Yazarlar minnettarlıkla Bayan Trine W. Mikkelsen ve usta yardımı, Montaj Bayan Lise M. ve Påskehøjgaard personeli kabul. Danimarkalı Tıbbi Araştırma Konseyi, Lundbeck Vakfı ve Novo Nordisk Vakfı maddi çalışmayı desteklemiştir.

Hayvan anestezi ve euthanesia (NIH yayın sayılı 86-23, 1985 revize) ve Hayvan Araştırmaları Etik Danimarka Konseyi tarafından onaylanan &quot;laboratuvar hayvan bakımı İlkeleri&quot; uyarınca gerçekleştirilmiştir. 1. Araçlar <ol><li> Enstrümanlarını videoda sunulan ve Malzemelerin Tablo listelenen toplayın. </li></ol> 2. Decapitation Not: Anestezi midazolam 5 mL (5 mg / mL) ve ketamin 5 ml (25 mg / ml) içeren bir intramüsküler enjeksiyon ile oluşturuldu. Hayvan derin sedasyon zaman 5-10 dakika sonra, bir kulak toplar damarına kanül takıldı ve sodyum pentobarbitalin letal doz (vücut ağırlığı 100 mg / kg) (200 mg / ml) damardan verilmiştir. Ettrup ve arkadaşları tarafından gösterildiği gibi hayvan tamamen ötenazi emin olmak için, interdijital ağrı refleks test edilmiştir. (2011) 20. açıklandığı gibi Komple euthanization sağlanmıştırEttrup ve arkadaşları tarafından gösterildiği gibi ve, izotonik tuzlu su, 5 L bir transcardial perfüzyon ile takip edilen etik bildirimi. (2011) 20. Bütün gösterilen işlemler, uzun süreli anestezi ve işlem sonrası hayatta kalması için gerekli olan sosyal önlemler ihtiyacını ortadan kaldırarak, otopsi yapılır. <ol><li> Sadece alt çene açı (Şekil 1A) altında, bir cerrahi bıçak kullanılarak, yüksek bir dairesel servikal kesiği ile domuz başını kesmek. </li><li> kemik omurga yaklaşık kafatası-boyun birleşme seviyesinde, ulaşılana kadar yine cerrahi neşter ile, larenks, yemek borusu da dahil olmak üzere boyun, yumuşak doku yoluyla anterior kesi devam edin. </li><li> (Atlas ön yay üzerinde, kafatası-boyun birleşme ön taraftan bir cerrahi bıçakla kesildi Advance ve anterior atlantooksipital membrandan ve böylece spinal kanal ve omurilik açığaŞekil 1B). Aynı anda kafa tabanı ve birinci boyun omuru arasında erişimi kolaylaştırmak için domuz kafasından uzakta domuz gövdesini çekmek için bir asistan isteyin. </li><li> Dural kese ve omurilikte (Şekil 1B) üzerinden cerrahi kesi devam edin. Omuriliğin tam enine kesiti elde edilmesini sağlamak için özel dikkat gösterin. NOT: decapitation işleminin aşağıdaki adımları sırasında omurilik ve beyin üzerinde istenmeyen çekiş yol açabilir önceki adımı gerçekleştirmek için başarısızlık. </li><li> Zorla bölüm seviyesinde (Şekil 1C) cranocervical birleşme uzanır. Aynı zamanda, oksipital kondil ve Atlas üst ifade işlemi arasındaki mafsal serbest bölümüne geri kalan atlantooksipital ligament cerrahi neşter kullanmak. Vücuttan domuz kafasını ayırın. </li></ol><img alt="Şekil 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55511/55511fig1.jpg" style="font-size: 14px;" /> Şekil 1: MiniPig dekapitasyon. (A), boynu insizyonu (ok, mandibular açı). (OC, oksipital kondil C1 atlas ön kavis) atlantooksipital bağ ve kafatası-boyun birleşme yerinde dura çevrili omurilik (SC) ila (B) bir kesik. (C) atlantooksipital mafsal arka kısmı kesit düzeyinde güçlü bir uzantı (oklar) tarafından serbest bırakılır. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55511/55511fig1large.jpg" style="font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için buraya tıklayın.</a> 3. Kafa Açma <ol><li> Bir masaya domuz kafasını yerleştirin. </li><li> arka kısmından deri ve başının tepe üzerinde burnu arkasından, alttaki dokuların içinden bir cerrahi neşter ile dorsal boyuna yarık açarsa ve aşağıoksipital bölgesi. </li><li> Cerrahi bir bisturi ile insizyon yanal yer yumuşak doku kaldırarak kafatası sırt ve arka parçası Açığa. </li><li> Cerrahi bir bisturi ile kafatası (Şekil 2A) iki taraflı olarak zamansal kas bırakın. Posterior oksipital kemik, yumuşak doku temizlenir emin olun. </li><li> Bir Kerrison kemik delme ve kemik rongeurs Oksipital kemiği kaldırmak ve dura kaplı serebellum (Şekil 2B) ortaya çıkarmak için foramen magnumun arka giriş kullanın. </li><li> Sadece gözlerinin önünde, kafatasının maruz ön tarafına dönün ve frontal kemikte bir giriş noktası seçin. Bu noktada, kafatası nüfuz ve frontal sinüs (Şekil 2C) girmek için bir çekiç ile bir kemik keski. </li><li> kemik rongeur veya kemik zımba dış kafatası tabakanın dorsoposterior kaldırılmasını ilerletmek için Frontal sinüs, kullanımda ve iç ince açığaSerebrumu (Şekil 2D) kapsayan kemik kafatası tabaka. </li><li> Yavaşça dura kaplı Serebrumu (Şekil 2E) ortaya çıkarmak için bir çekiç ve keski ile kemik anterior iç kemik kafatası lamina açın. </li><li> Yanal olarak dura kaplı beyin ve beyincik (Şekil 2F) daha önce maruz kalan parçanın arasına kafatası son dorsoposterior parçası, serbest bırakmak için temporal hem de parietal kemik içinden bir kemik keskisi ve kemik rongeur kullanarak kemik kaldırılmasını devam edin. NOT: Bu prosedürün son adımı sırasında, sıklıkla mümkündür biri kapıyı açar gibi, bir taraftan açık kalan arka kafatası kemiğini kırmak için keski kullanmak. </li></ol><img alt="şekil 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55511/55511fig2.jpg" style="opacity: 0.9; font-size: 14px;" /> Şekil 2: MiniPig kafatası açma. (A) &#39;dorsoposterio maruz kalmasıoksipital ve temporal kas çıkarılması dahil olmak üzere R kafatası yüzeyi. Oksipital kemiğin (B) çıkarılması (CB dura kaplı serebellum; OB, oksipital kemik OC, oksipital kondil ve SC, omurilik). (C) Bir çekiç ve bir kemik keski öne kafatası nüfuz ve göz hizasında ön sinüse girmek için kullanılır. (D) Frontal sinüs (FS) derecesi, bir ince iç kemik tabaka (2) serebrum kaplama açığa (1) dış kalın kafatası kemiği kaldırmak için kullanılır. Dura kaplı Serebrumu (ok) maruz bırakılması, ince kemik tabakanın (E) çıkarılması. (F) Son olarak, bir çekiç ve keski kemik yanal olarak ön ve arka kafa açıklıkları bağlamak için kullanılır. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55511/55511fig2large.jpg" style="font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için buraya tıklayın.</a> 4. Beyin Removark <ol><li> Dura kaldırın ve ince bir cerrahi neşter (Şekil 3A) kullanılarak damar üstün sagital sinüs hafif bir kesi yakın oluşturmak için cerrahi forseps. </li><li> bundan başka, beyin dorsal yüzeyini kaplayan dura açmak için mikro makas veya Dura-bıçak kullanın. Not: serebellar tentoryumu (Şekil 3B) &#39;e uygun dura çıkarılması, özel bir dikkat sonraki beyin kaldırılmasını önlemek bu dura yaprak sağlanması ve alınması gerekir. </li><li> Domuz kafası dik (Şekil 3C) yerleştirin. </li><li> Kafa boşluğu (Şekil 3D) dura kaplı zeminden koku ampul künt diseksiyon sayesinde ventroanterior Serebrumu serbest bırakmak için, kemik keski veya dissektörü kullanın. </li><li> Bölümüne maruz optik kiazma (Şekil 3E) ince bir cerrahi neşter kullanın. Hipofiz sapı Okülomotor sinirleri Açığa ve bölüm. </li><li> lo kesit tarafından ventral beyin sapı serbest bırakınince bir cerrahi bisturi ile wer kranyal sinirler (Şekil 3F). Dural serebellar tentoryum tamamen (Şekil 3B) kesilmiştir bu dura yaprak aksi salma işlemi esnasında, beyin sapı yoluyla kesecek şekilde sağlanması. </li></ol><img alt="Şekil 3," src="/files/ftp_upload/55511/55511fig3.jpg" style="font-size: 14px;" /> Şekil 3: MiniPig beyin çıkarılması. Cerrahi forseps ve dura bıçakla (A) Dural açılışı. (B) Bakım tamamen beyin ve beyincik arasında yer alan dura yaprak (ok), kesilirken alınmalıdır. (C), domuz kafası kafa tabanı yapıları daha iyi görülebilmesi için ve yerçekimi beyin amaçlanan yer değiştirmesine yardımcı olmak için sırayla dikey olarak konumlandırılmıştır. (D), bir ayırıcı kesici veya bir kemik keski Dura-covere künt bölümü tarafından koku ampul rahatlatmak için kullanılırd kafa tabanı. (E) diseksiyon kiyazmanın (ok), infundibulum sap Okülomotor sinirlerin maruz kalma ve bölümlere ayırma için kafa tabanı boyunca bir posterior yönde devam edilir. Beyin sapı ventral yüzeyi yola gibi (F), beyin salma alt kranyal sinirlerinin bölümü ile tamamlandı (eden IV troklear sinir, III, Okülomotor sinir V, üçlü sinir ve VI, abdusens). <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55511/55511fig3large.jpg" style="font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için buraya tıklayın.</a> 5. Hipofiz Kaldırma <ol><li> Prolaktin ve kafatası kat (Şekil 4A) &#39;de çevresindeki dura yaprak (diapragma sella) belirlenmesi. </li><li> Ince bir cerrahi neşter (Şekil 4B) ile hipofiz sapı dura yaprak yanal İnsizyon. </li><li> çukur serbest bırakmak için bir dissektörü kullanınuitary ve hipofiz fossa (Şekil 4C) üzerinden kaldırın. </li></ol><img alt="Şekil 4," src="/files/ftp_upload/55511/55511fig4.jpg" style="opacity: 0.9; font-size: 14px;" /> Şekil 4: MiniPig hipofiz çıkarılması. (A), hipofiz fossa (*) kafatası kat tanımlanır (1, koku ampul, 2, optik kiazma ve PF posterior fossa). (B), dura örtü (Sellar diagphragm, (ok)) yanal olarak kesilir. (C), hipofiz (ok) bir dissektör ile serbest bırakılır ve hipofiz fossa dışına çıkar. Ölçek çubuğu (AC), 10 mm =. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55511/55511fig4large.jpg" style="font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için buraya tıklayın.</a>

<ol>
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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+implantation+of+deep+brain+stimulation+electrodes+in+the+pontine+micturition+centre+of+the+minipig.">Long-term implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes in the pontine micturition centre of the minipig.</a> Acta Neurochir. 151 (7), 785-794 (2009).</li><li>Rosendal, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+chronic+low+dose+treatment+with+ciclosporin+influence+the+brain?+A+histopathological+study+in+pigs.">Does chronic low dose treatment with ciclosporin influence the brain? A histopathological study in pigs.</a> Transplantation Proc. 37 (8), 3305-3308 (2005).</li><li>Nielsen, M. S., S&#248;rensen, J. C., Bjarkam, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+substantia+nigra+pars+compacta+of+the+minipig:+An+anatomical+and+stereological+study.">The substantia nigra pars compacta of the minipig: An anatomical and stereological study.</a> Brain Struct Funct. (4-5), 481-488 (2009).</li><li>S&#248;rensen, J. C., Bjarkam, C. R., Simonsen, C. Z., Danielsen, E., Geneser, F. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oriented+sectioning+of+irregular+tissue+blocks+in+relation+to+computerized+scanning+modalities.+Results+from+the+domestic+pig+brain.">Oriented sectioning of irregular tissue blocks in relation to computerized scanning modalities. Results from the domestic pig brain.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 104, 93-98 (2000).</li><li>Bjarkam, C. R., Pedersen, M., S&#248;rensen, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+strategies+for+embedding,+orientation+and+sectioning+of+small+brain+specimens+enable+direct+correlation+to+MR-images,+brain+atlases,+or+use+of+unbiased+stereology.">New strategies for embedding, orientation and sectioning of small brain specimens enable direct correlation to MR-images, brain atlases, or use of unbiased stereology.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 108, 153-159 (2001).</li><li>Bjarkam, C. R., S&#248;rensen, J. C., Geneser, F. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distribution+and+morphology+of+serotonin-immunoreactive+axons+in+the+hippocampal+region+of+the+New+Zealand+white+rabbit.+I.+Area+dentata+and+hippocampus+proper.">Distribution and morphology of serotonin-immunoreactive axons in the hippocampal region of the New Zealand white rabbit. I. Area dentata and hippocampus proper.</a> Hippocampus. 13 (1), 21-37 (2003).</li><li>Bjarkam, C. R., Glud, A. N., Orlowski, D., S&#248;rensen, J. C., Palomero-Gallagher, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+telencephalon+of+the+minipig,+cytoarchitecture+and+cortical+surface+anatomy.">The telencephalon of the minipig, cytoarchitecture and cortical surface anatomy.</a> Brain Struct Funct. , (2016).</li><li>Boltze, J., Nitzsche, B., Geiger, K. D., Schoon, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histopathological+investigation+of+different+MCAO+modalities+and+impact+of+autologous+bone+marrow+mononuclear+cell+administration+in+an+ovine+stroke+model.">Histopathological investigation of different MCAO modalities and impact of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell administration in an ovine stroke model.</a> Transl Stroke Res. 2, 279-293 (2011).</li><li>Jortner, B. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+return+of+the+dark+neuron.+A+histological+artifact+complicating+contemporary+neurotoxicologic+evaluation.">The return of the dark neuron. A histological artifact complicating contemporary neurotoxicologic evaluation.</a> Neurotoxicology. 27, 628-634 (2006).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

En çok deneysel nörolojik çalışmalar, CNS&#39;ye erişim ince skull- ve dural-kalınlığıyla kolaylaştırılmaktadır fareler ve sıçanlar gibi küçük hayvan türleri, gerçekleştirilir. Bununla birlikte, domuz, 1, 4, 8, koyun 32 ve insan olmayan primatlar gibi daha büyük bir deney hayvanlarında, bu yapıların önemli kalınlığı kafatası kemik çıkarılması için güçlü bir araçl...

<html> domuzlarda Translasyonal nörobilim çalışmaları son yirmi yılda giderek popüler hale gelmiştir. Domuz beyin büyük boyutlu klasik klinik beyin görüntüleyiciler ve doğrudan kullanımı ve insan klinik 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 den nörocerrahi usul ve ekipman test kullanımını mümkün kılmaktadır. Son 20 yıl içinde, domuz, özellikle küçük domuzu (örneğin, Göttingen Minipig gibi), kök hücre transplantasyonu, nöromodülatör tedavi yöntemleri incelemek için kullanılmıştır; Viral vektör transfeksiyon; ve Parkinson hastalığı, obezite, depresyon ve Alzheimer hastalığı 2, 6 yönelik derin beyin uyarımı,= &quot;xref&quot;&gt; 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. Bu MiniPig MSS 3, 18, 19, 20, 21 işlemek için stereotaksik ve cerrahi yaklaşımların geliştirilmesi takip edilmiştir. Tesis MSS değişiklikleri (PET 10, 13, 22, 24 ve MR 23), sistometrisi 11, 12, 25, beyin görüntüleme kullanılarak canlı hayvanlarda değerlendirilmiştir, yürüme analizi17, nörolojik değerlendirme 9, 17 ve histoloji ve stereolojik analizi 14, 15, 17, 26, 27, 31 temel ölüm sonrası inceleme. Bununla birlikte, ölüm sonrası analizi kalın, kemik kafatası ve domuz beyin çevreleyen kapsayan lifli bir dural olarak maruz kalma ve kolay bir iş değildir domuz beyin, kaldırılmasını gerektirir. Bu kağıt ve öğretim videonun amacı postmortem domuz beyin ve hipofiz motorsuz cerrahi aletler kullanılarak 15-20 dakika içinde bozulmamış bir halde maruz ve kaldırılabilir nasıl tarif etmektir. MiniPig hipofiz bezi üzerinde anatomik bir çalışma için kullanılan öğretim video ve fotoğraf çizimler erkek domuzu (20-25 kg: 6 ay, vücut ağırlığı yaş) göstermektedir.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Heavy Scalpel Handle #4</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">FST (Fine Science Tools)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">10008-13</td>
			<td style="width:481px;">Good for skin incision and soft tissue removal</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Non-Sterile Scalpel Blades #23</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">FST&#160;</td>
			<td>10023-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scalpel Handle #7</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">FST&#160;</td>
			<td>10007-12</td>
			<td>Optimal for dural incision and precision work</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Non-Sterile Scalpel Blades #11</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">FST&#160;</td>
			<td>10011-00</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Surgical Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">FST&#160;</td>
			<td>11024-18</td>
			<td>The tip of the surgical forceps ensure a firm grip&#160;</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Kerrison Bone Punch</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Aesculap Neurosurgery</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">FF713R</td>
			<td>Must be robust, bite size 3-5 mm</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bone Rongeur</td>
			<td>Aesculap Neurosurgery</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">MD615</td>
			<td>Must be robust, bite size 15 x 5 mm</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Bone Rongeur</td>
			<td>Aesculap Neurosurgery</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">FO551R</td>
			<td>Must be robust, bite size 25 x 15 mm&#160;</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bone Chisel</td>
			<td>Lawton</td>
			<td>67-0335</td>
			<td>The size of the chisel head should not exceed 20 mm</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mallet (Hammer)</td>
			<td>Millarco</td>
			<td>5624108</td>
			<td>Weigth 300 g, length 30 cm, head hit area size 2 x 2 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro-Scissor</td>
			<td>FST&#160;</td>
			<td>14002-14&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissector</td>
			<td>Aesculap Neurosurgery</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">OL165R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">&#160;G&#246;ttingen minipigs</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">&#160;Ellegaard G&#246;ttingen Minipigs A/S, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Euthanimal</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
			<td>pentobarbital</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ketamine</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Pfizer</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Midazolam&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Hameln Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

exposure of the pig cns for histological analysis: a manual for decapitation, skull opening, and brain removal

Domuzlar insan olmayan primatlar için ekonomik ve etik açıdan uygun yerine büyük hayvan translasyonel sinirbilim araştırmalarında giderek daha popüler hale gelmiştir. domuzun büyük beyin boyutu geleneksel klinik beyin kameralar ve insan klinikten doğrudan kullanımı ve beyin cerrahisi prosedürleri ve ekipmanın test kullanımına izin verir. Daha fazla makroskopik ve histolojik analizi, ancak, domuz, merkezi sinir sistemi (CNS) ve daha sonra beyin çıkarılması postmortem maruz kalmayı gerektirir. Bu merkezi sinir sistemi kalın, kemik kafatası ve omurga ile kapsül olup domuz gibi kolay bir iş değildir. Bu kağıt ve öğretim videonun amacı açığa ve postmortem domuz beyni ve sonraki makroskopik ve histolojik analiz için uygun bozulmamış bir halde hipofiz bezini, nasıl kaldırılacağı tanımlamaktır.

kurumasını doku malzeme önlemek için, sabitleştirici veya makroskopik analizi yapılmıştır hemen sonra izotonik tuzlu su ile dolu bir kavanoz içinde ayrılmıştır beyin ve hipofiz saklanması tavsiye edilir. doku materyali, izotonik tuzlu su depolama oysa yıl süreyle tespit sıvısı içerisinde depolanabilir da bir buzdolabı içinde zamanla doku çürümesine neden olur. Sağlam domuzu beyin doğrudan dondurma <...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Exposure of the Pig CNS for Histological Analysis: A Manual for Decapitation, Skull Opening, and Brain Removal at JoVE.com

Exposure of the Pig CNS for Histological Analysis: A Manual for Decapitation, Skull Opening, and Brain Removal

Bu kağıt ve öğretim videonun amacı ortaya çıkarmak ve daha sonraki makroskopik ve histolojik analiz için uygun bozulmamış bir halde, domuz beyin ve hipofiz bezi otopsi nasıl kaldırılacağı tanımlamaktır.

Histolojik Analiz Domuz MSS Pozlama: Decapitation, Kafatası Açılış İçin El Kitabı ve Beyin Kaldırma

Pigs have become increasingly popular in large-animal translational neuroscience research as an economically and ethically feasible substitute to ...

exposure-pig-cns-for-histological-analysis-manual-for-decapitation

Research

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JoVE Core

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Anatomy and Physiology

Neuroscience

Unit 1

The Axial Skeleton

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

15.3K Görüntüleme.  Aalborg University Hospital.  Bu kağıt ve öğretim videonun amacı ortaya çıkarmak ve daha sonraki makroskopik ve histolojik analiz için uygun bozulmamış bir halde, domuz beyin ve hipofiz bezi otopsi nasıl kaldırılacağı tanımlamaktır. 

Video: Exposure of the Pig CNS for Histological Analysis: A Manual for Decapitation, Skull Opening, and Brain Removal

A Polished and Reinforced Thinned-skull Window for Long-term Imaging of the Mouse Brain

In vivo imaging of cortical function requires optical access to the brain without disruption of the intracranial environment. We present a method to form a polished and reinforced thinned skull (PoRTS) window in the mouse skull that spans several millimeters in diameter and is stable for months. The skull is thinned to 10 to 15 &mu;m in thickness with a hand held drill to achieve optical clarity, and is then overlaid with cyanoacrylate glue and a cover glass to: 1) provide rigidity, 2) inhibit bone regrowth and 3) reduce light scattering from irregularities on the bone surface. Since the skull is not breached, any inflammation that could affect the process being studied is greatly reduced. Imaging depths of up to 250 &mu;m below the cortical surface can be achieved using two-photon laser scanning microscopy. This window is well suited to study cerebral blood flow and cellular function in both anesthetized and awake preparations. It further offers the opportunity to manipulate cell activity using optogenetics or to disrupt blood flow in targeted vessels by irradiation of circulating photosensitizers.

We present a method to form an imaging window in the mouse skull that spans millimeters and is stable for months without inflammation of the brain. This method is well suited for longitudinal studies of blood flow, cellular dynamics, and cell/vascular structure using two-photon microscopy.

Fare Beyin Uzun vadeli Görüntüleme için Parlak ve Takviyeli inceltilmiş-kafatası Pencere

In vivo imaging of cortical function requires optical access to the brain without disruption of the intracranial environment. We present a method to form ...

Nörobilim

Co-analysis of Brain Structure and Function using fMRI and Diffusion-weighted Imaging

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when studying the brain, as the functional role that a brain area fulfills may be largely defined by its connections to other brain areas. In this report, we describe a novel, non-invasive approach for relating brain structure and function using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This approach, a combination of structural imaging of long-range fiber connections and functional imaging data, is illustrated in two distinct cognitive domains, visual attention and face perception. Structural imaging is performed with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and fiber tractography, which track the diffusion of water molecules along white-matter fiber tracts in the brain (Figure 1). By visualizing these fiber tracts, we are able to investigate the long-range connective architecture of the brain. The results compare favorably with one of the most widely-used techniques in DWI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). DTI is unable to resolve complex configurations of fiber tracts, limiting its utility for constructing detailed, anatomically-informed models of brain function. In contrast, our analyses reproduce known neuroanatomy with precision and accuracy. This advantage is partly due to data acquisition procedures: while many DTI protocols measure diffusion in a small number of directions (e.g., 6 or 12), we employ a diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI)1, 2 protocol which assesses diffusion in 257 directions and at a range of magnetic gradient strengths. Moreover, DSI data allow us to use more sophisticated methods for reconstructing acquired data. In two experiments (visual attention and face perception), tractography reveals that co-active areas of the human brain are anatomically connected, supporting extant hypotheses that they form functional networks. DWI allows us to create a "circuit diagram" and reproduce it on an individual-subject basis, for the purpose of monitoring task-relevant brain activity in networks of interest.

We describe a novel approach for simultaneous analysis of brain function and structure using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We assess brain structure with high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging and white-matter fiber tractography. Unlike standard structural MRI, these techniques allow us to directly relate anatomical connectivity to functional properties of brain networks.

FMRI ve difüzyon ağırlıklı görüntüleme ile Beyin Yapısı ve Fonksiyonu Co-analizi

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when ...

A Comprehensive Protocol for Manual Segmentation of the Medial Temporal Lobe Structures

The present paper describes a comprehensive protocol for manual tracing of the set of brain regions comprising the medial temporal lobe (MTL): amygdala, hippocampus, and the associated parahippocampal regions (perirhinal, entorhinal,&#160;and parahippocampal proper). Unlike most other tracing protocols available, typically focusing on certain MTL areas (e.g., amygdala and/or hippocampus), the integrative perspective adopted by the present tracing guidelines allows for clear localization of all MTL subregions. By integrating information from a variety of sources, including extant tracing protocols separately targeting various MTL structures, histological reports, and brain atlases, and with the complement of illustrative visual materials, the present protocol provides an accurate, intuitive, and convenient guide for understanding the MTL anatomy. The need for such tracing guidelines is also emphasized by illustrating possible differences between automatic and manual segmentation protocols. This knowledge can be applied toward research involving not only structural MRI investigations but also structural-functional colocalization and fMRI signal extraction from anatomically defined ROIs, in healthy and clinical groups alike.

The present work provides a comprehensive set of guidelines for manually tracing the medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures. This protocol can be applied to research involving structural and/or combined structural-functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigations of the MTL, in both healthy and clinical groups.

Medial Temporal Lob Yapıların El segmentasyonu için Kapsamlı Protokolü

The present paper describes a comprehensive protocol for manual tracing of the set of brain regions comprising the medial temporal lobe (MTL): amygdala, ...

Analyzing Synaptic Modulation of Drosophila melanogaster Photoreceptors after Exposure to Prolonged Light

The nervous system has the remarkable ability to adapt and respond to various stimuli. This neural adjustment is largely achieved through plasticity at the synaptic level. The Active Zone (AZ) is the region at the presynaptic membrane that mediates neurotransmitter release and is composed of a dense collection of scaffold proteins. AZs of Drosophila melanogaster (Drosophila) photoreceptors undergo molecular remodeling after prolonged exposure to natural ambient light. Thus the level of neuronal activity can rearrange the molecular composition of the AZ and contribute to the regulation of the functional output.
Starting from the light exposure set-up preparation to the immunohistochemistry, this protocol details how to quantify the number, the spatial distribution, and the delocalization level of synaptic molecules at AZs in Drosophila photoreceptors. Using image analysis software, clusters of the GFP-fused AZ component Bruchpilot were identified for each R8 photoreceptor (R8) axon terminal. Detected Bruchpilot spots were automatically assigned to individual R8 axons. To calculate the distribution of spot frequency along the axon, we implemented a customized software plugin. Each axon&#39;s start-point and end-point were manually defined and the position of each Bruchpilot spot was projected onto the connecting line between start and end-point. Besides the number of Bruchpilot clusters, we also quantified the delocalization level of Bruchpilot-GFP within the clusters. These measurements reflect in detail the spatially resolved synaptic dynamics in a single neuron under different environmental conditions to stimuli.

Analyzing Synaptic Modulation of Drosophila melanogaster Photoreceptors after Exposure to Prolonged Light

Here we show how to quantify the number and spatial distribution of synaptic active zones in Drosophila melanogaster&#160;photoreceptors, highlighted with a genetically encoded molecular marker, and their modulation after prolonged exposure to light.

Synaptic Modülasyon Analizi<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em&gt; Uzun süreli ışığa maruz kaldıktan sonra Fotoreseptörler

The nervous system has the remarkable ability to adapt and respond to various stimuli. This neural adjustment is largely achieved through plasticity at ...

High-throughput Analysis of Locomotor Behavior in the Drosophila Island Assay

Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies contribute to the identification of (candidate) disease genes for movement disorders and other neurological diseases at an increasing speed. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie these disorders. The genetic, molecular, and behavioral toolbox of Drosophila melanogaster makes this model organism particularly useful to characterize new disease genes and mechanisms in a high-throughput manner. Nevertheless, high-throughput screens require efficient and reliable assays that, ideally, are cost-effective and allow for the automatized quantification of traits relevant to these disorders. The island assay is a cost-effective and easily set-up method to evaluate Drosophila locomotor behavior. In this assay, flies are thrown onto a platform from a fixed height. This induces an innate motor response that enables the flies to escape from the platform within seconds. At present, quantitative analyses of filmed island assays are done manually, which is a laborious undertaking, particularly when performing large screens.
This manuscript describes the &#34;Drosophila Island Assay&#34; and &#34;Island Assay Analysis&#34; algorithms for&#160;high-throughput, automated data processing and quantification of island assay data. In the setup, a simple webcam connected to a laptop collects an image series of the platform while the assay is performed. The &#34;Drosophila Island Assay&#34; algorithm developed for the open-source software Fiji processes these image series and quantifies, for each experimental condition, the number of flies on the platform over time. The &#34;Island Assay Analysis&#34; script, compatible with the free software R, was developed to automatically process the obtained data and to calculate whether treatments/genotypes are statistically different. This greatly improves the efficiency of the island assay and makes it a powerful readout for basic locomotion and flight behavior. It can thus be applied to large screens investigating fly locomotor ability, Drosophila models of movement disorders, and drug efficacy.

High-throughput Analysis of Locomotor Behavior in the Drosophila Island Assay

The island assay is a relatively new, cost-effective assay that can be used to evaluate the basic locomotor behavior of Drosophila melanogaster. This manuscript describes algorithms for automatic data processing and objective quantification of island assay data, making this assay a sensitive, high-throughput readout for large genetic or pharmacological screens.

Yüksek üretilen iş analiz Locomotor davranış Drosophila Adası tahlil

Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies contribute to the identification of (candidate) disease genes for movement disorders and other ...

Recording Synaptic Plasticity in Acute Hippocampal Slices Maintained in a Small-volume Recycling-, Perfusion-, and Submersion-type Chamber System

Even though experiments on brain slices have been in use since 1951, problems remain that reduce the probability of achieving a stable and successful analysis of synaptic transmission modulation when performing field potential or intracellular recordings. This manuscript describes methodological aspects that might be helpful in improving experimental conditions for the maintenance of acute brain slices and for recording field excitatory postsynaptic potentials in a commercially available submersion chamber with an outflow-carbogenation unit. The outflow-carbogenation helps to stabilize the oxygen level in experiments that rely on the recycling of a small buffer reservoir to enhance the cost-efficiency of drug experiments. In addition, the manuscript presents representative experiments that examine the effects of different carbogenation modes and stimulation paradigms on the activity-dependent synaptic plasticity of synaptic transmission.

This protocol describes the stabilization of the oxygen level in a small volume of recycled buffer and methodological aspects of recording activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in submerged acute hippocampal slices.

Sinaptik plastisite akut Hipokampal dilimleri bir küçük hacimli geri dönüşüm-, perfüzyon- ve batma-tipi oda sistemi içinde tutulan kayıt

Even though experiments on brain slices have been in use since 1951, problems remain that reduce the probability of achieving a stable and successful ...

Novel Passive Clearing Methods for the Rapid Production of Optical Transparency in Whole CNS Tissue

Since the development of CLARITY, a bioelectrochemical clearing technique that allows for three-dimensional phenotype mapping within transparent tissues, a multitude of novel clearing methodologies including CUBIC (clear, unobstructed brain imaging cocktails and computational analysis), SWITCH (system-wide control of interaction time and kinetics of chemicals), MAP (magnified analysis of the proteome), and PACT (passive clarity technique), have been established to further expand the existing toolkit for the microscopic analysis of biological tissues. The present study aims to improve upon and optimize the original PACT procedure for an array of intact rodent tissues, including the whole central nervous system (CNS), kidneys, spleen, and whole mouse embryos. Termed psPACT (process-separate PACT) and mPACT (modified PACT), these novel techniques provide highly efficacious means of mapping cell circuitry and visualizing subcellular structures in intact normal and pathological tissues. In the following protocol, we provide a detailed, step-by-step outline on how to achieve maximal tissue clearance with minimal invasion of their structural integrity via psPACT and mPACT.

Here, we present two novel methodologies, psPACT and mPACT, for achieving maximal optical transparency and subsequent microscopic analysis of tissue vasculature in the intact rodent whole CNS.

Roman pasif optik şeffaflık bütün sinir dokusunda hızlı üretim için yöntemleri Temizleme

Since the development of CLARITY, a bioelectrochemical clearing technique that allows for three-dimensional phenotype mapping within transparent tissues, ...

Chronic Implantation of Whole-cortical Electrocorticographic Array in the Common Marmoset

Electrocorticography (ECoG) allows the monitoring of electrical field potentials from the cerebral cortex with high spatiotemporal resolution. Recent development of thin, flexible ECoG electrodes has enabled conduction of stable recordings of large-scale cortical activity. We have developed a whole-cortical ECoG array for the common marmoset. The array continuously covers almost the entire lateral surface of cortical hemisphere, from the occipital pole to the temporal and frontal poles, and it captures whole-cortical neural activity in one shot. This protocol describes a chronic implantation procedure of the array in the epidural space of the marmoset brain. Marmosets have two advantages regarding ECoG recordings, one being the homologous organization of anatomical structures in humans and macaques, including frontal, parietal, and temporal complexes. The other advantage is that the marmoset brain is lissencephalic and contains a large number of complexes, which are more difficult to access in macaques with ECoG, that are exposed to the brain surface.These features allow direct access to most cortical areas beneath the surface of the brain. This system provides an opportunity to investigate global cortical information processing with high resolutions at a sub-millisecond order in time and millimeter order in space.

We have developed a whole-cortical electrocorticographic array for the common marmoset that continuously covers almost the entire lateral surface of cortex, from the occipital pole to the temporal and frontal poles. This protocol describes a chronic implantation procedure of the array in the epidural space of the marmoset brain.

Kronik yaygın Marmoset bütün kortikal Electrocorticographic dizide implantasyonu

Electrocorticography (ECoG) allows the monitoring of electrical field potentials from the cerebral cortex with high spatiotemporal resolution. Recent ...

Extraction and Dissection of the Domesticated Pig Brain

Use of the pig as a preclinical and translatable animal model has been well-documented and accepted by research fields investigating cardiovascular systems, gastrointestinal systems, and nutrition, and the pig is increasingly being used as a large animal model in neuroscience. Furthermore, the pig is an accepted model to study neurodevelopment as it displays brain growth and development patterns similar to what occurs in humans. As a less common animal model in neuroscience, surgical and dissection procedures on pigs may not be as familiar or well-practiced among researchers. Therefore, a standardized visual protocol detailing consistent extraction and dissection methods may prove valuable for researchers working with the pig. The following video showcases a technique to remove the pig brain while keeping the cortex and brainstem intact and reviews methods to dissect several commonly investigated brain regions including the brainstem, cerebellum, midbrain, hippocampus, striatum, thalamus, and medial prefrontal cortex. The purpose of this video is to provide researchers with the tools and knowledge necessary to consistently perform a brain extraction and dissection on the four-week-old pig.

This protocol details the technique for removal of the pig brain in its entirety and dissection of several brain regions commonly studied in neuroscience.

Evcilleştirilmiş Domuz Beyninin Ekstraksiyonu ve Diseksiyonu

Use of the pig as a preclinical and translatable animal model has been well-documented and accepted by research fields investigating cardiovascular ...

In vivo Imaging of Fully Active Brain Tissue in Awake Zebrafish Larvae and Juveniles by Skull and Skin Removal

Understanding the ephemeral changes that occur during brain development and maturation requires detailed high-resolution imaging in space and time at cellular and subcellular resolution. Advances in molecular and imaging technologies have allowed us to gain numerous detailed insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms of brain development in the transparent zebrafish embryo. Recently, processes of refinement of neuronal connectivity that occur at later larval stages several weeks after fertilization, which are for example control of social behavior, decision making or motivation-driven behavior, have moved into focus of research. At these stages, pigmentation of the zebrafish skin interferes with light penetration into brain tissue, and solutions for embryonic stages, e.g., pharmacological inhibition of pigmentation, are not feasible anymore.
Therefore, a minimally invasive surgical solution for microscopy access to the brain of awake zebrafish is provided that is derived from electrophysiological&#160;approaches. In teleosts, skin and soft skull cartilage can be carefully removed by micro-peeling these layers, exposing underlying neurons and axonal tracts without damage. This allows for recording neuronal morphology, including synaptic structures and their molecular contents, and the observation of physiological changes such as Ca2+ transients or intracellular transport events. In addition, interrogation of these processes by means of pharmacological inhibition or optogenetic manipulation is feasible. This brain exposure approach provides information about structural and physiological changes in neurons as well as the correlation and interdependence of these events in live brain tissue in the range of minutes or hours. The technique is suitable for in vivo brain imaging of zebrafish larvae up to 30 days post fertilization, the latest developmental stage tested so far. It, thus, provides access to such important questions as synaptic refinement and scaling, axonal and dendritic transport, synaptic targeting of cytoskeletal cargo or local activity-dependent expression. Therefore, a broad use for this mounting and imaging approach can be anticipated.

Here we present a method to image the zebrafish embryonic brain in vivo upto larval and juvenile stages. This microinvasive procedure, adapted from electrophysiological approaches, provides access to cellular and subcellular details of mature neuron and can be combined with optogenetics and neuropharmacological studies for characterizing brain function and drug intervention.

Kafatası ve Deri Temizleme ile Uyanık Zebra Balığı Larvaları ve Yavrularında Tam Aktif Beyin Dokusunun In vivo Görüntülemesi

Understanding the ephemeral changes that occur during brain development and maturation requires detailed high-resolution imaging in space and time at ...