Bu çalışma Christian Doppler Araştırma Vakfı tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje boyunca destek için Viyana, Avusturya Tıp Üniversitesinde Çekirdek Tesisi Görüntüleme Sabine Rauscher teşekkür etmek istiyorum. İlköğretim antikorlar NIH NICHD yarattığı ve Iowa, Biyoloji Bölümü, Iowa City Üniversitesi&#39;nde muhafaza Gelişim Çalışmaları Hibridoma Bankası elde, Schiaffino, S. tarafından geliştirilmiştir.

FELASA 26 tarafından tavsiye edildiği hayvan deneklerin dahil tüm işlemler laboratuvar hayvanları bakım prensiplerine uygun olarak yürütülmüştür. Onay Viyana Tıp Üniversitesi ve Araştırma ve Bilim Avusturya Bakanlığının kurumsal inceleme kurulu tarafından çalışmanın öncesinde elde edildi (BMWF: BMWF-66,009 / 0222-WF / II / 3b /: Bundesministerium Wissenschaft und Forschung, referans numarası für 2014). 1. Kas Hasat NOT: Meng ve arkadaşları tarafından bir önceki yayın. 27 ayrıntılı olarak kas örneklerinin doğru dondurma tarif mevcuttur. <ol><li> Hemen hayvanların ötenazi sonra tüm kesitlerini elde etmek tüm kasları veya yeterli doku elde etmek. <ol><li> anestezi veya ötenazi sıçan kadar tüm kas çıkarın. Tüm bağ dokusu ve forseps ve makas ile kas çevreleyen tendonları çıkarın. bir içinnesthesia veya ötenazi, FELASA 28 uluslararası kurallara uyun. </li></ol></li><li> kalibre edilmiş hassas ölçeğini kullanarak kas tartın. Bu hızlı adım özellikle girişimsel prosedürlerinden sonra, kas numuneleri arasındaki bir analiz sağlar. </li><li> Her taraftan yaklaşık olarak 1 mm bir arayla kas büyüklüğüne göre, OCT bileşiği ile tamamen dolu bir kap içine, kas koyun (örneğin alüminyum folyodan yapılmış). </li><li> Yaklaşık 2 dakika içinde dondurularak sıvı azot kullanılarak izopentan soğutulmuş. izopentan kabın dibinde beyaz kristaller göstermeye başlamalıdır. Not: Bu adım kasının doğru mimarisi muhafaza etmek için gereklidir ve böylece doğru boyanma sağlar ve fiber 27 analiz eder. </li><li> Mağaza numuneler -80 ° C&#39;de en az 24 saat süre ile, OCT içinde muhafaza. Örnekler, ancak, corre, bir kaç ay ya da hatta yıllar boyunca -80 ° C&#39;de saklanabilir<html> ctly soğutulmuştur. </li><li> Bir kriyotom kullanılarak -20 ° C &#39;de kas orta kısmı 10 um enine kesitler halinde kesilmiştir. 10 um kesilerek uygun değilse, 20 um maksimum 2 um adımlarla kalınlığı artar. Yeterince keskin kesme bıçakları bu adım için çok önemlidir. </li><li> kesitleri slaytları benzetmekle yapışkan slaytlara uygulama bölümlerinden. kesitleri otomatik yapışkan slaytlar sadık olacaktır. gece boyunca boyama önce -20 ° C &#39;de slaytlar saklayın. </li></ol> 2. Boyama NOT: miyozin ağır zincir proteinlere karşı antikorların büyük bir kısmı mevcuttur; Ancak, kaliteli antikorlar otomatik edinimi ve analizler için gereklidir. Seyreltici ve antikorlar referans için Tablo 1 &#39;e bakınız. Bir tablo dosyası doğru seyreltme hesaplamak ve gerekli çözüm miktarlarda sayısını görmek için, bkz1 File source.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55441/Calculator_for_muscle_fiber_typing.xlsx&quot;&gt;Supplemental. <ol><li> Çözülme ve boyama prosedürü, 10 dakika süreyle dondurulmuş kas bölümleri, hava-kurutun. </li><li> Yıkama fosfat tamponlu tuz (PBS) +% 0.05 Triton X 10 dakika süre ile ve daha sonra 5 dakika süre ile dikkatli bir şekilde kayar. Triton önemli boyama kalitesini artırmak için gösterilmiştir. Daha fazla detay için açıklamalara bakın. </li><li> 2 dakika boyunca bölümler hava kuru olsun ve (antikor gerekli miktarda en aza indirmek için) ve 15 dakika için ek kurutmaya olanak sağlayan, bir hidrofobik kalem kullanılarak her lamın tek tek kesitlere özetlemektedir. </li><li> PBS + Tüm slaytlar bloke% 0.05 Triton X (PBST), oda sıcaklığında 1 saat boyunca% 10 keçi serumu ihtiva eden. </li><li> PBS +% 0.05 Triton X (PBST) içeren% 10 keçi serumu bir karışım içinde tüm birincil antikorlar (Tablo 1) seyreltin. Uygulama öncesinde yeterince karıştırın. Triton X bütün enine kesitlerinin eşit boyanması için esastır. Hesaplamakkesiti başına birincil antikor kokteylinin yaklaşık 30 uL. </li><li> adımlar 2,7-2,13 için ışıktan yeterli korunma sağlamaktadır. Sönük oda ışıkları ve kapalı boyama tepsileri yeterli koruma sağlar. Buna ek olarak, boyama sırasında nemli bir ortam sağlar ve kurumasını önlemek için alt kısımdaki sıvı ile boyama tepsi doldurun. </li><li> Oda sıcaklığında bir nemli boyama tepsisine 1 saat slaytlara birincil antikor (Tablo 1) kokteyller uygulanır. </li><li> 5 dakika için yeni PBST ile daha sonra da 10 dakika süre ile PBS +% 0.05 Triton X slaytlar yıkayın. </li><li> PBS +% 0.05 Triton X (PBST) +% 10 keçi serumu bir kokteyli ikincil antikorlar seyreltilir. kesiti başına birincil antikor kokteylinin 30 uL hesaplayın. </li><li> 1 saat boyunca slaytlara ikincil antikor kokteyli uygulanır. </li><li> PBS ile slaytlar yıkayın +% 0.05 Triton X 10 dakika ve 5 dakika daha yeni PBST (PBST). </li><li> DAPI nükleer boyama kiti (tercihen okuma kullanımlı çözeltiler) fo uygular, 15 dakika ya da hücre çekirdekleri leke üreticinin talimatlarına göre aktifleştirilir. </li><li> Yıkama kısaca PBS + slaytlar% 0.05 Triton X 1 dakika için (PBST). Daha sonra, slaytlar hava kuru kısaca bildirin. </li><li> Floresan montaj orta ve lamelleri uygulayın. 4 ° C&#39;de ışıktan korunmuş ve 24-48 saat içinde en iyi şekilde görüntüleme gerçekleştirmek. </li></ol> 3. Mikroskopi <ol><li> Yük slayt tarayıcıya kayar. 12 slaytlar maksimum slayt tarayıcı bağlı mümkündür. </li><li> Yeni bir proje başlatın. Önizleme için DAPI kanalı ve 2.5X lensi ayarlayın. Ayrıntılı analiz için DAPI, GFP, FITC ve Cy5 kanalları ve 20X objektif kullanın. Otomatik odaklama DAPI kanalında proje boyunca elde edilir. </li><li> DAPI -blue FITC: yeşil, Teksas Kırmızı: Kırmızı, Cy5: Sarı her kanal için aşağıdaki renkler kullanın. </li><li> DAPI kanalı kullanılarak her lamın önizleme oluşturun. Bu amaçla, ilk numune üzerinde manuel odaklamayı uygulamak ve önizleme boyunca kullanmayıAnaliz her numunenin önizleme resimlerini elde etmek. </li><li> Ayrıntılı edinim süreci için eklenmesi gereken her kesiti Anahat. bütün ilgilendiren alanın başlığını sağlamak için, numunenin kenarlarına yakın özetliyor çekmeyin. </li><li> Her bir kanal için maruz kalma sürelerini ayarlar. Çoğu durumda, farklı kanalların pozlama parametreler tüm kesitler için aynıdır. </li><li> Otomatik görüntü elde etme çalıştırın. Erken otomatik süreçte yanlış edinimi önlemek için, görüş ilk alan için doğru edinimi edin. </li><li> Gerekirse, masaüstü yansıtma yazılımını kullanarak uzaktan kontrol kurmak. Bu, herhangi bir ağ veya internet bağlantısı üzerinden farklı bir bilgisayara slayt tarayıcının bilgisayar ekranı yansıtma görüntü elde etme sürecinin uzaktan izlenmesine olanak sağlar. Hiçbir değişiklik kullanılan slaytlar ilişkin fiziksel kurulumu yapılabilir rağmen, görüntü elde etme yazılımı sanal ortam izleme verir<html> Görüntülerin doğru odak veya pozlama süreleri. Buna ek olarak, tamamlanması için tahmini süre düzenli olarak kontrol edilebilir. </li><li> Görüntü edinimi işleminin tamamlanmasından sonra, elyaf mimarisi, tek tek liflerin ve çeşitli lif türleri ayırt edilebilir el ile kontrol edilerek tüm görüntülerin doğru otomatik odak kontrol eder. </li><li> Yeniden edinilen yanlış görünümü veya ilgi tüm alanların tek alanlar için görüntü alanlarını duruldu. Tek alanların yeniden kazanımı için, tüm proje boyunca alanları veya görüntüleri işaretlemek ve manuel odaklama sahip alanları reacquire. Çoğu durumda, farklı bir odak seviyesinde ilave bir görüntü ayrıntısı yanlış odaklı görüntülere yol açar </li><li> Nihai analizlere dahil edilmesi gereken her kesit için, jpeg dosyaları olarak ayrı ayrı (DAPI hariç) her kanalı ihracat. Ad ve Texas Kırmızı, FITC ve Cy5 adlı klasörlerde maruz kanallara göre dosyaları sıralamak. </li></ol> 4. Otomatik Elyaf Analizi çadır &quot;&gt; Not: Makro aşağıdaki web sayfasından elde edilebilir: https://www.meduniwien.ac.at/hp/bionicreconstruction/macro/ <ol><li> Önizleme analizler yapılmadan önce, geleneksel bir Görüntü düzenleme yazılımı ve lekeli elyaf ve arka arasında yeterli kontrast kontrol her resim. Gerekirse, parlaklık ve kontrast ayarı komutları kullanarak, farkı artırmak için kontrast ve parlaklık ayarı. </li><li> Açık ImageJ veya Fiji. komutunu kullanarak makro aç &quot;- Makrolar - Eklentiler. Edit&quot; Bu makro kaynak kodunu gösterir ve parametrelerin hızlı adaptasyon sağlar. Gerekirse, makro kaynak kodunda her kanal için klasör dizinini değiştirin. NOT: kas lifi analizler için Değerler sıçan biceps ve lumbrikal kasların, diğer türler veya farklı değerler gerektirebilir kaslarda dayanmaktadır. </li><li> makro başlatmak için &quot;run&quot; komutunu kullanın. klasörün tüm resimler artık makro yüklenen ve bir ardışık sırayla ölçülür. Sonuçlar sho vardırYeni bir pencerede wn. Bu adım, veriler analiz edilen miktarına bağlı olarak, birkaç saat saniye sürebilir. </li><li> Bir elektronik tablo dosyası olarak sonuçları penceresini aktarın. (Yavaş) pozitif sayılmıştır Cy5 için (ara ürün) FITC ve Texas Kırmızı (hızlı) lifleri değerleri belirlemek ve toplam lif sayısı için Özetle. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

<html> Burada, çalışma ve otomatik olarak bir zaman etkili bir şekilde immünohistokimya ile sıçan kesitlerinin kas lifi popülasyonları ölçmek için yaygın olarak erişilebilir bir yöntem göstermektedir. tekrarlanabilirlik için, adım açıklama ve bu çalışmada açıklanmayan diğer türlerde uygulamalar için potansiyel modifikasyonlarla detaylı adım sunuyoruz. Ayrıca, en iyi işlev ve sınırlamaları için prosedürün avantajları, ön koşulları tartışır. Şu anda...

İskelet kası bileşim, yaşlanma, 1, 2, egzersiz, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ya da böyle bir hastalık 8, 9, 10 ya da travma 11 olarak patofizyolojik işlemler gibi fizyolojik süreçlerde önemli değişikliklere uğrar. Dolayısıyla, bu süreçlerin yapısal etkileri konusunda araştırma konsantresi birkaç alanları işlevsel değişiklikleri anlamak için. kas fonksiyonunu belirleyen önemli yönlerinden biri kas liflerinin bileşimdir. Kas lifleri, farklı miyozin ağır zincir (MHC) proteinleri ifade eden ve bu şekilde, 13 yavaş, orta ya da hızlı lifler 7, 12 sınıflandırılır </sup<html> &gt;, 14, 15, 16, 17. Fizyolojik olarak, kaslar vücutta işlev bağlı olarak farklı kas lifi bileşimleri vardır. Kas lifi yazmaya kullanılarak, lif popülasyonları, 17, fizyolojik veya patofizyolojik süreçler 7 uyarlanmasına belirlemek için ölçülebilir. Tarihsel olarak, zaman alıcı bir dizi yöntem kas lifi tipleri arasında ayırt etmek için uygulanmıştır. Bu amaç için, kas lifleri çeşitli pH seviyelerinde veya kas enzim aktivitesinin de myosin ATPase reaktifliğinden olarak sınıflandırıldı. Farklı lif kalitesi tek bir bölümü tespit edilemedi, birden çok enine kesitleri, tüm kas lifleri tespit ve miktar 14, 16, 17 kılavuzu izin vermek için gerekli olduğunu,= &quot;xref&quot;&gt; 18, 19, 20, 21, 22. Buna karşılık, yeni yayınlar hızla tek kesitlerinde çok liflerini boyamak için miyozin ağır zincir proteine ​​karşı immünohistokimya (IHC) kullanılabilir. Bu prosedürün avantajları dayanarak, şimdi kas lifi nüfus analizi 19, 23, 24 altın standart olarak kabul edilir. geliştirilmiş IHC boyama protokolleri kullanarak, tüm kas kesitleri ve daha sonra otomatik bir kas lifi miktar tam otomatik satın açık kaynak platformu ImageJ kullanılarak uygulanabilir olduğunu göstermek için yakın zamanda mümkün. Kılavuzu ölçümü ile karşılaştırıldığında, prosedür 4 ±% olurken slayt başına gereken süre (kılavuzun yaklaşık% 10 analizleri) önemli bir azalma sağlanmaktadır 25 </s&gt; Yukarı. Bu yöntemin genel amacı, bir açık kaynak platformu kullanılarak bütün sıçan kaslarda otomatik kas lifi ölçümü için hızlı, güvenilir ve kullanıcıdan bağımsız kılavuzunun tanımlamaktır. Buna ek olarak, özellikle fareler veya insan kas gibi diğer numuneler için kullanılmalarını sağlayan potansiyel değişiklikleri tarif eder.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">O.C.T compound</td>
			<td style="width:397px;">Tissue-Tek, Sakura, Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For embedding of muscle tissue</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isopentane</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for adequate freezing of muscle tissue</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Superfrost Ultra Plus slides</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, Germany</td>
			<td align="right">1014356190</td>
			<td>adhesive slides</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">phosphate buffered saline&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, Germany</td>
			<td align="right">85112</td>
			<td>Detergent Soluation</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Goat serum</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, Germany</td>
			<td>50197Z</td>
			<td>Goat Serum</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DAKO Fluorescent Mounting Medium</td>
			<td>Dako Denmark</td>
			<td>S3023</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dako pen</td>
			<td>Dako Denmark</td>
			<td>S200230-2</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TissueFAXSi plus&#160;</td>
			<td>TissueGnostics, Vienna, Austria</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Primary antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MHC-I (Cat# BA-F8, RRID: AB_10572253)</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank (DSHB, Iowa, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Supernatant</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MHC-IIa (Cat# SC-71, RRID: AB_2147165)</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank (DSHB, Iowa, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Supernatant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MHC-IIb (Cat# BF-F3, RRID: AB_2266724)</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank (DSHB, Iowa, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Supernatant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Secondary antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa&#160;Fluor&#160;633&#160;Goat Anti-Mouse IgG2b&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, Germany</td>
			<td>A-21146</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 488 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG1&#160;(&#947;1)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, Germany</td>
			<td>A-21121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 555 Goat Anti-Mouse IgM (&#181; chain),</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, Germany</td>
			<td>A-21426</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NucBlue Fixed Cell ReadyProbes Reagent</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, Germany</td>
			<td>R37606</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a rapid automated protocol for muscle fiber population analysis in rat muscle cross sections using myosin heavy chain immunohistochemistry

kas lifi popülasyonlarının miktarının belirlenmesi hastalık, travma ve iskelet kas bileşimine çeşitli diğer etkilerden daha derin bir fikir verir. Çeşitli zaman alıcı yöntemler geleneksel olarak araştırmanın pek çok alanında fiber popülasyonları incelemek için kullanılmıştır. Ancak, son zamanlarda tek bir bölümünde birden çok elyaf tiplerini belirlemek için pratik bir alternatif temin miyozin ağır zincir protein ifadesine dayalı immünohistokimyasal yöntemleri geliştirilmiştir. Burada, bütün kesit ve ImageJ fiber popülasyonlarının otomatik ölçümü otomatik olarak alınmasının sağlayan, geliştirilmiş boyama kalitesi için hızlı, güvenilir ve tekrarlanabilir bir protokol mevcut. Bu amaç için, gömülü iskelet kasları hücrelerinin çekirdekleri boyama ikincil floresan antikor ve DAPI ile miyozin ağır zincir antikorlar kullanılarak boyanmış, kesitler kesilir. Tüm çapraz Kesitler daha sonra yüksek çözünürlüklü bir kompozit elde etmek için bir kayar tarayıcı kullanarak otomatik olarak taranırtüm örneğin resimler. Lif nüfus analizleri sonradan ImageJ için otomatik bir makro kullanarak, yavaş, orta ve hızlı lifleri ölçmek için yapılır. Daha önce bu yöntem ±% 4 bir dereceye kadar güvenli bir elyaf popülasyonlarının belirlenmesi göstermiştir. Buna ek olarak, bu yöntem arası kullanıcı değişkenliği ve önemli ölçüde açık kaynak platformu ImageJ kullanılarak analiz başına süresini azaltır.

Tüm fare kas kesitleri, MHC I, IIA ve IIB&#39;nin kas lifleri tespit etmek immünohistokimya kullanılarak hızlı bir şekilde boyanmıştır. Bir floresan mikroskop lamı tarayıcı kullanarak, tüm kesitler daha sonra otomatik olarak otomatik kas lifi amacıyla elde edilen ImageJ ile analiz eder. usul kavramı kas liflerinin miktarının belirlenmesi için basit, güvenilir ve zaman tasarrufu sağlayan bir iş akışı sağlayan dayanır. <p class="jove_content" fo:keep-together....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Rapid Automated Protocol for Muscle Fiber Population Analysis in Rat Muscle Cross Sections Using Myosin Heavy Chain Immunohistochemistry at JoVE.com

A Rapid Automated Protocol for Muscle Fiber Population Analysis in Rat Muscle Cross Sections Using Myosin Heavy Chain Immunohistochemistry

Burada, geliştirilmiş boyama kalitesini ve böylece otomatik satın alma ve serbestçe yazılım ImageJ kullanılarak fiber popülasyonları ölçümü sağlar hızlı kas lifi analiz için bir protokol mevcut.

Miyosin Ağır Zincir İmünohistokimya kullanma Sıçan kas Çapraz Bölüm kas Elyaf Nüfus Analizi İçin Hızlı Otomatik Protokolü

Quantification of muscle fiber populations provides a deeper insight into the effects of disease, trauma, and various other influences on skeletal muscle ...

a-rapid-automated-protocol-for-muscle-fiber-population-analysis-rat

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.2K Görüntüleme.  Medical University of Vienna.  Burada, geliştirilmiş boyama kalitesini ve böylece otomatik satın alma ve serbestçe yazılım ImageJ kullanılarak fiber popülasyonları ölçümü sağlar hızlı kas lifi analiz için bir protokol mevcut. 

Video: A Rapid Automated Protocol for Muscle Fiber Population Analysis in Rat Muscle Cross Sections Using Myosin Heavy Chain Immunohistochemistry

Immunohistochemistry on Paraffin Sections of Mouse Epidermis Using Fluorescent Antibodies

In the epidermis, immunohistochemistry is an efficient means of localizing specific proteins to their relative expression compartment; namely the basal, suprabasal, and stratum corneum layers. The precise localization within the epidermis of a particular protein lends clues toward its functional role within the epidermis. In this chapter, we describe a reliable method for immunolocalization within the epidermis modified for both frozen and paraffin sections that we use very routinely in our laboratory. Paraffin sections generally provide much better morphology, hence, superior results and photographs; however, not all antibodies will work with the harsh fixation and treatment involved in their processing. Therefore, the protocol for frozen sectioning is also included. Within paraffin sectioning, two fixation protocols are described (Bouin's and paraformaldehyde); the choice of fixative will be directly related to the antibody specifications and may require another fixing method.

We describe a reliable method for immunolocalization within the epidermis modified for both frozen and paraffin sections that we use very routinely in our laboratory.

Floresan Antikorlar Fare Epidermis Parafin Bölüm İmmünohistokimya

In the epidermis, immunohistochemistry is an efficient means of localizing specific proteins to their relative expression compartment; namely the basal, ...

Biyoloji

Procedures for Rat in situ Skeletal Muscle Contractile Properties

There are many circumstances where it is desirable to obtain the contractile response of skeletal muscle under physiological circumstances: normal circulation, intact whole muscle, at body temperature. This includes the study of contractile responses like posttetanic potentiation, staircase and fatigue. Furthermore, the consequences of disease, disuse, injury, training and drug treatment can be of interest. This video demonstrates appropriate procedures to set up and use this valuable muscle preparation.
To set up this preparation, the animal must be anesthetized, and the medial gastrocnemius muscle is surgically isolated, with the origin intact. Care must be taken to maintain the blood and nerve supplies. A long section of the sciatic nerve is cleared of connective tissue, and severed proximally. All branches of the distal stump that do not innervate the medial gastrocnemius muscle are severed. The distal nerve stump is inserted into a cuff lined with stainless steel stimulating wires. The calcaneus is severed, leaving a small piece of bone still attached to the Achilles tendon. Sonometric crystals and/or electrodes for electromyography can be inserted. Immobilization by metal probes in the femur and tibia prevents movement of the muscle origin. The Achilles tendon is attached to the force transducer and the loosened skin is pulled up at the sides to form a container that is filled with warmed paraffin oil. The oil distributes heat evenly and minimizes evaporative heat loss. A heat lamp is directed on the muscle, and the muscle and rat are allowed to warm up to 37&deg;C. While it is warming, maximal voltage and optimal length can be determined. These are important initial conditions for any experiment on intact whole muscle. The experiment may include determination of standard contractile properties, like the force-frequency relationship, force-length relationship, and force-velocity relationship.
With care in surgical isolation, immobilization of the origin of the muscle and alignment of the muscle-tendon unit with the force transducer, and proper data analysis, high quality measurements can be obtained with this muscle preparation.

Procedures for Rat in situ Skeletal Muscle Contractile Properties

This video demonstrates the surgical preparation and procedures needed to study the contractile responses of the rat medial gastrocnemius muscle preparation in situ. This preparation allows measurement of skeletal muscle contractile properties under physiological conditions. The animal is anesthetized and the muscle is separated from surrounding tissue at its distal end. The Achilles tendon is attached to a force transducer, allowing measurement of the muscle&#x2019;s contractile response at 37 degrees C with an intact circulation.

Rat Prosedürleri<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; İskelet Kası Kontraktil Özellikleri

There are many circumstances where it is desirable to obtain the contractile response of skeletal muscle under physiological circumstances: normal ...

Fluorescence-based Measurement of Store-operated Calcium Entry in Live Cells: from Cultured Cancer Cell to Skeletal Muscle Fiber

Store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), earlier termed capacitative Ca2+ entry, is a tightly regulated mechanism for influx of extracellular Ca2+ into cells to replenish depleted endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ stores1,2. Since Ca2+ is a ubiquitous second messenger, it is not surprising to see that SOCE plays important roles in a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, gene transcription and motility. Due to its wide occurrence in nearly all cell types, including epithelial cells and skeletal muscles, this pathway has received great interest3,4. However, the heterogeneity of SOCE characteristics in different cell types and the physiological function are still not clear5-7.
The functional channel properties of SOCE can be revealed by patch-clamp studies, whereas a large body of knowledge about this pathway has been gained by fluorescence-based intracellular Ca2+ measurements because of its convenience and feasibility for high-throughput screening. The objective of this report is to summarize a few fluorescence-based methods to measure the activation of SOCE in monolayer cells, suspended cells and muscle fibers5,8-10. The most commonly used of these fluorescence methods is to directly monitor the dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ using the ratio of F340nm and F380nm (510 nm for emission wavelength) of the ratiometric Ca2+ indicator Fura-2. To isolate the activity of unidirectional SOCE from intracellular Ca2+ release and Ca2+ extrusion, a Mn2+ quenching assay is frequently used. Mn2+ is known to be able to permeate into cells via SOCE while it is impervious to the surface membrane extrusion processes or to ER uptake by Ca2+ pumps due to its very high affinity with Fura-2. As a result, the quenching of Fura-2 fluorescence induced by the entry of extracellular Mn2+ into the cells represents a measurement of activity of SOCE9. Ratiometric measurement and the Mn+2 quenching assays can be performed on a cuvette-based spectrofluorometer in a cell population mode or in a microscope-based system to visualize single cells. The advantage of single cell measurements is that individual cells subjected to gene manipulations can be selected using GFP or RFP reporters, allowing studies in genetically modified or mutated cells. The spatiotemporal characteristics of SOCE in structurally specialized skeletal muscle can be achieved in skinned muscle fibers by simultaneously monitoring the fluorescence of two low affinity Ca2+ indicators targeted to specific compartments of the muscle fiber, such as Fluo-5N in the SR and Rhod-5N in the transverse tubules9,11,12.

The extent of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) can be monitored using fluorescent Ca2+ indicators. Mn2+ quenching of such indicators assays SOCE in cultured cells and skeletal muscle fibers. A technique allowing spatial and temporal resolution of SOCE by confocal imaging of mechanically skinned muscle fibers is also described.

Canlı hücreler Mağaza çalışan Kalsiyum Giriş Floresans tabanlı Ölçümü: Kültür Kanseri Hücre gelen İskelet Kası Fiber

Store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), earlier termed capacitative Ca2+ entry, is a tightly regulated mechanism for influx of extracellular Ca2+ into cells to ...

Analysis of Skeletal Muscle Defects in Larval Zebrafish by Birefringence and Touch-evoke Escape Response Assays

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have become a particularly effective tool for modeling human diseases affecting skeletal muscle, including muscular dystrophies1-3, congenital myopathies4,5, and disruptions in sarcomeric assembly6,7, due to high genomic and structural conservation with mammals8. Muscular disorganization and locomotive impairment can be quickly assessed in the zebrafish over the first few days post-fertilization. Two assays to help characterize skeletal muscle defects in zebrafish are birefringence (structural) and touch-evoked escape response (behavioral).
Birefringence is a physical property in which light is rotated as it passes through ordered matter, such as the pseudo-crystalline array of muscle sarcomeres9. It is a simple, noninvasive approach to assess muscle integrity in translucent zebrafish larvae early in development. Wild-type zebrafish with highly organized skeletal muscle appear very bright amidst a dark background when visualized between two polarized light filters, whereas muscle mutants have birefringence patterns specific to the primary muscular disorder they model. Zebrafish modeling muscular dystrophies, diseases characterized by myofiber degeneration followed by repeated rounds of regeneration, exhibit degenerative dark patches in skeletal muscle under polarized light. Nondystrophic myopathies are not associated with necrosis or regenerative changes, but result in disorganized myofibers and skeletal muscle weakness. Myopathic zebrafish typically show an overall reduction in birefringence, reflecting the disorganization of sarcomeres.
The touch-evoked escape assay involves observing an embryo&#39;s swimming behavior in response to tactile stimulation10-12. In comparison to wild-type larvae, mutant larvae frequently display a weak escape contraction, followed by slow swimming or other type of impaired motion that fails to propel the larvae more than a short distance12. The advantage of these assays is that disease progression in the same fish type can be monitored in vivo for several days, and that large numbers of fish can be analyzed in a short time relative to higher vertebrates.

The zebrafish is now an established and powerful tool for modeling muscular dystrophies, congenital myopathies, and related neuromuscular diseases. Birefringence and touch-evoked escape behavior are two common noninvasive assays used to determine the degree of muscular disorganization and locomotive impairment of zebrafish embryos during early development.

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have become a particularly effective tool for modeling human diseases affecting skeletal muscle, including muscular ...

Optimized Protocol for Retinal Wholemount Preparation for Imaging and Immunohistochemistry

Working with delicate tissue can be a complicating factor when performing immunohistochemical assessment. Here, we present a method that utilizes a ring-supported hydrophilized PTFE membrane to provide structural support to both living and fixed tissue during immunohistochemical processing, which allows for the use of a variety of protocols that would otherwise cause damage to the tissue. First, this is demonstrated with bolus loading of fluorescent markers into living retinal tissue. This method allows for quick visualization of targeted structures, while the membrane support maintains tissue integrity during the injection and allows for easy transfer of the preparation for further imaging or processing.
Second, a procedure for antibody staining in tissue fixed with carbodiimide is described. Though paraformaldehyde fixation is more common, carbodiimide fixation provides a superior substrate for the visualization of synaptic proteins. A limitation of carbodiimide is that the resulting fixed tissue is relatively fragile; however, this is overcome with the use of the supporting membrane. Retinal tissue is used to demonstrate these techniques, but they may be applied to any fragile tissue.

The protocol described here is for structural assessment of a wholemount retinal preparation. This includes descriptions of tissue dissection, mounting onto a hydrophilized polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane insert, bolus loading with fluorescent markers, and a comparison of fixation with carbodiimide and paraformaldehyde for immunohistochemical analysis of cellular and synaptic components.

Görüntüleme ve İmmünhistokimyanın için Retina Wholemount Hazırlık için optimize edilmiş Protokolü

Working with delicate tissue can be a complicating factor when performing immunohistochemical assessment. Here, we present a method that utilizes a ...

Generation of Myospheres From hESCs by Epigenetic Reprogramming

Generation of a homogeneous and abundant population of skeletal muscle cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is a requirement for cell-based therapies and for a "disease in a dish" model of human neuromuscular diseases. Major hurdles, such as low abundance and heterogeneity of the population of interest, as well as a lack of protocols for the formation of three-dimensional contractile structures, have limited the applications of stem cells for neuromuscular disorders. We have designed a protocol that overcomes these limits by ectopic introduction of defined factors in hESCs - the muscle determination factor MyoD and SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex component BAF60C - that are able to reprogram hESCs into skeletal muscle cells. Here we describe the protocol established to generate hESC-derived myoblasts and promote their clustering into tridimensional miniaturized structures (myospheres) that functionally mimic miniaturized skeletal muscles7.

Here, we describe a protocol based on epigenetic reprogramming of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) toward generating a homogeneous population of skeletal muscle progenitors that under permissive culture conditions form three-dimensional clusters of contractile myofibers (myospheres), which recapitulate biological features of human skeletal muscles.

Epigenetik yeniden programlanması ile hESC itibaren Myospheres Üretimi

Generation of a homogeneous and abundant population of skeletal muscle cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is a requirement for cell-based ...

Visualization and Quantification of the Cell-free Layer in Arterioles of the Rat Cremaster Muscle

The cell-free layer is defined as the parietal plasma layer in the microvessel flow, which is devoid of red blood cells. The measurement of the in vivo cell-free layer width and its spatiotemporal variations can provide a comprehensive understanding of hemodynamics in microcirculation. In this study, we used an intravital microscopic system coupled with a high-speed video camera to quantify the cell-free layer widths in arterioles in vivo. The cremaster muscle of Sprague-Dawley rats was surgically exteriorized to visualize the blood flow. A custom-built imaging script was also developed to automate the image processing and analysis of the cell-free layer width. This approach enables the quantification of spatiotemporal variations more consistently than previous manual measurements. The accuracy of the measurement, however, partly depends on the use of a blue filter and the selection of an appropriate thresholding algorithm. Specifically, we evaluated the contrast and quality of images acquired with and without the use of a blue filter. In addition, we compared five different image histogram-based thresholding algorithms (Otsu, minimum, intermode, iterative selection, and fuzzy entropic thresholding) and illustrated the differences in their determination of the cell-free layer width.

This study demonstrates the surgical preparation of the rat cremaster muscle for the visualization of the in vivo cell-free layer. Considerable factors affecting the accuracy of the cell-free layer width measurement are discussed in this study.

Sıçan Cremaster&#39;ın Muscle arteriyollerde Hücre-serbest Katman Görselleştirme ve

The cell-free layer is defined as the parietal plasma layer in the microvessel flow, which is devoid of red blood cells. The measurement of the in vivo ...

Optical Cross-Sectional Muscle Area Determination of Drosophila Melanogaster Adult Indirect Flight Muscles

Muscle mass wasting, known as muscle atrophy, is a common phenotype in Drosophila models of neuromuscular diseases. We have used the indirect flight muscles (IFMs) of flies, specifically the dorso-longitudinal muscles (DLM), as the experimental subject to measure the atrophic phenotype brought about by different genetic causes. In this protocol, we describe how to embed fly thorax muscles for semi thin sectioning, how to obtain a good contrast between muscle and the surrounding tissue, and how to process optical microscope images for semiautomatic acquisition of quantifiable data and analysis. We describe three specific applications of the methodological pipeline. First, we show how the method can be applied to quantify muscle degeneration in a myotonic dystrophy fly model; second, measurement of muscle cross-sectional area can help to identify genes that either promote or prevent muscle atrophy and/or muscle degeneration; third, this protocol can be applied to determine whether a candidate compound is able to significantly modify a given atrophic phenotype induced by a disease-causing mutation or by an environmental trigger.

Optical Cross-Sectional Muscle Area Determination of Drosophila Melanogaster Adult Indirect Flight Muscles

We report a method to quantify muscle area, which is an indirect method to determine muscle mass in Drosophila adults. We demonstrate the application of our methodology by analyzing the indirect flight muscles in a Drosophila model of Myotonic Dystrophy disease.

Drosophila Melanogaster yetişkin dolaylı uçuş kaslarının optik kesitsel kas alanı belirlenmesi

Muscle mass wasting, known as muscle atrophy, is a common phenotype in Drosophila models of neuromuscular diseases. We have used the indirect flight ...

Sequential Immunofluorescence and Immunohistochemistry on Cryosectioned Zebrafish Embryos

Investigation of intercellular interactions often requires discrete labeling of specific cell populations and precise protein localization. The zebrafish embryo is an excellent tool for examining such interactions with an in vivo model. Whole-mount immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence assays are frequently applied in zebrafish embryos to assess protein expression. However, it can be difficult to achieve accurate mapping of co-localized proteins in three-dimensional space. In addition, some studies may require the use of two antibodies that are not compatible with the same technique (e.g., antibody 1 is only suitable for immunohistochemistry and antibody 2 is only suitable for immunofluorescence). The purpose of the method described herein is to perform sequential immunofluorescence and/or immunohistochemistry on individual cryosections derived from early-stage zebrafish embryos. Here we describe the use of sequential rounds of immunofluorescence, imaging, immunohistochemistry, imaging for a single cryosection in order to achieve precise identification of protein expression at the single-cell level. This methodology is suitable for any study in early-stage zebrafish embryos that requires accurate identification of multiple protein targets in individual cells.

This protocol demonstrates sequential immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry on cryosections from early-stage zebrafish embryos enabling precise colocalization analyses in specific cell populations.

Cryosec, zebrafish embriyo üzerinde sıralı Immünofluorescence ve Immünhistokimya

Investigation of intercellular interactions often requires discrete labeling of specific cell populations and precise protein localization. The zebrafish ...

Isolation of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Vibratome-Cut Myocardial Slices

The isolation of ventricular cardiac myocytes from animal and human hearts is a fundamental method in cardiac research. Animal cardiomyocytes are commonly isolated by coronary perfusion with digestive enzymes. However, isolating human cardiomyocytes is challenging because human myocardial specimens usually do not allow for coronary perfusion, and alternative isolation protocols result in poor yields of viable cells. In addition, human myocardial specimens are rare and only regularly available at institutions with on-site cardiac surgery. This hampers the translation of findings from animal to human cardiomyocytes. Described here is a reliable protocol that enables efficient isolation of ventricular myocytes from human and animal myocardium. To increase the surface-to-volume ratio while minimizing cell damage, myocardial tissue slices 300 &#181;m thick are generated from myocardial specimens with a vibratome. Tissue slices are then digested with protease and collagenase. Rat myocardium was used to establish the protocol and quantify yields of viable, calcium-tolerant myocytes by flow-cytometric cell counting. Comparison with the commonly used tissue-chunk method showed significantly higher yields of rod-shaped cardiomyocytes (41.5 &#177; 11.9 vs. 7.89 &#177; 3.6%, p &#60; 0.05). The protocol was translated to failing and non-failing human myocardium, where yields were similar as in rat myocardium and, again, markedly higher than with the tissue-chunk method (45.0 &#177; 15.0 vs. 6.87 &#177; 5.23 cells/mg, p &#60; 0.05). Notably, with the protocol presented it is possible to isolate reasonable numbers of viable human cardiomyocytes (9&#8211;200 cells/mg) from minimal amounts of tissue (&#60;50 mg). Thus, the method is applicable to healthy and failing myocardium from both human and animal hearts. Furthermore, it is possible to isolate excitable and contractile myocytes from human tissue specimens stored for up to 36 h in cold cardioplegic solution, rendering the method particularly useful for laboratories at institutions without on-site cardiac surgery.

Presented is a protocol for the isolation of human and animal ventricular cardiomyocytes from vibratome-cut myocardial slices. High yields of calcium-tolerant cells (up to 200 cells/mg) can be obtained from small amounts of tissue (&#60;50 mg). The protocol is applicable to myocardium exposed to cold ischemia for up to 36 h.

Vibratome-Cut Miyokardiyal Dilimlerden İnsan Ventriküler Kardiyomiyositlerin İzolasyon

The isolation of ventricular cardiac myocytes from animal and human hearts is a fundamental method in cardiac research. Animal cardiomyocytes are commonly ...