cation (e.g., Ca2+) influx in the cytoplasm. This protocol provides a feasible methodology for the synthesis of core-shell lanthanide-doped UCNs and subsequent biocompatible surface modification for further cellular applications.

A protocol is presented for the synthesis of core-shell lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals (UCNs) and their cellular applications for channel protein regulation upon near-infrared (NIR) light illumination.

Çekirdek kabuğu Lanthanide katkılı Upconversion Nanocrystals hücresel uygulamalar için sentezi

Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals (UCNs) have attracted much attention in recent years based on their promising and controllable optical ...

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Water/solid interfaces are ubiquitous and play a key role in many environmental, biophysical, and technological processes. Resolving the internal structure and probing the hydrogen-bond (H-bond) dynamics of the water molecules adsorbed on solid surfaces are fundamental issues of water science, which remains a great challenge owing to the light mass and small size of hydrogen. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is a promising tool for attacking these problems, thanks to its capabilities of sub-&#197;ngstr&#246;m spatial resolution, single-bond vibrational sensitivity, and atomic/molecular manipulation. The designed experimental system consists of a Cl-terminated tip and a sample fabricated by dosing water molecules in situ onto the Au(111)-supported NaCl(001) surfaces. The insulating NaCl films electronically decouple the water from the metal substrates, so the intrinsic frontier orbitals of water molecules are preserved. The Cl-tip facilitates the manipulation of the single water molecules, as well as gating the orbitals of water to the proximity of Fermi level (EF) via tip-water coupling. This paper outlines the detailed methods of submolecular resolution imaging, molecular/atomic manipulation, and single-bond vibrational spectroscopy of interfacial water. These studies open up a new route for investigating the H-bonded systems at the atomic scale.

Here, we present a protocol to investigate the structure and dynamics of interfacial water at the atomic scale, in terms of submolecular resolution imaging, molecular manipulation, and single-bond vibrational spectroscopy.

Tarama tünelleme mikroskobu ve spektroskopi ile Interfacial su dinamiği ve yapısını sondalama

Water/solid interfaces are ubiquitous and play a key role in many environmental, biophysical, and technological processes. Resolving the internal ...

Synthesis of Substrate-Bound Au Nanowires Via an Active Surface Growth Mechanism

Advancing synthetic capabilities is important for the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology. The synthesis of nanowires has always been a challenge, as it requires asymmetric growth of symmetric crystals. Here, we report a distinctive synthesis of substrate-bound Au nanowires. This template-free synthesis employs thiolated ligands and substrate adsorption to achieve the continuous asymmetric deposition of Au in solution at ambient conditions. The thiolated ligand prevented the Au deposition on the exposed surface of the seeds, so the Au deposition only occurs at the interface between the Au seeds and the substrate. The side of the newly deposited Au nanowires is immediately covered with the thiolated ligand, while the bottom facing the substrate remains ligand-free and active for the next round of Au deposition. We further demonstrate that this Au nanowire growth can be induced on various substrates, and different thiolated ligands can be used to regulate the surface chemistry of the nanowires. The diameter of the nanowires can also be controlled with mixed ligands, in which another &#34;bad&#34; ligand could turn on the lateral growth. With the understanding of the mechanism, Au nanowire-based nanostructures can be designed and synthesized.

We report a solution-based method to synthesize substrate-bound Au nanowires. By tuning the molecular ligands used during the synthesis, the Au nanowires can be grown from various substrates with different surface properties. Au nanowire-based nanostructures can also be synthesized by adjusting the reaction parameters.

Substrat bağlı Au Nanowires bir aktif yüzey büyüme mekanizması yoluyla sentezi

Advancing synthetic capabilities is important for the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology. The synthesis of nanowires has always been a ...

Escherichia coli-Based Cell-Free Protein Synthesis: Protocols for a robust, flexible, and accessible platform technology

Over the last 50 years, Cell-Free Protein Synthesis (CFPS) has emerged as a powerful technology to harness the transcriptional and translational capacity of cells within a test tube. By obviating the need to maintain the viability of the cell, and by eliminating the cellular barrier, CFPS has been foundational to emerging applications in biomanufacturing of traditionally challenging proteins, as well as applications in rapid prototyping for metabolic engineering, and functional genomics. Our methods for implementing an E. coli-based CFPS platform allow new users to access many of these applications. Here, we describe methods to prepare extract through the use of enriched media, baffled flasks, and a reproducible method of tunable sonication-based cell lysis. This extract can then be used for protein expression capable of producing 900 &#181;g/mL or more of super folder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) in just 5 h from experimental setup to data analysis, given that appropriate reagent stocks have been prepared beforehand. The estimated startup cost of obtaining reagents is $4,500 which will sustain thousands of reactions at an estimated cost of $0.021 per &#181;g of protein produced or $0.019 per &#181;L of reaction. Additionally, the protein expression methods mirror the ease of the reaction setup seen in commercially available systems due to optimization of reagent pre-mixes, at a fraction of the cost. In order to enable the user to leverage the flexible nature of the CFPS platform for broad applications, we have identified a variety of aspects of the platform that can be tuned and optimized depending on the resources available and the protein expression outcomes desired.

Escherichia coli-Based Cell-Free Protein Synthesis: Protocols for a robust, flexible, and accessible platform technology

This protocol details the steps, costs, and equipment necessary to generate E. coli-based cell extracts and implement in vitro protein synthesis reactions within 4 days or less. To leverage the flexible nature of this platform for broad applications, we discuss reaction conditions that can be adapted and optimized.

Escherichia coli-boş hücre Protein sentezi dayalı: sağlam, esnek ve erişilebilir platform teknolojisi için iletişim kuralları

Over the last 50 years, Cell-Free Protein Synthesis (CFPS) has emerged as a powerful technology to harness the transcriptional and translational capacity ...

Synthesis of In37P20(O2CR)51 Clusters and Their Conversion to InP Quantum Dots

This text presents a method for the synthesis of In37P20(O2C14H27)51 clusters and their conversion to indium phosphide quantum dots. The In37P20(O2CR)51 clusters have been observed as intermediates in the synthesis of InP quantum dots from molecular precursors (In(O2CR)3, HO2CR, and P(SiMe3)3) and may be isolated as a pure reagent for subsequent study and use as a single-source precursor. These clusters readily convert to crystalline and relatively monodisperse samples of quasi-spherical InP quantum dots when subjected to thermolysis conditions in the absence of additional precursors above 200 &#176;C. The optical properties, morphology, and structure of both the clusters and quantum dots are confirmed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. The molecular symmetry of the clusters is additionally confirmed by solution-phase 31P NMR spectroscopy. This protocol demonstrates the preparation and isolation of atomically-precise InP clusters, and their reliable and scalable conversion to InP QDs.

Synthesis of In37P20O2CR51 Clusters and Their Conversion to InP Quantum Dots

A protocol for the synthesis of In37P20(O2C14H27)51 clusters and their conversion to indium phosphide quantum dots is presented.

37P20(O2CR)51 kümeler ve inp kuantum noktalarına dönüşümlerinin sentezini

This text presents a method for the synthesis of In37P20(O2C14H27)51 clusters and their conversion to indium phosphide quantum dots. The In37P20(O2CR)51 ...

Technical Aspect of the Automated Synthesis and Real-Time Kinetic Evaluation of [11C]SNAP-7941

Positron emission tomography (PET) is an essential molecular imaging technique providing insights into pathways and using specific targeted radioligands for in vivo investigations. Within this protocol, a robust and reliable remote-controlled radiosynthesis of [11C]SNAP-7941, an antagonist to the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1, is described. The radiosynthesis starts with cyclotron produced [11C]CO2 that is subsequently further reacted via a gas-phase transition to [11C]CH3OTf. Then, this reactive intermediate is introduced to the precursor solution and forms the respective radiotracer. Chemical as well as the radiochemical purity are determined by means of RP-HPLC, routinely implemented in the radiopharmaceutical quality control process. Additionally, the molar activity is calculated as it is a necessity for the following real-time kinetic investigations. Furthermore, [11C]SNAP-7941 is applied to MDCKII-WT and MDCKII-hMDR1 cells for evaluating the impact of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression on cell accumulation. For this reason, the P-gp expressing cell line (MDCKII-hMDR1) is either used without or with blocking prior to experiments by means of the P-gp substrate (&#177;)-verapamil and the results are compared to the ones observed for the wildtype cells. The overall experimental approach demonstrates the importance of a precise time-management that is essential for every preclinical and clinical study using PET tracers radiolabelled with short-lived nuclides, such as carbon-11 (half-life: 20 min).

Technical Aspect of the Automated Synthesis and Real-Time Kinetic Evaluation of [11C]SNAP-7941

Here, we represent a protocol for the fully automated radiolabelling of [11C]SNAP-7941 and the analysis of the real-time kinetics of this PET-tracer on P-gp expressing and non-expressing cells.

Otomatik sentez ve gerçek zamanlı kinetik değerlendirmesinin teknik yönü [11C] SNAP-7941

Positron emission tomography (PET) is an essential molecular imaging technique providing insights into pathways and using specific targeted radioligands ...

Biyomedikal Uygulamalar için uygundur InP / ZnS Kuantum Noktaları Cd-serbest sentezi

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