Bu çalışma kısmen Bilimsel Araştırma Hibe-in-Aid (No 24225003) tarafından desteklenmiştir. Bu çalışma JX Nippon Oil &amp; Energy Corporation tarafından mali destek verdi.

Aktif Katman Çözümleri hazırlanması 1. <ol><li> Amin katkılı PFD cihazlar için etkin katman çözümü Not: PFD, 4,4 &#39;, 4&#39; &#39;- tris [2-naftil (fenil) amino] trifenilamin (2-TNATA), 9,9-dimetil-N, N&#39;-di (1-naftil) - N alınan, N &#39;difenil-9H-floren-2,7-diamin (DMFL-NPB), poli (etilen oksit) (PEO), kullanılmıştır. Potasyum triflorometansülfonat (K 2 CF3 SO3) kullanımdan önce 1 saat boyunca 200 ° C&#39;de vakum altında kurutulmuştur. <ol><li> 1 amin oranı: PFD olan cihazlar için 0.25, PFD 10 mg ve kloroform, 1 ml, aromatik amin 2.5 mg çözülür ve 40 ° C&#39;de 1 saat karışması sağlandı. 1 amin oranı: PFD sahip olanlar için 1, aromatik amin 10 mg kullanın. </li><li> 1 ayrı ayrı, sikloheksanon 1 ml PEO 10 mg çözülür ve 60 ° C&#39;de 1 saat karışması sağlandı ve potasyum trifluorometansülfonat 2.5 mg çözülür (KCF 3 SO3)sikloheksanon ml 40 ° C de 1 saat karıştırıldı. </li><li> PEO çözeltisi 0.78 ml ve mikropipetler kullanarak PFD çözüm KCF 3 SO 3 solüsyonu 0.147 ml ekleyin. 40 ° C&#39;de 4 saat karıştırılır solüsyonu ilave edin. </li><li> kaplama dönmeye önce bir zar filtre kullanılarak karışık bir çözelti filtre. </li></ol></li><li> Katkısız PFD cihaz için etkin katman çözümü <ol><li> katkısız PFD cihaz için, kloroform, 1 ml PFD 10 mg çözülür ve 40 ° C &#39;de 1 saat süre ile karıştırıldı. 1.1.4 - aşağıdaki adımları 1.1.2 amin katkılı PFD için daha önce tarif edildiği gibidir. </li></ol></li></ol> LEC Cihazların 2. Fabrikasyon NOT: LEC cihazların imalatı süreci Şekil 1&#39;de özetlenmiştir. <ol><li> iyonu giderilmiş su, aseton ve 2-propanol, bir kullanarak, ardından seyreltik deterjan ile ultrasonik temiz desenli indiyum-kalay oksit (İTO), cam alt-tabakalar,Her adım için 3 dakika boyunca masaüstü ultrasonik banyo (38 kHz). Son olarak, bir N2 üfleyici ile çözücüyü çıkarın. </li><li> Üreticinin protokolüne göre istifleme tedavi UV / O 3 ile 3 dakika boyunca UV / O 3 tabakaları işlemek. bir eldiven kutusu içinde, bir atıl atmosfer altında, aktif bir tabaka kaplama işlemini gerçekleştirin. </li><li> spin kaplayıcı kafasına bir temizlenmiş substrat ayarlayın. bir mikropipet kullanarak etkin katman çözeltisi yaklaşık 100 ul koyun. aşağıdaki gibi alt tabakayı Spin: 800 rpm sn 60, daha sonra 10 saniye boyunca 1.000 rpm&#39;de spin 3 saniye boyunca 1.000 rpm oranını artırmak. Aktif tabaka kalınlığı yaklaşık 150 nm olacak. </li><li> torpido gözü gecede kaplı yüzeylerde kurutun. </li><li> Uygun bir elektrot bağlantısı ve kapsülleme sağlamak için aşırı polimer siliniz. </li><li> alüminyum birikimi için bir buharlaştırma tutucu alt tabakaları yerleştirin. Buharlaştırma odasında tutucusunu ve termal olarak bir alüminyum 100 nm katmanın3 mm alüminyum karşıt elektrodlar yerleştirilmesi için geniş açıklıklar olan bir paslanmaz çelik buharlaştırma maske aracılığıyla 0.4 nm / saniye arasında bir buharlaşma oranı, en. </li><li> yerleştirme işlemi tamamlandığında, inert bir atmosfer altında, bir eldiven kutusu cihazları aktarın. bir dağıtıcı ile bir dikdörtgen şeklinde UV epoksi reçinesinin bir boncuk uygulanır. Bir cam kapak (15 mm x x 0.7 mm kalınlığında 12 mm) cihazı saklanması reçine (Şekil 1) yerleştirin. </li><li> UV-LED ışık kaynağından reçinesi kullanılarak UV radyasyonu (: 6,000 mJ / cm2, dalga boyu 365 nm kümülatif doz) Cure. </li></ol> 3. Karakterizasyonu <ol><li> JVL ölçümleri Not: akım yoğunluğu (J) -voltage (V) -luminance (L) (JVL) özellikleri ve Commission Internationale de I &#39;Eclairage (CIE) koordinatları, bir DC gerilim akım kaynağı ekrana sahip bir spektral verilmedi detektörü kullanılarak ölçüldü. Ölçüm sistemi tarafından kontrol edilirveri toplama için özel bir kontrol yazılımı ile PC. Sistem şu üreticinin protokolü ayarlandı ve ölçümlerin siyah bir perde altında karanlıkta gerçekleştirildi. <ol><li> timsah klipler ile cihazın kişilere terminallerini bağlayın. Ölçüm sahnede cihazı yerleştirin. </li><li> veri toplama için kontrol yazılımı çalıştırın. Sistem zaman içinde uygulanan voltaj ve akım kontrol eder ve bir fiber optik vasıtası ile spektrometreye emisyon spektrumları toplar. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Pei, Q., Yu, G., Zhang, C., Yang, Y., Heeger, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymer+light-emitting+electrochemical+cells.">Polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells.</a> Science. 269 (5227), 1086-1088 (1995).</li><li>Sun, Q., Li, Y., Pei, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymer+light-emitting+electrochemical+cells+for+high-efficiency+low-voltage+electroluminescent+devices.">Polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells for high-efficiency low-voltage electroluminescent devices.</a> J. Disp. Technol. 3 (2), 211-224 (2007).</li><li>Meier, S. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light-emitting+electrochemical+cells:+recent+progress+and+future+prospects.">Light-emitting electrochemical cells: recent progress and future prospects.</a> Mater. Today. 17 (5), 217-223 (2014).</li><li>Edman, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-component+light-emitting+electrochemical+cell+fabricated+from+cationic+polyfluorene:+Effect+of+film+morphology+on+device+performance.">Single-component light-emitting electrochemical cell fabricated from cationic polyfluorene: Effect of film morphology on device performance.</a> J. Appl. Phys. 98 (4), 044502 (2005).</li><li>Fang, J., Matyba, P., Edman, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Design+and+Realization+of+Flexible,+Long-Lived+Light-Emitting+Electrochemical+Cells.">The Design and Realization of Flexible, Long-Lived Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells.</a> Adv. Funct. Mater. 19 (16), 2671-2676 (2009).</li><li>Yu, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stabilizing+the+Dynamic+p&#8722;+i&#8722;+n+Junction+in+Polymer+Light-Emitting+Electrochemical+Cells.">Stabilizing the Dynamic p&#8722; i&#8722; n Junction in Polymer Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells.</a> J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2 (5), 367-372 (2011).</li><li>Sandstr&#246;m, A., Dam, H. F., Krebs, F. C., Edman, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ambient+fabrication+of+flexible+and+large-area+organic+light-emitting+devices+using+slot-die+coating.">Ambient fabrication of flexible and large-area organic light-emitting devices using slot-die coating.</a> Nat. Commun. 3, 1002 (2012).</li><li>Liang, J., Li, L., Niu, X., Yu, Z., Pei, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elastomeric+polymer+light-emitting+devices+and+displays.">Elastomeric polymer light-emitting devices and displays.</a> Nat. Photonics. 7 (10), 817-824 (2013).</li><li>Yang, Y., Pei, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+blue-green+and+white+light-emitting+electrochemical+cells+based+on+poly+9,+9-bis+(3,+6-dioxaheptyl)-fluorene-2,+7-diyl.">Efficient blue-green and white light-emitting electrochemical cells based on poly 9, 9-bis (3, 6-dioxaheptyl)-fluorene-2, 7-diyl.</a> J. Appl. Phys. 81 (7), 3294-3298 (1997).</li><li>Tang, S., Buchholz, H. A., Edman, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=White+Light+from+a+Light-Emitting+Electrochemical+Cell:+Controlling+the+Energy-Transfer+in+a+Conjugated+Polymer/Triplet-Emitter+Blend.">White Light from a Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cell: Controlling the Energy-Transfer in a Conjugated Polymer/Triplet-Emitter Blend.</a> ACS Appl. Mater. Iterfaces. 7 (46), 25955-25960 (2015).</li><li>Nishikitani, Y., Takizawa, D., Nishide, H., Uchida, S., Nishimura, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=White+Polymer+Light-Emitting+Electrochemical+Cells+Fabricated+Using+Energy+Donor+and+Acceptor+Fluorescent+&#960;-Conjugated+Polymers+Based+on+Concepts+of+Band-Structure+Engineering.">White Polymer Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells Fabricated Using Energy Donor and Acceptor Fluorescent &#960;-Conjugated Polymers Based on Concepts of Band-Structure Engineering.</a> J. Phys. Chem. C. 119 (52), 28701-28710 (2015).</li><li>Sun, M., Zhong, C., Li, F., Cao, Y., Pei, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Fluorene&#8722;+Oxadiazole+Copolymer+for+White+Light-Emitting+Electrochemical+Cells.">A Fluorene&#8722; Oxadiazole Copolymer for White Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells.</a> Macromolecules. 43 (4), 1714-1718 (2010).</li><li>Tang, S., Pan, J., Buchholz, H., Edman, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=White+Light-Emitting+Electrochemical+Cell.">White Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cell.</a> ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 3 (9), 3384-3388 (2011).</li><li>Tang, S., Pan, J., Buchholz, H. A., Edman, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=White+light+from+a+single-emitter+light-emitting+electrochemical+cell.">White light from a single-emitter light-emitting electrochemical cell.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (9), 3647-3652 (2013).</li><li>Nishikitani, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=White+polymer+light-emitting+electrochemical+cells+using+emission+from+exciplexes+with+long+intermolecular+distances+formed+between+polyfluorene+and+&#960;-conjugated+amine+molecules.">White polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells using emission from exciplexes with long intermolecular distances formed between polyfluorene and &#960;-conjugated amine molecules.</a> J. Appl. Phys. 118 (22), 225501 (2015).</li><li>Tang, S., Mindemark, J., Araujo, C. M. G., Brandell, D., Edman, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identifying+Key+Properties+of+Electrolytes+for+Light-Emitting+Electrochemical+Cells.">Identifying Key Properties of Electrolytes for Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells.</a> Chem. Mater. 26 (17), 5083-5088 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

LEC hidrofobik PFD ve aromatik aminler ve hidrofilik polietilen oksit ve KCF 3 SO3 içeren aktif bir tabakası vardır. Bu malzemeler çok farklı çözünürlüklere sahip olduğundan, döndürerek kaplama çözeltisinin dikkatli bir hazırlık eksik çözülme önlemek için önemlidir. Her bir birinci muntazam bir karışım oluşturmak üzere daha sonra çözeltiler, birlikte karıştırılır ve yeterli solvatlayıcı yeteneği ile çözücü maddeler içinde, ayrı ayrı ve tamamen yok edilme...

Research and development of polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) have expanded in recent years.1-15 PLECs are similar to organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) in that both are surface emitting organic devices and are expected to find their way into future lighting applications. OLEDs are already on the market, but the cost is still high, one reason being that OLEDs need a complicated device structure with multiple layers. In contrast, PLECs have a very simple device structure which consists of a single active layer (emitting layer) between a pair of electrodes. This means that PLECs are suited to mass production processes such as roll-to-roll printing and coating. 
A PLEC has an active layer consisting of a fluorescent &#960;-conjugated polymer (FCP). The FCP can be electrochemically doped with a polymer electrolyte (a mixture of an ion conducting polymer and a salt). The FCP is p-doped on the anode side and n-doped on the cathode side during operation, and generates excitons which emit light between the p- and n-doped regions. Therefore, the emission color reflects the exciton emission (=fluorescence) wavelength of the FCP.
Stable white light emission is important for lighting applications, and color mixing techniques which employ two or more emitters have been widely used to achieve this.10-14 Recently, we presented a different approach for obtaining stable white light emission, using an active layer which contains blue-fluorescent poly(9,9-di-n-dodecylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (PFD) and &#960;-conjugated aromatic amines15. This white light emission comes from exciplexes formed between PFD and amine molecules in excited states. Exciplex emission has a broader spectrum compared to the exciton emission from the PDF and/or amines, which gives it a color close to that of natural light. This translates to a higher color rendering index (CRI), which is preferable for lighting applications.
In this article, the authors describe the procedure used to fabricate the exciplex based LECs and show the stability of their white light emission.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="734">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">Poly(9,9-di-n-dodecylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (PFD)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">571660</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:332px;">4,4&#8217;,4&#8217;&#8217;-Tris[2-naphthyl(phenyl)amino]triphenylamine (2-TNATA)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">768669</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:332px;">9,9-Dimethyl-N,N&#8217;-di(1-naphthyl)-N,N&#8217;-diphenyl-9H-fluorene-2,7-diamine (DMFL-NPB)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:115px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">182028</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:332px;">Potassium tirifluoromethansulfonate (KCF3SO3)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">422843</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">dried under vacuum at 200 &#176;C for 2 hr prior to use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:332px;">Chloroform</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Kanto Chemical Co.</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">08097-25</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">dehydrated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:332px;">Cyclohexanone</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Kanto Chemical Co.</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">07555-00</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:332px;">SCAT 20-X (detergent)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku</td>
			<td style="width:115px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;">diluted with water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:332px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Kanto Chemical Co.</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">01866-25</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Electronic grage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:332px;">2-propanol</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Kanto Chemical Co.</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">32439-75</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Electronic grage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:332px;">13mm GD/X Disposable Filter Device PVDF Filter Media, Polypropylene Housing</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Whatman</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">6872-1304</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:332px;">UV/O3 Treating Unit</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">SEN Lights Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">SSP16-110</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:332px;">Spectral Photo Detector</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Otsuka Electronics</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">MCPD 9800</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">Voltage Current Source Monitor</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">&#160;ADCMT</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">6241A&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="168">
			<td height="168" style="height:168px;width:332px;">Evaporation Mask</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">&#160;Tokyo Process Service Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">The evaporation mask was wet-etched to create openings for patterned deposition of aluminum. The size of the mask is 100 mm x 100 mm x 0.2 mm-thick.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabrication of white light-emitting electrochemical cells with stable emission from exciplexes

Yazarlar, (mavi floresan poli (9,9-di-n-dodecylfluorenyl-2,7-diil) oluşan bir aktif tabaka olan bir polimer ışık yayan elektrokimyasal hücreler arasında kararlı bir beyaz ışık emisyonu (PLECS) imal edilmesi için bir yaklaşım mevcut PFD), ve π-konjüge trifenilamin molekülleri. Bu beyaz ışık emisyonu elektronik olarak uyarılmış eyaletlerde PFD ve aminler arasında oluşan exciplexes kaynaklanır. &#39;, 4&#39; &#39;PFD, 4,4 ihtiva eden bir cihaz - tris [2-naftil (fenil) amino] trifenilamin (2-TNATA), poli (etilen oksit) ve K 2 CF3 SO3 Uluslararası Komisyonu beyaz ışık yayılması gösterdi; de l&#39;éclairage (CIE) (0.33, 0.43) koordinatlarını ve Renk Dönüşüm İndeksi (CRI) 3.5 V. Sabit voltaj ölçümleri uygulamalı bir gerilimde Ra = 73 CIE (0.27, 0.37), Ra koordinatları gösterdi 67 ve 5 V gerilim uygulanmasından hemen sonra görülen bir emisyon rengi hemen değişmeden ve sonra kararlı edildi300 san.

Elektro (EL) spektrumlan CIE koordinatları ve CRI değerleri (Şekil 2, 4, 5) hesaplamak için kullanılmıştır. Yayan cihazlar görselleri emisyon (Şekil 3) beyazlık doğrulamak için toplanmıştır. Amin katkılı PFD cihazları ve katkısız PFD cihazın EL spektrumu aşağıda Şekil 2&#39;de gösterilmektedir. Katkısız PFD cihazı PFD exciton emisyona karşılık ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of White Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells with Stable Emission from Exciplexes at JoVE.com

Fabrication of White Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells with Stable Emission from Exciplexes

The authors present a method for fabricating stable white-light-emitting electrochemical cells utilizing emission from exciplexes formed between a blue-emitting fluorene polymer and aromatic amines.

Beyaz Fabrikasyon Exciplexes gelen Kararlı Emisyon ile elektrokimyasal Hücreleri Işık yayan

The authors present an approach for fabricating stable white light emission from polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) having an active ...

fabrication-white-light-emitting-electrochemical-cells-with-stable

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Engineering

8.0K Görüntüleme.  JX Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation. The authors present a method for fabricating stable white-light-emitting electrochemical cells utilizing emission from exciplexes formed between a blue-emitting fluorene polymer and aromatic amines.

Video: Fabrication of White Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells with Stable Emission from Exciplexes

Echo Particle Image Velocimetry

The transport of mass, momentum, and energy in fluid flows is ultimately determined by spatiotemporal distributions of the fluid velocity field.1 Consequently, a prerequisite for understanding, predicting, and controlling fluid flows is the capability to measure the velocity field with adequate spatial and temporal resolution.2 For velocity measurements in optically opaque fluids or through optically opaque geometries, echo particle image velocimetry (EPIV) is an attractive diagnostic technique to generate "instantaneous" two-dimensional fields of velocity.3,4,5,6 In this paper, the operating protocol for an EPIV system built by integrating a commercial medical ultrasound machine7 with a PC running commercial particle image velocimetry (PIV) software8 is described, and validation measurements in Hagen-Poiseuille (i.e., laminar pipe) flow are reported.
For the EPIV measurements, a phased array probe connected to the medical ultrasound machine is used to generate a two-dimensional ultrasound image by pulsing the piezoelectric probe elements at different times. Each probe element transmits an ultrasound pulse into the fluid, and tracer particles in the fluid (either naturally occurring or seeded) reflect ultrasound echoes back to the probe where they are recorded. The amplitude of the reflected ultrasound waves and their time delay relative to transmission are used to create what is known as B-mode (brightness mode) two-dimensional ultrasound images. Specifically, the time delay is used to determine the position of the scatterer in the fluid and the amplitude is used to assign intensity to the scatterer. The time required to obtain a single B-mode image, t, is determined by the time it take to pulse all the elements of the phased array probe. For acquiring multiple B-mode images, the frame rate of the system in frames per second (fps) = 1/&delta;t. (See 9 for a review of ultrasound imaging.)
For a typical EPIV experiment, the frame rate is between 20-60 fps, depending on flow conditions, and 100-1000 B-mode images of the spatial distribution of the tracer particles in the flow are acquired. Once acquired, the B-mode ultrasound images are transmitted via an ethernet connection to the PC running the PIV commercial software. Using the PIV software, tracer particle displacement fields, D(x,y)[pixels], (where x and y denote horizontal and vertical spatial position in the ultrasound image, respectively) are acquired by applying cross correlation algorithms to successive ultrasound B-mode images.10 The velocity fields, u(x,y)[m/s], are determined from the displacements fields, knowing the time step between image pairs, &Delta;T[s], and the image magnification, M[meter/pixel], i.e., u(x,y) = MD(x,y)/&Delta;T. The time step between images &Delta;T = 1/fps + D(x,y)/B, where B[pixels/s] is the time it takes for the ultrasound probe to sweep across the image width. In the present study, M = 77[&mu;m/pixel], fps = 49.5[1/s], and B = 25,047[pixels/s]. Once acquired, the velocity fields can be analyzed to compute flow quantities of interest.

An echo particle image velocimetry (EPIV) system capable of acquiring two-dimensional fields of velocity in optically opaque fluids or through optically opaque geometries is described, and validation measurements in pipe flow are reported.

Parçacık Hızı Echo

The transport of mass, momentum, and energy in fluid flows is ultimately determined by spatiotemporal distributions of the fluid velocity field.1 ...

Mühendislik

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Gümüş Nanotel ile son derece Gerilebilir İletkenler için bir Fabrikasyon Yöntemi

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A method for electrochemically etching field emission tips is presented. Etching parameters are characterized and the operation of the tips in field emission mode is investigated.

Elektrokimyasal Dağlama ve Elektron Etki İyonizasyon için Sharp Field Emission Noktaları Karakterizasyonu

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Beyaz Fabrikasyon Exciplexes gelen Kararlı Emisyon ile elektrokimyasal Hücreleri Işık yayan

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